Cell Theory and Organelles Overview

Good afternoon, everyone. Good afternoon, Tutor Eric. Good afternoon, Ma'am Wendy. Yes, welcome to our e2ly online tutorial for General Biology 1. Tutor Eric, how are you? How was your afternoon? I'm okay, Ma'am Wendy. I just came from class this afternoon. Always tayong ready para sa ating mga students. Ayan, go pa rin po tayo dito sa ating Itolay session this afternoon. Yes, tama nga po, Sir Eric. Kasi diba, ngayon ay first day din ang pagbubukas ng klase sa mga public schools. Kaya i-welcome din natin yung ating mga students sa first day of classes. So, si Sir Eric, alam ko kanina may online class siya. Ayan. Yes, ma'am Wendy. Welcome to the next chapter. Ayan. Good afternoon sa inyong lahat. Good afternoon, everyone. I am Tutor Eric, and I am saying that learning biology is fun and terrific. And I am Tutor Wendy, and I believe general biology will come in handy. And together, let us explore life's mystery here at E2Life for General Biology 1. Okay, so for Quarter 1, Week 1, our topic in General Biology 1 is the cell theory and the parts of the cell. Okay, so again, ako po ang inyong Tutor Wendy, kasama ko po si Tutor Eric, at kami ang inyong magiging guide sa General Biology. Every Monday po yan from 4.40 to 5.20. So, bago po tayo magsimula ng ating tutorial, Check muna natin kung ready na tayo. So, ready your pens and papers so you can jot down notes. Listen, learn, and participate. So, gamitin naman po natin yung ating mga reaction buttons. So, like and heart. And share na rin po natin itong ating session. And pwede nyo pong gamitin ang mga comment box natin. to participate in our activities, at kung gusto ninyo na ma-shout out namin kayo. And then, lastly, respect one another. So sabi nga, since simula ito ng ating linggo, simula natin siya with positive vibes. Now, Tutor Eric, ano ba ang ating mga learning competencies para sa linggong ito? Ayan, para sa ating learning competencies for General Biology 1 Week 1, At the end ng ating tutorial, dapat kayong mga learners, you should be able to explain the postulates of the cell theory and you should be able to describe the structure and function of the major and subcellular organelles of the cell. Okay, so magsimula tayo with an activity para naman magising ang ating mga brain cells at saka syempre Review na rin natin ito kung ano yung mga dati pa nating natutunan sa cell, about the cell. Kasi na-discuss na rin naman sa atin yan during our junior high school. So, in our activity, we are going to recreate the cell discovery timeline. So, ang gagawin nyo lang dito ay you will have to complete statements by filling in the missing terminologies. Now, remember, these statements are... historical events that led to the discovery of our cells. So, are our viewers ready? So, before we start, I see a lot of our viewers. Hi to Ma'am Rebecca Ortiz. Is she a mom or sorry? She might be a student. To Shalyn Barotas. And to Ma'am Unika Iha. Hello, that is my co-teacher at Tansa National Trade School, Annex. So, is everyone ready? Sir Eric, are you ready for me? There. Yes, Ma'am Wendy. And of course, good afternoon to Ma'am Janet and Ma'am Antoinette. Good afternoon to you. Good afternoon. Yes, ma'am. Good afternoon. So, let's start with our activity. Our first historical event occurred in the 1590s. So, Zacharias Jansen, a Dutch eyeglass maker, invented the very first... Blank. So for our clue, it is an instrument used to magnify small objects. So ano po kaya ito? Comment your answers po. Comment your answers. Ayan, wapong ay mayhiya. Let us comment your answers. Kay Antoinette watching from Malabon City. So wala pa po akong nakikitang comment. Ano po kaya ang... Answer natin dito sa ating unang statement. So, proceed tayo. Bigay din ako na isang clue, ma'am. Kasi diba ito ay napag-aralan itong laboratory instrument na ito nung grade 7. Merong particular topic ito of the same quarter. Ano kaya ito? Ayan, at meron na akong nakitang sagot. At ang unang sagot ay si Shalene. Ayan, ang sagot niya ay microscope. Pati si Antoinette is microscope. din ang sagot. So, ang gagaling naman ng ating mga viewers ngayon. So, the answer is microscope. Now, for the second event, this one occurred in 1665. Now, while looking at the piece of pork under the microscope, Robert Hooke saw box-shaped structures that he called blank. So, it is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. So, ano po kaya ang sagot dyan? So type your answers in our comment box. Ayan, comment lang kayo na kung ano ang na-discover na ito ni Robert Hook. Ayan, ma'am, may mga sumasagot pa rin po tayo. Ayan, may mga talagang. Wala doon sa ating first question. Ayan, sige po kahit po na. Kahit po na lagpasa na natin yung question, sagot lang po kayo. Ayan, mayroon na po. Sumagot. Si Antoinette ulit ang nakita ko sumagot at ang answer niya ay ang cell. Meron din po akong nakitang nag-answer po dito ng cork. Pero ang cork po ay yung specimen na kung saan kinuha ni Robert Hook yung tinitignan niya under the microscope. Ayan, at ang sagot po ng ating mga learners ay cell. Ayan, ang gagaling talaga. Kasi nga napag-aralan na natin ito dati. Kaya alam na alam yan ang ating mga viewers today. Okay, so proceed tayo. In 1674, Blank, while looking at pond water under the microscope, observed what he called animal cues. Ang clue natin para sa person na to, he is known as the father of microbiology. Ayan. Ayan. Ganda yung clue natin. Scientists ang hinahanap natin ngayon. So pag sinabing father of microbiology, sino kaya yan? Bilisan natin mga keyboard warriors, type lang tayo ng ating mga answers. So kanina sir, sumagot din si Danver, si Almary, hello po, si Corinne. Ayan, ang gagaling. So sell daw ang kanilang sagot kanina. Sagot kanina. So viewers natin, sumagot din pa. And pati si Corinne ay yes. I can see the answer. Okay. The answer is Anton Van Luwenhoek. Same with Mark Allen and Elena Andrew. Anton Van Luwenhoek is their answer. So that is correct. Thank you very much. Anton Van Luwenhoek. They have been typing for a long time. Because the name of this scientist is so long. So, nakita lang itong mga animal cues na ito, gamit din yung sarili niyang gawang microscope. So, let's proceed to the next. So, 1838, Matthias Schleden, a German botanist, stated that blanks are made up of cells. So, for our clue, what do botanists study? Napakadaling nito, diba? Ano ang pinag-aaralan ng mga botanists? Ano ang sinilip ni Schleden? under the microscope at nakakita daw siya ng cells. Ayan, ano mga ba ang pinag-aaralan ng mga botanist? Siyempre hindi ito bota, diba? So, botany is a branch of biology. Biology at ang pinag-aaralan doon, ang sabi ni Corrine, ay plants. Sabi din si Jay and ni Drew, ay plants. Okay, very good talaga ang ating mga students. Okay, so... Kasabay ng, almost kasabay, magkasabay halos itong discoveries na to, 1839 naman, we have Theodor Schwann, a German fishologist, he concluded that blanks are also made up of cells. So examples of this includes mammals, birds, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and insects. So halos magkapanabayan itong dalawang scientist. Actually, sabay talaga sila, but they were studying. different organisms. So here, what is it? Okay, so I saw that the first one to answer is CJ Custodio and his answer is... Animals. So very good. So very good, guys. Si Corinne din. Si Corinne laging tama. Very good talaga. Animals. Laging tama. And then, last one. Last significant event, 1855. We have Rudolf Virchow. He stated that cells come from pre-existing cells through blanks. So this is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Okay, so anong process? So napaka-groundbreaking din itong ginawa ni Virchon na ito eh. Yung sabi niya, cells come from pre-existing cells. Mamaya malalaman natin kung bakit na groundbreaking. Meron na ba tayong sagot? So far, ma'am, yung sumasagot pa rin po ay animals. Meron na pong sumagot at ang sabi ni CJ ay cell division. Yes, cell division. That is correct. Okay. So, ang gagaling naman po ng ating mga viewers. Napakasarap mag-tutorial kapag ganito yung tinuturuan mo. Napakagaling nila. Napakahuhusay. So, let us not forget the works of these scientists. Si Johnson, si Hook, si Liu Wenhook, Xuan, Schladen, and Virtue. Napaka-historical, napaka-significant na mga discoveries nila. Kasi sila ang nag-lay down ng foundation sa isa sa mga fundamental Isa sa mga pinaka-importante yung theory sa biology, ang cell theory. So this is our main topic, one of our