British Museum and the Debate on Cultural Artifacts

Introduction

• The British Museum: World's largest world history museum.
• Contains over 8 million artifacts covering 2 million years of human history.
• Notable artifacts include the Easter Island sculpture and the bronze sculpture of Hindu god Shiva.
• Issues of disputed ownership regarding several artifacts.

Historical Context

• The British Empire's expansion in the late 1600s led to acquisition of cultural artifacts.
• The British Museum was founded in 1753, growing with the empire's collection.
• Some artifacts were legally acquired, like a Roman vase sold in 1945.
• Disputed items include:
  • Rosetta Stone: Taken from Egypt by British troops.
  • Parthenon sculptures: Removed from Athens by a British lord.
  • Benin Bronzes: Taken during the Benin Punitive Expedition.

The Benin Bronzes

• Originated from the Kingdom of Benin, present-day Nigeria.
• Produced from the 1500s for decoration and as historical records.
• In 1897, British troops looted these during the Benin Punitive Expedition.
• British desire for revenge and economic gain led to the invasion.
• Thousands of artifacts were taken to Western museums.

Current Issues

• Benin's cultural artifacts are spread worldwide, limiting access for Nigerians.
• 2000: Benin's royal family requested the return of cultural property.
• British Museum's stance: Restricted by law from returning objects, open to lending.
• The museum justifies its collection as a 'library of the world.'

Responses and Reactions

• Chika Okekeagulu criticizes the British Museum's colonial stance.
• 2014: A British soldier's grandson returned artifacts to Benin.
• 2007: Formation of Benin Dialogue Group to discuss solutions.

Broader Legacy

• Hundreds of contested artifacts exist beyond the Benin Bronzes.
• Issue of colonial legacy and who owns cultural and historical identity.
• Ongoing efforts needed for cultural reconstitution.

Conclusion

• Debate on returning artifacts is tied to larger issues of identity and history.
• Importance of beginning the process of cultural reconstitution.