main topics for today. Okay? So the cell theory was first proposed in the mid-19th century. So it was made of three postulates. So the... First postulate states that all living things are made up of cells. So this is from the observation of Schladen and Schwann. Diba kanina nga dun sa ating review, sabi sila yung nagsabi na plants and animals are made up of cells. So during those time, hindi pa namang kumpleto yung mga pag-aaral about all the living organisms. So most of the time, associated lang ang living things either as plant and So since they saw that plants are cells and animals are cells, they concluded that all living things are made up of cells. And also based on this observation, our second postulate was completed. So the second postulate states that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism. same. So, di ba Tutor Eric lagi sinasabi, The building block of life. Building block of life is the cells. And the biological processes that happen in the cellular level. Hello, good afternoon, Tutor Wendy. Hi, hello, Tutor Wendy. I'll just finish with Earth and Life Science. Good afternoon, Tutor Wendy. Good afternoon to all of you. Let's just quickly greet. I'm Sir Tony from SDO Calcium City, the program head of Senior High School Science Department. Hello Sir Tony. I'm here to discuss with Tutor Wendy and Tutor Eric. I don't want to welcome you anymore. I'm sorry. It's okay, Sir. What he calls now is lagari. Lagari. Thank you, Sir. I still came here to support Tutor Eric. Okay. And I think Very active ang ating mga participant as early as now, ma'am. Ay, grabe, sir. Napakadali mag-tutor kapag ganito ang mga estudyante mo. Oo, punong-puno. Taman-taman sa subject natin, biology, the study of life. Punong-puno sila ng buhay this afternoon. Yes, po. Meron po. Andami nating viewers, sir, from Davao. Yan, yes po. Lagi po yung suke. Lagi nakasuporta po yung sa mga programang ng DepEd EdTech Unit. So, maraming-maraming salamat po. Hello po sa inyong lahat. So, let's continue, Tutor Tony. Yes, let's proceed. What is the third? So, the third postulate, cells come from pre-existing cells. So, we said that the person who gave this postulate is Rudolf Virchow. He has a famous saying, omniscella e cellula. This is Latin. The literal translation is cells come from cells. So, I said earlier, this postulate is groundbreaking because Tutor Tony Dati merong popular belief na ang life daw pwedeng manggaling from non-life. Non-living, oo. Non-living. Now, nung binigay ito ni Rudolf Virchow, nagbago ngayon yung paniniwala ng mga tao nung panahon na yon. Okay? So, ngayon po, as technology develops, yes, nagde-develop na siya, nagkakaroon na ng mga magagandang gamit ang ating mga scientists, lalong naging deeper. Especially the development of microscope, ma'am, no? Yes, oo. Alam niyo, sir, yung microscope trending talaga sa kanila yan noon, eh. Gustong gusto nila yung microscope. Opo. So, their focus on discovery in terms of the... Because they're curious about... microorganisms and in particular the composition of the cells. So we have a modern version sir because of the new discoveries of our scientists. It's like it's just a new version ma'am. The modern cell theory. It's like it's just a new version ma'am. This is season 2 of the new version of the cell theory. So the modern cell theory is still there. yung tatlong na unang postulates ni Schwanz, Schladen, and Virchow. Nadagdagan lang po siya ng tatlo. Okay? Parang inano lang nila. Nire-interpret. Okay? So the fourth postulate states that cells carry genetic material which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. So yan po yung ating DNA from the parent cell that is passed on to the daughter cells. And now the fifth is all cells are basically the same in structure and chemical composition. And this holds true kapag daw po ang mga organisms ay nagbibilong sa same species. And then, the last one, energy flow in the form of biochemical processes occurs within the cells. So, ang example po ng ating mga biochemical processes, we have metabolism, we have photosynthesis, and we have cellular respiration. So, iyan na po lahat yung ating six postulates. From the original tree, he added three more. So that is our cell theory. Now, Dr. Tony, moving on. Yes, ma'am. Yes, let's take a look. We are now ready to examine and investigate the different cell structures. So for our senior high school students, I think you studied this during your grade 7 and grade 8, right? You were able to study. the different organelles or structures of the cell. So, we'll just go back and, of course, we'll deepen their understanding, Tutor Wendy, right? Yes. Yes, Tutor Tony. So, on the left, you have an illustration of the animal cell and on the right, you have the plant cell. So, you'll notice inside, there are other structures and it is called, as Tutor Tony said earlier, these are organelles. The literal meaning of organelles is little organs. organs. So these are specialized structures found within the cell. They have specific functions. And kapag hindi sila nag-function because it is vital to cellular life, maaring mamatay yung ating cell. So, Tutor Tony, titignan natin yan mga bawat organel lang isa-isa. So titignan natin sila lahat and we are going to start from the outside. So when you say from the outside, ano ba ang una natin iisipin? Of course, it is the The cell membrane or the plasma membrane. Yes. So we have our first organelle, which is the cell membrane. So the cell membrane is a thin double layer of protein and fat. So its main component is phospholipid proteins and cholesterol. So what are the functions of our cell membrane? Since it's the outermost, I think, what does it do? So it separates the inner contents of the cell, of course, with its environment. Yes. So, sir, it acts as a barrier, no? Pangharang siya and protection na rin siya ng ating cell. Kaya nga nagiging distinct cell din siya, diba, sir? Kasi meron siyang cell membrane. Okay? And then it also regulates the passage of materials in and out of the cell. So siya po yung nag-de-decide kung ano ba yung mga materials that can enter. Or K-2. Relate natin lang sa face-to-face classes. Kapag pumapasok yung mga estudyante natin, sino bang yung nakikita sa school? Siyempre, ang mga security guards natin. So hello, kaway-kaway po tayo sa ating mga magigiting na security personnel, hindi lamang sa ating mga schools, of course, sa different establishments, Ma'am Wendy, diba? Yes, sir. Alam mo nga, sir. Manong Gard is more famous than us. Yes, he is. Yes, he is. So, we know Manong Gard. In the cell, our manongard is the cell membrane. The set of the cells that will enter and exit. And sir, he is able to do that because it has a unique characteristic called semi-permeability. Semi-permeability. So after cell membrane, what else do we have ma'am? Okay, so cell membrane found in both animal and plant cells. Yes, next we have the cell wall. So the cell wall is a rigid membrane surrounding plant cells made up mostly of cellulose. So what is its function? Tutor Tony! Yes, so it is a rigid membrane. It gives the cell, especially the plant cells, the protection, the support, and structure. So our plantitos and plantitas will be sad if something happens to our cell wall. Yes, sir. Kasi nga sabi rigid, no? It maintains the plants, it makes the plants stiff and upright. Kaya nakatayo yung mga halaman natin, diba, Sir Tony? Dahil sa cell wall, kahit malambot yung stem niya, makikita nyo nakatindig pa rin yung halaman, diba, no, sir? Right. So, it is only found in? Plant cell. Plant cell. So, additional protection siya, sir, aside from the cell? membrane. So may cell membrane na, may cell wall pa as additional protection and support. What's next, Ma'am Wendy? Yes po. Moving on, moving on tayo, sir. We have the nucleus. All right, the nucleus. A membrane-bound spherical body discovered by Robert Brown in 1831. Yes. So, ito... familiar na familiar din yung ating mga students dito, lalo na yung ating mga G11. Kasi G10, pinag-aaralan nila yung nucleus na yan eh. Dahil sa central dogma. Yes, replication, transcription, transcription, and translation. And the nucleus functions as the storage of our DNA or the deoxyribonucleic acid. Very important, of course. for the reproduction of living organisms and its identity because that's where the unique characteristics of each organism are embedded. All of our hereditary information is there, sir. All of our hereditary information. It also controls and regulates different cell activities. It's like the brain. It controls and regulates everything that happens in the cell. And finally, it controls the synthesis or the production of our ribosomes, which is very important in the production of our protein molecules. Yes, sir Tony. Or nucleus. So speaking of ribosomes, sir Tony. Yes, sir. They have seen an organelle inside the nucleus, and that is our nucleolus. So it's very related to our ribosomes. kasi nga siya ang in charge sa production ng ribosome. So it assembles the ribosomes from proteins and ribosomal RNA. Okay? So both the nucleus and the nucleolus is found in animal cells and plant cells. Yes. Now si ribosome, Tutor Tony, pagkatapos niyang ma-assemble sa ating nucleolus, lalabas na yan na ang... nucleus and it will go to the cytoplasm where it can perform its function. So, this is it. There it is, ribosome. Yes. So, the description for it, Dr. Tony? It is a large complex of protein and RNA, of course, and it functions, ma'am. So, the function is site of protein synthesis. So, when you say complex, it means different structures joined together. So if you look at the... ating illustration. It has a large subunit attached to a smaller subunit. Alam mo ba, Dr. Tony, medyo ano tong si ribosome, maraming balibalita sa kanya kasi yung iba hindi daw siya organelle. Other scientists consider it as an organelle while others A structure or a special kind of structure. Because he said he doesn't have a membrane. What he said is that if he's an organelle, he should be membrane-bound, Dr. Tony. But some people say that the role he plays as a site of protein synthesis is very important. So we should consider him as an organelle. So this is our role as a ribosome. sa protein synthesis. So, dinidecode niya yung information from the messenger RNA. Yes, dinadirect niya yung assembly ng proteins from the amino acids. So, ang ating animal, present animal. They're very small, but they perform a very essential function sa cell natin, ma'am Wendy, diba? Yes. Oo, kaya nga, Tutor Tony, sabi ng iba, organelle siya, dahil siya ay mahalaga. Yes. Yes. So our next organelle na tayo, Tutor Tony. We have the mitochondria. Tutor Tony, tignan mo nga ano. Ano itongan niya? Parang siyang beans or sausage. Nakakagutom. Yes, nagutom na no. Dahil sa lagarin ngayon si Tutor Tony. Ang nakita niya ay beans or sausage. So tama naman. Pag dinidescribe nga siya Tutor Tony, sabi double membrane. rod shape or yung parang oval organelle. So, nabakayutik po ni mitochondria. In fact, it has its own DNA. DNA. Yes. So, aside from the DNA na nasa loob ng nucleus, may sariling DNA si mitochondria. So, nakakagawa siya ng sarili niyang enzyme at nakakagawa rin siya ng sarili niyang protein. Yung mga kailangan niya ba, sir, sa kanyang function? On its own. Yes. And, of course, mahalagang function niya. It produces the chemical energy. So sa kanya lang naman nakasalalay, ma, mang enerhiya, diba? The energy that will sustain and power up every cell in our body or in every living organism. So once again, the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell because it produces the chemical energy needed to power the cell in the form of adenosine triphosphate or the ATP. So that's your mitochondria found both in, of course, Animal cells and plant cells. So sometimes, Tutor Tony, there are cells that have a lot of mitochondria, especially the very active. The very active cells need a lot of energy. So when you think of active cells, Yes, because they contract, relax. Yes, Tutor Tony. And of course, you know the students, the very round cells, which is the The sperm cell. Yes. So, he also needs a lot of mitochondria because he needs a lot of energy. Energy to travel. Although, to meet his Juliet, right? So, Romeo and Juliet. Yes, because his destination is a bit far. His travel, ma'am, is a bit long. It's going to his Juliet, the egg cell. So, the sperm cell needs a good amount of mitochondria. That's correct, sir. So, sir, I'm looking at our comment box. It looks like one section is watching. Yes, one whole section. Andromeda. Hello. South-south to our section Andromeda. Your section is very universal, very galactic. That's right. Grade 12. Grade 12, sir. Grade 12. So, hello to the teacher. Yes, thank you very much. Talk to your teacher later so we can acknowledge. Let's proceed now with the next organ. We have the endoplasmic reticulum. ER is just for short because it's a long name. It is a series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules. You will notice that it is connected to the outer membrane of our nucleus. This is the nucleus. I hope you can see my purple and this is the ER. Now there are two types. We have the rough ER and the smooth ER. Magkaiba po ang function ng dalawang yan. So also found in both animal and plants. So Tutor Tony, bakit kaya rough? Okay. Merong isang ano nyo lang, kumbaga importanteng structure na nakakabit. And as seen on your screen, it is bombarded. Yes, bombarded. May mga nakadikit dyan na. ribosomes. Ribosomes attached to its surface. So, when you look under the microscope, there are dots on the surface. So that is your rough endoplasmic reticulum. And it functions in the modification of proteins synthesized by the ribosomes. And it also performs the making of phospholipids to be used by our cellular membranes. Yes, the important component of our cell membrane. That's why Tutor Tony has ribosomes attached to him. because after the ribosome is made into the protein, It will be transported to him, he will be given this and then he will modify it or he will put another molecule like your carbohydrates. So that's the function of the rough ER. Next, we have our smooth endoplasmic. I'm taking the smooth. I hope it's all, right? I hope it's all. I hope it's all smooth. Yes, because it has no attached ribosomes. That's why it's smooth. But it's still a rough ER. Yes. So, they're not distant. It's a continuous complex. You'll just know that you're smooth if you don't have ribosomes. And because it doesn't have ribosomes, it's not involved in any protein modification. But, Dr. Tony, it has a lot of important functions. Okay. And let's summarize, Dr. Wendy. Yes. The first function of smooth ER is the production of carbohydrates, Lipids and steroids. Very important din siya, no, pag-detox. Wow. Detoxification of drugs and toxins. Parang siya yung pinaka-liver ng, ano, no, ng cell na detoxify. And then finally, it serves as the important storage ng mga calcium ions naman sa mga regulation ng mga pumps natin, diba, sa biological system. Yes, okay. So, correct. So, ang dami din naman yung function, diba, sir, kahit hindi siya involved sa protein modification. modification. That's right. So that's your rough and smooth ER. What's the next, ma'am? So the next is our Golgi body. So it is also called sometimes Golgi complex or Golgi apparatus. Okay, so... Oh, I'm getting hungry again. It's like pancakes, ma'am. Pancakes. Pancakes. Pancakes. Pancakes. So it's membranous. It has a lot of membranes. It just looks like a pancake. But... Actually, they are sacks of membranes. So, their function? They sort, they tag, they package. Like in a factory, the workers, they are the final product that they will pass through their hands. Or specifically, in machines, sometimes when a factory is very advanced. So, they sort, they tag, they package, and distribute lipids and proteins. So, after packaging, they distribute it. It's ready for distribution, ready for use. Yes, so Tutor Tony pwede yung i-distribute, pwede kasing ginagamit lang sa loob ng cell yung mga materials or pwede din naman na i-transport siya outside of the cell and trabaho siya ni Golgi. Golgi. Okay, so. It is present sa animal at saka plant cells. Both animal and plant cells. Okay, next. We have the lysosome. Ang dami no, ang dami organizer. So the lysosome is a spherical body containing digestive enzymes. So it serves as a digestive structure in our cells. Because it digests cellular nutrients, it also breakdowns worn-out or damaged organelles. That's why it's so important. It's like a repair, right? And also it breaks down the worn-out damaged organelles. And it aids in a very important process called apoptosis. Or what we call programmed cell death in cells. Yes, because sir, Tony, if the cell is damaged, it can't be repaired, it has the ability to self-destruct. Self-destruct, it's kind of like, sometimes it's called a suicide body, right sir? Yes, the suicide bags, the lysodome. Yes, because if the cell can't be repaired, it will self-destruct. With the aid of the... lysosome. Now, ang lysosome ay makikita lamang po sa animal cell. Wala siya sa plant cell. May iba siyang counterpart. And that is, ayan po. So, for the next organelle would be the chloroplast. Bilisan lang natin ng konti, Ma'am Wendy. Yes, yes, Tutor Tony. So, the chloroplast contains the pigment chlorophyll. It is the site of photosynthesis. So important din yan, Peter Tony, kasi itong photosynthesis, this is the food producing process sa ating plants, okay? So the chloroplast is only found in photosynthetic cells like your plant cells. Wala po itan sa ating animal cells, okay? So next, we have our vacuole. Yes, so the vacuole, a large space within the cell that is enclosed in a membrane and filled with fluid. Okay, so ang kanyang function is to maintain water balance, cell shape, and storage din po ng nutrients and waste products. Yes. So, Tutor Tony, yung vacuole, pag nawala niya ng tubig sa loob, nagsishrink yung cell natin. Halimbawa sa mga plants, yan yung point na magiging lanta na yung ating halaman. So our mothers will be happy because we didn't get hurt. Okay, and then we have the last one. Finally, the cytoskeleton. The last structure, we have the cytoskeleton. So these are the... Skeleton, right? Skeleton, yes. It's like a framework. It's the backbone of our cells. It provides shape and structure. It allows movement. And of course, it involves in the formation of the spindle fibers or the spindle apparatus during kapag nagkakaroon tayo ng cell division, kapag kailangan na mag-divide ng ating mga cells. And those are the organelles, Ma'am Wendy. Yes. So, Tutor Tony, tingnan natin kung nakikinig ang ating mga viewers. Yes, let's proceed with our activity. Let's apply natin sa ating learning task. So, ang gagawin lang ng ating mga tutis. identify the structure or organelle, we will give their alias or nicknames. If you are listening to this earlier, we are looking for it, right? We are also giving it to others. So, our viewers are ready. Type in your answers in our comment box. Are they ready, Tutor Tony? I think they are very much ready. Let's just make this quick. The first organelle is known as the brain of the pig. Reminders ating mga... Senior high school learners, to type in the item number, for example, number one, and what is your answer? So number one is, say, for example, one, ribosome. So let's give them a sample, ma'am. So number one, the answer is, of course, our brain is the nucleus. Peter Tony mentioned it earlier. Okay, for number two, what is the answer? Subway. Subway system. So it's like an interconnected body that is surrounded or close to the nucleus. Okay, so ano kaya ito? So, we have the endoplasmic reticulum. So, pwede kumabu lang sagot ha, our senior high school learners. Yes, okay. So, pwede kumabu lang sagot ha, our senior high school learners. Third item, ma'am? Third item, the garbage collector, taga kuha ng basura. Ayan. So, tama si Edelme Palma. Number two, endoplasmic reticulum. Yes, okay. So, you're also correct. Number one is nucleus. That's how you feel when you see the answers. Yes, that's how I feel when I see the answers. We're a bit tight. We have number 3. Our inside bags. Our garbage collectors. And then number 4. This one. I mentioned Manong Guard earlier. Let's reveal it. We mentioned Manong Guard earlier. I see. Cell membrane. Okay, number 5. hour The one that makes our proteins, of course, that's our ribosome. Number six is, of course, powerhouse, the energy provider of our cells. Okay, we have that. Good job, guys. Good job, guys. You're fast. Good job, good job. Number six is mitochondria. Number seven is... The mailman. The mailman. Sino kayo yung taga mailman? Serves as a mailman. Nagde-deliver yun. Nagde-deliver. Sir, nagde-deliver. That is your? Okay, we have, ha? Boji. Boji. All right. Tags, he sorts, he delivers. And then last one, cafeteria. So pag sinabing cafeteria, pag sinabing canteen, ang unang pumapasok sa isip natin, syempre ay pagkain. So pagkain daw, food. I miss that, ma'am, in face-to-face, right? Yes, sir. All the favorite places. The cafeteria. Why is it like that? Not just there, but also the teacher. That's why, sir. The cafeteria of the cell, specifically the plant cell, of course, are the chlorophyll. Because they contain the chlorophyll. The chlorophyll. Now, sir, teachers make this common, right? Yes. The cell model projects. So, listen up. Yes, there are a lot of ideas. Listen up, guys. To our STEM learners, or maybe you have a project before that you sell model using food, recycled materials, maybe you have a photo that you want to hide. You can share that to us, sa ating mga tutors, kay Tutor Wendy, kay Tutor Eric, sya ka sa akin. So, email nyo lang yan or ipopost nyo yan sa amin or message nyo sa amin via Facebook Messenger. So, if you flex... Ayan, ma'am. If you flex nyo. Ayan. If you flex natin ang inyong mga cell model or yung parang pinaka... Yung kanilang mga projects, sir, na cell model. Send it to us and we'll feature it in our next sessions and social media pages. And Tutor Tony, we also choose our students or tutis of the week. Maybe they'll send us their good project. We'll feature them as student of the week. So we'll expect that. It's flashed there. You can send your output and photos. Tutor Tony, is our... Tutor Eric? Are you still there? Tutor Eric, for our final quiz. Ayan, nandito na po ako Sir Tony and Ma'am Wendy. Ayan, signan natin atin. Okay, so number one. So number one, which of the following statements is true in the conformity with the tenets of the cell theory? A, cell cellize spontaneously through a process called the biogenesis. B, the cell wall can be found in all living cells. Or letter C, the cell is the basic unit of life. Alin kaya dyan ang nagpa-follow ng tenets ng cell theory? Of course, ang ating answers dito would be letter... Okay po. It will be letter C. The cell is the basic unit of life. Letter A is not the possible answer because a biogenesis is also known as spontaneous generation. Life can arise from non-living things. And the cell wall is only seen in our plant cells and some bacterium. And our participants are correct. All of them answered C. Question number two. Question number two. According to the cell theory, all living things are made up of cells. This tenet is a product of the work and research of which two scientists? Who is this? Is it A. Hoke and Lewin Hoke? B, Schwan and Schleiden. Letter C, Schwan and Virtue. Or letter D, Schleiden and Virtue. So, sino kaya? Siyempre, ang ating answer ay letter. Sa plants at animals. So, letter? Plants at animals. Letter B. It's Theodore Schwan and Mathias Schleiden. Schleiden. Okay, dito naman sa ating number three. Rudolph Virchow's observation was instrumental in disproving which widely accepted belief during his time. Is it letter A, atomic model? B, evolution? C, gravity? D, spontaneous generation? Parang namanggit ko na ang answer dito kanina. Yes, and the answer is? And the answer is letter D. Spontaneous generation or also known as abiogenesis. I'm going to search this. And number four, organelles can be found in the blank of the cell. A. Cytoplasm. B. Mitochondria. C. Nucleus. Or D. Ribosome. Saan kaya nakasuspend ang ating organelles? And our answer is cytoplasms. Organelles are membrane-bound structures that are suspended in the cytoplasm of the cell. And finally, number five. Finally, number five, which of the following organelles is not found in a plant cell? Is it letter A, cell wall? B, lysosome? C, nucleus? And letter D, vacuole? Which one is not found? Letter? That's letter B, lysosome. And the one that compensates for the absence of lysosome in the plant cell is letter D, vacuole. By picking up our toxic materials. There. Okay. There. And of course, before we end, let us read the word from Holy Golaiti. This is a character from a previous movie. So, what he said, Any work I do, I think, is important. Like acting, there are no small parts, only small actors. Like here in our cell organelles, even if they're different, they're small. They have functions that carry out to function the whole cell. And likewise, like us in our families, we have different roles in our house. And sometimes our role is to wash dishes in our house or to throw garbage. Sometimes we're like a lysosome, right? It's okay because it contributes to the functioning of our home.

Good afternoon, everyone. Good afternoon, Tutor Eric. Good afternoon, Ma'am Wendy. Yes, welcome to our e2ly online tutorial for General Biology 1. Tutor Eric, how are you?

How was your afternoon? I'm okay, Ma'am Wendy. I just came from class this afternoon. Always tayong ready para sa ating mga students. Ayan, go pa rin po tayo dito sa ating Itolay session this afternoon.

Yes, tama nga po, Sir Eric. Kasi diba, ngayon ay first day din ang pagbubukas ng klase sa mga public schools. Kaya i-welcome din natin yung ating mga students sa first day of classes.

So, si Sir Eric, alam ko kanina may online class siya. Ayan. Yes, ma'am Wendy.

Welcome to the next chapter. Ayan. Good afternoon sa inyong lahat.

Good afternoon, everyone. I am Tutor Eric, and I am saying that learning biology is fun and terrific. And I am Tutor Wendy, and I believe general biology will come in handy. And together, let us explore life's mystery here at E2Life for General Biology 1. Okay, so for Quarter 1, Week 1, our topic in General Biology 1 is the cell theory and the parts of the cell. Okay, so again, ako po ang inyong Tutor Wendy, kasama ko po si Tutor Eric, at kami ang inyong magiging guide sa General Biology.

Every Monday po yan from 4.40 to 5.20. So, bago po tayo magsimula ng ating tutorial, Check muna natin kung ready na tayo. So, ready your pens and papers so you can jot down notes.

Listen, learn, and participate. So, gamitin naman po natin yung ating mga reaction buttons. So, like and heart. And share na rin po natin itong ating session.

And pwede nyo pong gamitin ang mga comment box natin. to participate in our activities, at kung gusto ninyo na ma-shout out namin kayo. And then, lastly, respect one another. So sabi nga, since simula ito ng ating linggo, simula natin siya with positive vibes.

Now, Tutor Eric, ano ba ang ating mga learning competencies para sa linggong ito? Ayan, para sa ating learning competencies for General Biology 1 Week 1, At the end ng ating tutorial, dapat kayong mga learners, you should be able to explain the postulates of the cell theory and you should be able to describe the structure and function of the major and subcellular organelles of the cell. Okay, so magsimula tayo with an activity para naman magising ang ating mga brain cells at saka syempre Review na rin natin ito kung ano yung mga dati pa nating natutunan sa cell, about the cell.

Kasi na-discuss na rin naman sa atin yan during our junior high school. So, in our activity, we are going to recreate the cell discovery timeline. So, ang gagawin nyo lang dito ay you will have to complete statements by filling in the missing terminologies.

Now, remember, these statements are... historical events that led to the discovery of our cells. So, are our viewers ready? So, before we start, I see a lot of our viewers. Hi to Ma'am Rebecca Ortiz.

Is she a mom or sorry? She might be a student. To Shalyn Barotas.

And to Ma'am Unika Iha. Hello, that is my co-teacher at Tansa National Trade School, Annex. So, is everyone ready? Sir Eric, are you ready for me? There.

Yes, Ma'am Wendy. And of course, good afternoon to Ma'am Janet and Ma'am Antoinette. Good afternoon to you.

Good afternoon. Yes, ma'am. Good afternoon. So, let's start with our activity.

Our first historical event occurred in the 1590s. So, Zacharias Jansen, a Dutch eyeglass maker, invented the very first... Blank. So for our clue, it is an instrument used to magnify small objects.

So ano po kaya ito? Comment your answers po. Comment your answers. Ayan, wapong ay mayhiya. Let us comment your answers.

Kay Antoinette watching from Malabon City. So wala pa po akong nakikitang comment. Ano po kaya ang...

Answer natin dito sa ating unang statement. So, proceed tayo. Bigay din ako na isang clue, ma'am.

Kasi diba ito ay napag-aralan itong laboratory instrument na ito nung grade 7. Merong particular topic ito of the same quarter. Ano kaya ito? Ayan, at meron na akong nakitang sagot.

At ang unang sagot ay si Shalene. Ayan, ang sagot niya ay microscope. Pati si Antoinette is microscope.

din ang sagot. So, ang gagaling naman ng ating mga viewers ngayon. So, the answer is microscope. Now, for the second event, this one occurred in 1665. Now, while looking at the piece of pork under the microscope, Robert Hooke saw box-shaped structures that he called blank.

So, it is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. So, ano po kaya ang sagot dyan? So type your answers in our comment box.

Ayan, comment lang kayo na kung ano ang na-discover na ito ni Robert Hook. Ayan, ma'am, may mga sumasagot pa rin po tayo. Ayan, may mga talagang. Wala doon sa ating first question.

Ayan, sige po kahit po na. Kahit po na lagpasa na natin yung question, sagot lang po kayo. Ayan, mayroon na po.

Sumagot. Si Antoinette ulit ang nakita ko sumagot at ang answer niya ay ang cell. Meron din po akong nakitang nag-answer po dito ng cork.

Pero ang cork po ay yung specimen na kung saan kinuha ni Robert Hook yung tinitignan niya under the microscope. Ayan, at ang sagot po ng ating mga learners ay cell. Ayan, ang gagaling talaga.

Kasi nga napag-aralan na natin ito dati. Kaya alam na alam yan ang ating mga viewers today. Okay, so proceed tayo.

In 1674, Blank, while looking at pond water under the microscope, observed what he called animal cues. Ang clue natin para sa person na to, he is known as the father of microbiology. Ayan.

Ayan. Ganda yung clue natin. Scientists ang hinahanap natin ngayon.

So pag sinabing father of microbiology, sino kaya yan? Bilisan natin mga keyboard warriors, type lang tayo ng ating mga answers. So kanina sir, sumagot din si Danver, si Almary, hello po, si Corinne. Ayan, ang gagaling. So sell daw ang kanilang sagot kanina.

Sagot kanina. So viewers natin, sumagot din pa. And pati si Corinne ay yes.

I can see the answer. Okay. The answer is Anton Van Luwenhoek. Same with Mark Allen and Elena Andrew. Anton Van Luwenhoek is their answer.

So that is correct. Thank you very much. Anton Van Luwenhoek.

They have been typing for a long time. Because the name of this scientist is so long. So, nakita lang itong mga animal cues na ito, gamit din yung sarili niyang gawang microscope. So, let's proceed to the next. So, 1838, Matthias Schleden, a German botanist, stated that blanks are made up of cells.

So, for our clue, what do botanists study? Napakadaling nito, diba? Ano ang pinag-aaralan ng mga botanists?

Ano ang sinilip ni Schleden? under the microscope at nakakita daw siya ng cells. Ayan, ano mga ba ang pinag-aaralan ng mga botanist? Siyempre hindi ito bota, diba? So, botany is a branch of biology.

Biology at ang pinag-aaralan doon, ang sabi ni Corrine, ay plants. Sabi din si Jay and ni Drew, ay plants. Okay, very good talaga ang ating mga students.

Okay, so... Kasabay ng, almost kasabay, magkasabay halos itong discoveries na to, 1839 naman, we have Theodor Schwann, a German fishologist, he concluded that blanks are also made up of cells. So examples of this includes mammals, birds, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and insects. So halos magkapanabayan itong dalawang scientist. Actually, sabay talaga sila, but they were studying.

different organisms. So here, what is it? Okay, so I saw that the first one to answer is CJ Custodio and his answer is... Animals.

So very good. So very good, guys. Si Corinne din. Si Corinne laging tama. Very good talaga.

Animals. Laging tama. And then, last one.

Last significant event, 1855. We have Rudolf Virchow. He stated that cells come from pre-existing cells through blanks. So this is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Okay, so anong process?

So napaka-groundbreaking din itong ginawa ni Virchon na ito eh. Yung sabi niya, cells come from pre-existing cells. Mamaya malalaman natin kung bakit na groundbreaking. Meron na ba tayong sagot?

So far, ma'am, yung sumasagot pa rin po ay animals. Meron na pong sumagot at ang sabi ni CJ ay cell division. Yes, cell division.

That is correct. Okay. So, ang gagaling naman po ng ating mga viewers. Napakasarap mag-tutorial kapag ganito yung tinuturuan mo. Napakagaling nila.

Napakahuhusay. So, let us not forget the works of these scientists. Si Johnson, si Hook, si Liu Wenhook, Xuan, Schladen, and Virtue. Napaka-historical, napaka-significant na mga discoveries nila. Kasi sila ang nag-lay down ng foundation sa isa sa mga fundamental Isa sa mga pinaka-importante yung theory sa biology, ang cell theory.

So this is our main topic, one of our main topics for today. Okay? So the cell theory was first proposed in the mid-19th century.

So it was made of three postulates. So the... First postulate states that all living things are made up of cells. So this is from the observation of Schladen and Schwann.

Diba kanina nga dun sa ating review, sabi sila yung nagsabi na plants and animals are made up of cells. So during those time, hindi pa namang kumpleto yung mga pag-aaral about all the living organisms. So most of the time, associated lang ang living things either as plant and So since they saw that plants are cells and animals are cells, they concluded that all living things are made up of cells. And also based on this observation, our second postulate was completed.

So the second postulate states that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism. same. So, di ba Tutor Eric lagi sinasabi, The building block of life.

Building block of life is the cells. And the biological processes that happen in the cellular level. Hello, good afternoon, Tutor Wendy.

Hi, hello, Tutor Wendy. I'll just finish with Earth and Life Science. Good afternoon, Tutor Wendy. Good afternoon to all of you.

Let's just quickly greet. I'm Sir Tony from SDO Calcium City, the program head of Senior High School Science Department. Hello Sir Tony.

I'm here to discuss with Tutor Wendy and Tutor Eric. I don't want to welcome you anymore. I'm sorry. It's okay, Sir.

What he calls now is lagari. Lagari. Thank you, Sir. I still came here to support Tutor Eric.

Okay. And I think Very active ang ating mga participant as early as now, ma'am. Ay, grabe, sir. Napakadali mag-tutor kapag ganito ang mga estudyante mo. Oo, punong-puno.

Taman-taman sa subject natin, biology, the study of life. Punong-puno sila ng buhay this afternoon. Yes, po.

Meron po. Andami nating viewers, sir, from Davao. Yan, yes po.

Lagi po yung suke. Lagi nakasuporta po yung sa mga programang ng DepEd EdTech Unit. So, maraming-maraming salamat po.

Hello po sa inyong lahat. So, let's continue, Tutor Tony. Yes, let's proceed.

What is the third? So, the third postulate, cells come from pre-existing cells. So, we said that the person who gave this postulate is Rudolf Virchow.

He has a famous saying, omniscella e cellula. This is Latin. The literal translation is cells come from cells.

So, I said earlier, this postulate is groundbreaking because Tutor Tony Dati merong popular belief na ang life daw pwedeng manggaling from non-life. Non-living, oo. Non-living. Now, nung binigay ito ni Rudolf Virchow, nagbago ngayon yung paniniwala ng mga tao nung panahon na yon. Okay?

So, ngayon po, as technology develops, yes, nagde-develop na siya, nagkakaroon na ng mga magagandang gamit ang ating mga scientists, lalong naging deeper. Especially the development of microscope, ma'am, no? Yes, oo.

Alam niyo, sir, yung microscope trending talaga sa kanila yan noon, eh. Gustong gusto nila yung microscope. Opo. So, their focus on discovery in terms of the... Because they're curious about...

microorganisms and in particular the composition of the cells. So we have a modern version sir because of the new discoveries of our scientists. It's like it's just a new version ma'am. The modern cell theory. It's like it's just a new version ma'am.

This is season 2 of the new version of the cell theory. So the modern cell theory is still there. yung tatlong na unang postulates ni Schwanz, Schladen, and Virchow. Nadagdagan lang po siya ng tatlo. Okay?

Parang inano lang nila. Nire-interpret. Okay?

So the fourth postulate states that cells carry genetic material which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. So yan po yung ating DNA from the parent cell that is passed on to the daughter cells. And now the fifth is all cells are basically the same in structure and chemical composition. And this holds true kapag daw po ang mga organisms ay nagbibilong sa same species. And then, the last one, energy flow in the form of biochemical processes occurs within the cells.

So, ang example po ng ating mga biochemical processes, we have metabolism, we have photosynthesis, and we have cellular respiration. So, iyan na po lahat yung ating six postulates. From the original tree, he added three more.

So that is our cell theory. Now, Dr. Tony, moving on. Yes, ma'am. Yes, let's take a look. We are now ready to examine and investigate the different cell structures.

So for our senior high school students, I think you studied this during your grade 7 and grade 8, right? You were able to study. the different organelles or structures of the cell. So, we'll just go back and, of course, we'll deepen their understanding, Tutor Wendy, right? Yes.

Yes, Tutor Tony. So, on the left, you have an illustration of the animal cell and on the right, you have the plant cell. So, you'll notice inside, there are other structures and it is called, as Tutor Tony said earlier, these are organelles.

The literal meaning of organelles is little organs. organs. So these are specialized structures found within the cell.

They have specific functions. And kapag hindi sila nag-function because it is vital to cellular life, maaring mamatay yung ating cell. So, Tutor Tony, titignan natin yan mga bawat organel lang isa-isa.

So titignan natin sila lahat and we are going to start from the outside. So when you say from the outside, ano ba ang una natin iisipin? Of course, it is the The cell membrane or the plasma membrane.

Yes. So we have our first organelle, which is the cell membrane. So the cell membrane is a thin double layer of protein and fat.

So its main component is phospholipid proteins and cholesterol. So what are the functions of our cell membrane? Since it's the outermost, I think, what does it do? So it separates the inner contents of the cell, of course, with its environment.

Yes. So, sir, it acts as a barrier, no? Pangharang siya and protection na rin siya ng ating cell. Kaya nga nagiging distinct cell din siya, diba, sir?

Kasi meron siyang cell membrane. Okay? And then it also regulates the passage of materials in and out of the cell. So siya po yung nag-de-decide kung ano ba yung mga materials that can enter.

Or K-2. Relate natin lang sa face-to-face classes. Kapag pumapasok yung mga estudyante natin, sino bang yung nakikita sa school?

Siyempre, ang mga security guards natin. So hello, kaway-kaway po tayo sa ating mga magigiting na security personnel, hindi lamang sa ating mga schools, of course, sa different establishments, Ma'am Wendy, diba? Yes, sir. Alam mo nga, sir. Manong Gard is more famous than us.

Yes, he is. Yes, he is. So, we know Manong Gard. In the cell, our manongard is the cell membrane. The set of the cells that will enter and exit.

And sir, he is able to do that because it has a unique characteristic called semi-permeability. Semi-permeability. So after cell membrane, what else do we have ma'am? Okay, so cell membrane found in both animal and plant cells. Yes, next we have the cell wall.

So the cell wall is a rigid membrane surrounding plant cells made up mostly of cellulose. So what is its function? Tutor Tony! Yes, so it is a rigid membrane.

It gives the cell, especially the plant cells, the protection, the support, and structure. So our plantitos and plantitas will be sad if something happens to our cell wall. Yes, sir.

Kasi nga sabi rigid, no? It maintains the plants, it makes the plants stiff and upright. Kaya nakatayo yung mga halaman natin, diba, Sir Tony? Dahil sa cell wall, kahit malambot yung stem niya, makikita nyo nakatindig pa rin yung halaman, diba, no, sir? Right.

So, it is only found in? Plant cell. Plant cell.

So, additional protection siya, sir, aside from the cell? membrane. So may cell membrane na, may cell wall pa as additional protection and support.

What's next, Ma'am Wendy? Yes po. Moving on, moving on tayo, sir.

We have the nucleus. All right, the nucleus. A membrane-bound spherical body discovered by Robert Brown in 1831. Yes. So, ito...

familiar na familiar din yung ating mga students dito, lalo na yung ating mga G11. Kasi G10, pinag-aaralan nila yung nucleus na yan eh. Dahil sa central dogma. Yes, replication, transcription, transcription, and translation. And the nucleus functions as the storage of our DNA or the deoxyribonucleic acid.

Very important, of course. for the reproduction of living organisms and its identity because that's where the unique characteristics of each organism are embedded. All of our hereditary information is there, sir.

All of our hereditary information. It also controls and regulates different cell activities. It's like the brain.

It controls and regulates everything that happens in the cell. And finally, it controls the synthesis or the production of our ribosomes, which is very important in the production of our protein molecules. Yes, sir Tony.

Or nucleus. So speaking of ribosomes, sir Tony. Yes, sir. They have seen an organelle inside the nucleus, and that is our nucleolus. So it's very related to our ribosomes.

kasi nga siya ang in charge sa production ng ribosome. So it assembles the ribosomes from proteins and ribosomal RNA. Okay? So both the nucleus and the nucleolus is found in animal cells and plant cells. Yes.

Now si ribosome, Tutor Tony, pagkatapos niyang ma-assemble sa ating nucleolus, lalabas na yan na ang... nucleus and it will go to the cytoplasm where it can perform its function. So, this is it. There it is, ribosome. Yes.

So, the description for it, Dr. Tony? It is a large complex of protein and RNA, of course, and it functions, ma'am. So, the function is site of protein synthesis.

So, when you say complex, it means different structures joined together. So if you look at the... ating illustration. It has a large subunit attached to a smaller subunit.

Alam mo ba, Dr. Tony, medyo ano tong si ribosome, maraming balibalita sa kanya kasi yung iba hindi daw siya organelle. Other scientists consider it as an organelle while others A structure or a special kind of structure. Because he said he doesn't have a membrane. What he said is that if he's an organelle, he should be membrane-bound, Dr. Tony. But some people say that the role he plays as a site of protein synthesis is very important.

So we should consider him as an organelle. So this is our role as a ribosome. sa protein synthesis. So, dinidecode niya yung information from the messenger RNA. Yes, dinadirect niya yung assembly ng proteins from the amino acids.

So, ang ating animal, present animal. They're very small, but they perform a very essential function sa cell natin, ma'am Wendy, diba? Yes.

Oo, kaya nga, Tutor Tony, sabi ng iba, organelle siya, dahil siya ay mahalaga. Yes. Yes.

So our next organelle na tayo, Tutor Tony. We have the mitochondria. Tutor Tony, tignan mo nga ano. Ano itongan niya? Parang siyang beans or sausage.

Nakakagutom. Yes, nagutom na no. Dahil sa lagarin ngayon si Tutor Tony. Ang nakita niya ay beans or sausage.

So tama naman. Pag dinidescribe nga siya Tutor Tony, sabi double membrane. rod shape or yung parang oval organelle.

So, nabakayutik po ni mitochondria. In fact, it has its own DNA. DNA. Yes. So, aside from the DNA na nasa loob ng nucleus, may sariling DNA si mitochondria.

So, nakakagawa siya ng sarili niyang enzyme at nakakagawa rin siya ng sarili niyang protein. Yung mga kailangan niya ba, sir, sa kanyang function? On its own.

Yes. And, of course, mahalagang function niya. It produces the chemical energy.

So sa kanya lang naman nakasalalay, ma, mang enerhiya, diba? The energy that will sustain and power up every cell in our body or in every living organism. So once again, the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell because it produces the chemical energy needed to power the cell in the form of adenosine triphosphate or the ATP.

So that's your mitochondria found both in, of course, Animal cells and plant cells. So sometimes, Tutor Tony, there are cells that have a lot of mitochondria, especially the very active. The very active cells need a lot of energy. So when you think of active cells, Yes, because they contract, relax. Yes, Tutor Tony.

And of course, you know the students, the very round cells, which is the The sperm cell. Yes. So, he also needs a lot of mitochondria because he needs a lot of energy. Energy to travel. Although, to meet his Juliet, right?

So, Romeo and Juliet. Yes, because his destination is a bit far. His travel, ma'am, is a bit long. It's going to his Juliet, the egg cell. So, the sperm cell needs a good amount of mitochondria.

That's correct, sir. So, sir, I'm looking at our comment box. It looks like one section is watching.

Yes, one whole section. Andromeda. Hello.

South-south to our section Andromeda. Your section is very universal, very galactic. That's right. Grade 12. Grade 12, sir. Grade 12. So, hello to the teacher.

Yes, thank you very much. Talk to your teacher later so we can acknowledge. Let's proceed now with the next organ. We have the endoplasmic reticulum. ER is just for short because it's a long name.

It is a series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules. You will notice that it is connected to the outer membrane of our nucleus. This is the nucleus.

I hope you can see my purple and this is the ER. Now there are two types. We have the rough ER and the smooth ER. Magkaiba po ang function ng dalawang yan.

So also found in both animal and plants. So Tutor Tony, bakit kaya rough? Okay. Merong isang ano nyo lang, kumbaga importanteng structure na nakakabit. And as seen on your screen, it is bombarded.

Yes, bombarded. May mga nakadikit dyan na. ribosomes.

Ribosomes attached to its surface. So, when you look under the microscope, there are dots on the surface. So that is your rough endoplasmic reticulum. And it functions in the modification of proteins synthesized by the ribosomes.

And it also performs the making of phospholipids to be used by our cellular membranes. Yes, the important component of our cell membrane. That's why Tutor Tony has ribosomes attached to him.

because after the ribosome is made into the protein, It will be transported to him, he will be given this and then he will modify it or he will put another molecule like your carbohydrates. So that's the function of the rough ER. Next, we have our smooth endoplasmic.

I'm taking the smooth. I hope it's all, right? I hope it's all.

I hope it's all smooth. Yes, because it has no attached ribosomes. That's why it's smooth.

But it's still a rough ER. Yes. So, they're not distant.

It's a continuous complex. You'll just know that you're smooth if you don't have ribosomes. And because it doesn't have ribosomes, it's not involved in any protein modification. But, Dr. Tony, it has a lot of important functions. Okay.

And let's summarize, Dr. Wendy. Yes. The first function of smooth ER is the production of carbohydrates, Lipids and steroids.

Very important din siya, no, pag-detox. Wow. Detoxification of drugs and toxins.

Parang siya yung pinaka-liver ng, ano, no, ng cell na detoxify. And then finally, it serves as the important storage ng mga calcium ions naman sa mga regulation ng mga pumps natin, diba, sa biological system. Yes, okay. So, correct.

So, ang dami din naman yung function, diba, sir, kahit hindi siya involved sa protein modification. modification. That's right.

So that's your rough and smooth ER. What's the next, ma'am? So the next is our Golgi body.

So it is also called sometimes Golgi complex or Golgi apparatus. Okay, so... Oh, I'm getting hungry again. It's like pancakes, ma'am.

Pancakes. Pancakes. Pancakes.

Pancakes. So it's membranous. It has a lot of membranes. It just looks like a pancake.

But... Actually, they are sacks of membranes. So, their function? They sort, they tag, they package. Like in a factory, the workers, they are the final product that they will pass through their hands.

Or specifically, in machines, sometimes when a factory is very advanced. So, they sort, they tag, they package, and distribute lipids and proteins. So, after packaging, they distribute it. It's ready for distribution, ready for use. Yes, so Tutor Tony pwede yung i-distribute, pwede kasing ginagamit lang sa loob ng cell yung mga materials or pwede din naman na i-transport siya outside of the cell and trabaho siya ni Golgi.

Golgi. Okay, so. It is present sa animal at saka plant cells.

Both animal and plant cells. Okay, next. We have the lysosome. Ang dami no, ang dami organizer.

So the lysosome is a spherical body containing digestive enzymes. So it serves as a digestive structure in our cells. Because it digests cellular nutrients, it also breakdowns worn-out or damaged organelles. That's why it's so important. It's like a repair, right?

And also it breaks down the worn-out damaged organelles. And it aids in a very important process called apoptosis. Or what we call programmed cell death in cells. Yes, because sir, Tony, if the cell is damaged, it can't be repaired, it has the ability to self-destruct. Self-destruct, it's kind of like, sometimes it's called a suicide body, right sir?

Yes, the suicide bags, the lysodome. Yes, because if the cell can't be repaired, it will self-destruct. With the aid of the...

lysosome. Now, ang lysosome ay makikita lamang po sa animal cell. Wala siya sa plant cell. May iba siyang counterpart.

And that is, ayan po. So, for the next organelle would be the chloroplast. Bilisan lang natin ng konti, Ma'am Wendy.

Yes, yes, Tutor Tony. So, the chloroplast contains the pigment chlorophyll. It is the site of photosynthesis.

So important din yan, Peter Tony, kasi itong photosynthesis, this is the food producing process sa ating plants, okay? So the chloroplast is only found in photosynthetic cells like your plant cells. Wala po itan sa ating animal cells, okay? So next, we have our vacuole.

Yes, so the vacuole, a large space within the cell that is enclosed in a membrane and filled with fluid. Okay, so ang kanyang function is to maintain water balance, cell shape, and storage din po ng nutrients and waste products. Yes.

So, Tutor Tony, yung vacuole, pag nawala niya ng tubig sa loob, nagsishrink yung cell natin. Halimbawa sa mga plants, yan yung point na magiging lanta na yung ating halaman. So our mothers will be happy because we didn't get hurt. Okay, and then we have the last one.

Finally, the cytoskeleton. The last structure, we have the cytoskeleton. So these are the... Skeleton, right?

Skeleton, yes. It's like a framework. It's the backbone of our cells. It provides shape and structure. It allows movement.

And of course, it involves in the formation of the spindle fibers or the spindle apparatus during kapag nagkakaroon tayo ng cell division, kapag kailangan na mag-divide ng ating mga cells. And those are the organelles, Ma'am Wendy. Yes. So, Tutor Tony, tingnan natin kung nakikinig ang ating mga viewers.

Yes, let's proceed with our activity. Let's apply natin sa ating learning task. So, ang gagawin lang ng ating mga tutis.

identify the structure or organelle, we will give their alias or nicknames. If you are listening to this earlier, we are looking for it, right? We are also giving it to others.

So, our viewers are ready. Type in your answers in our comment box. Are they ready, Tutor Tony? I think they are very much ready. Let's just make this quick.

The first organelle is known as the brain of the pig. Reminders ating mga... Senior high school learners, to type in the item number, for example, number one, and what is your answer? So number one is, say, for example, one, ribosome.

So let's give them a sample, ma'am. So number one, the answer is, of course, our brain is the nucleus. Peter Tony mentioned it earlier.

Okay, for number two, what is the answer? Subway. Subway system.

So it's like an interconnected body that is surrounded or close to the nucleus. Okay, so ano kaya ito? So, we have the endoplasmic reticulum. So, pwede kumabu lang sagot ha, our senior high school learners.

Yes, okay. So, pwede kumabu lang sagot ha, our senior high school learners. Third item, ma'am?

Third item, the garbage collector, taga kuha ng basura. Ayan. So, tama si Edelme Palma. Number two, endoplasmic reticulum.

Yes, okay. So, you're also correct. Number one is nucleus.

That's how you feel when you see the answers. Yes, that's how I feel when I see the answers. We're a bit tight.

We have number 3. Our inside bags. Our garbage collectors. And then number 4. This one. I mentioned Manong Guard earlier.

Let's reveal it. We mentioned Manong Guard earlier. I see. Cell membrane. Okay, number 5. hour The one that makes our proteins, of course, that's our ribosome.

Number six is, of course, powerhouse, the energy provider of our cells. Okay, we have that. Good job, guys. Good job, guys. You're fast.

Good job, good job. Number six is mitochondria. Number seven is...

The mailman. The mailman. Sino kayo yung taga mailman?

Serves as a mailman. Nagde-deliver yun. Nagde-deliver. Sir, nagde-deliver.

That is your? Okay, we have, ha? Boji.

Boji. All right. Tags, he sorts, he delivers.

And then last one, cafeteria. So pag sinabing cafeteria, pag sinabing canteen, ang unang pumapasok sa isip natin, syempre ay pagkain. So pagkain daw, food. I miss that, ma'am, in face-to-face, right? Yes, sir.

All the favorite places. The cafeteria. Why is it like that?

Not just there, but also the teacher. That's why, sir. The cafeteria of the cell, specifically the plant cell, of course, are the chlorophyll.

Because they contain the chlorophyll. The chlorophyll. Now, sir, teachers make this common, right?

Yes. The cell model projects. So, listen up.

Yes, there are a lot of ideas. Listen up, guys. To our STEM learners, or maybe you have a project before that you sell model using food, recycled materials, maybe you have a photo that you want to hide.

You can share that to us, sa ating mga tutors, kay Tutor Wendy, kay Tutor Eric, sya ka sa akin. So, email nyo lang yan or ipopost nyo yan sa amin or message nyo sa amin via Facebook Messenger. So, if you flex... Ayan, ma'am.

If you flex nyo. Ayan. If you flex natin ang inyong mga cell model or yung parang pinaka...

Yung kanilang mga projects, sir, na cell model. Send it to us and we'll feature it in our next sessions and social media pages. And Tutor Tony, we also choose our students or tutis of the week.

Maybe they'll send us their good project. We'll feature them as student of the week. So we'll expect that. It's flashed there.

You can send your output and photos. Tutor Tony, is our... Tutor Eric? Are you still there?

Tutor Eric, for our final quiz. Ayan, nandito na po ako Sir Tony and Ma'am Wendy. Ayan, signan natin atin.

Okay, so number one. So number one, which of the following statements is true in the conformity with the tenets of the cell theory? A, cell cellize spontaneously through a process called the biogenesis. B, the cell wall can be found in all living cells. Or letter C, the cell is the basic unit of life.

Alin kaya dyan ang nagpa-follow ng tenets ng cell theory? Of course, ang ating answers dito would be letter... Okay po.

It will be letter C. The cell is the basic unit of life. Letter A is not the possible answer because a biogenesis is also known as spontaneous generation. Life can arise from non-living things. And the cell wall is only seen in our plant cells and some bacterium.

And our participants are correct. All of them answered C. Question number two.

Question number two. According to the cell theory, all living things are made up of cells. This tenet is a product of the work and research of which two scientists? Who is this?

Is it A. Hoke and Lewin Hoke? B, Schwan and Schleiden. Letter C, Schwan and Virtue.

Or letter D, Schleiden and Virtue. So, sino kaya? Siyempre, ang ating answer ay letter. Sa plants at animals.

So, letter? Plants at animals. Letter B. It's Theodore Schwan and Mathias Schleiden.

Schleiden. Okay, dito naman sa ating number three. Rudolph Virchow's observation was instrumental in disproving which widely accepted belief during his time. Is it letter A, atomic model? B, evolution?

C, gravity? D, spontaneous generation? Parang namanggit ko na ang answer dito kanina.

Yes, and the answer is? And the answer is letter D. Spontaneous generation or also known as abiogenesis. I'm going to search this. And number four, organelles can be found in the blank of the cell.

A. Cytoplasm. B. Mitochondria.

C. Nucleus. Or D. Ribosome. Saan kaya nakasuspend ang ating organelles? And our answer is cytoplasms. Organelles are membrane-bound structures that are suspended in the cytoplasm of the cell.

And finally, number five. Finally, number five, which of the following organelles is not found in a plant cell? Is it letter A, cell wall? B, lysosome? C, nucleus?

And letter D, vacuole? Which one is not found? Letter? That's letter B, lysosome. And the one that compensates for the absence of lysosome in the plant cell is letter D, vacuole.

By picking up our toxic materials. There. Okay.

There. And of course, before we end, let us read the word from Holy Golaiti. This is a character from a previous movie.

So, what he said, Any work I do, I think, is important. Like acting, there are no small parts, only small actors. Like here in our cell organelles, even if they're different, they're small. They have functions that carry out to function the whole cell. And likewise, like us in our families, we have different roles in our house.

And sometimes our role is to wash dishes in our house or to throw garbage. Sometimes we're like a lysosome, right? It's okay because it contributes to the functioning of our home.

Transcript for:Cell Theory and Organelles Overview

Transcript for:
Cell Theory and Organelles Overview