Exploring Sub-Saharan Africa's Geography

Hello everyone, welcome to the Geoecologist. I'm Dr. Krishnanand and you have been watching my videos on various topics of geography, environment and research methodology on my channel, the Geoecologist. So, if you are new to this channel, please subscribe to our channel and for the earlier lectures, you can go to our playlist section on our channel. Now, In today's session on world regional geography we are going to cover the sub-saharan African realm or we say the sub-saharan region of Africa. But before we go ahead don't forget to subscribe to our channel and please also share the videos with others as well. So now let's learn about the sub-Saharan African realm. In the earlier lecture we have already talked about the North Africa and the Middle East region. So if you observe carefully the Southern Africa, this area is the Southern African region that we'll be learning today. Then in between you have the Equatorial Africa. If you observe this region is Equatorial Africa. Then we'll also be looking into the West African countries, this coastal countries in West Africa and also we'll be learning about the East African countries including the Madagascar. So now let's divide the Sub-Saharan African realm into these regions and understand their configuration. So regions of Sub-Saharan Africa the first one as you know is the West African region. This particular West African region if you observe and Nigeria is the most dominant country in this particular region. So we'll be looking into it. Then further if you observe the East African region here you observe Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Burundi and Tanzania. These countries are majorly part of East Africa and also will be including Madagascar in our learning as well. Then let's understand the Equatorial Africa and this is majorly drained by the Congo River if you remember and earlier it was also called Zaire and the countries here are Central African Republic, South Sudan, DR Congo that is Democratic Republic of Congo, then you have Congo, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea. So these are the areas. And then we'll be going to the Southern Africa where South Africa itself is the biggest country and the most famous country across the world. So we'll be learning about the Southern African region. So now first thing that we need to look into is the river system of African continent. So if you observe Nile River and its adjoining we learnt in the previous lecture only. Then the major river in the West African segment is the river Senegal out here and river Niger out here. And then also we have river Volta. and Bennu out here and you have Lake Chad then if you go down south out here the Nile is divided into white and blue Nile if you remember carefully so blue Nile and white Nile right from Lake Victoria it is connected in Tanzania Lake Albert then you have Lake Tanganyika then you have Lake Nyasa and here is the biggest river Congo river system if you observe here and then you have the Zambezi river system down south and also one important river that is Limpopo river which is like a boundary between the South Africa and adjoining country Botswana and here you have the Orange river the most famous river of South Africa. So these are the major river and if you observe Atlantic ocean here then you have Indian ocean here Gulf of Aden Arabian Sea here Red Sea here North Mediterranean and then you have the Mozambique channel which separates the Madagascar and it's alongside the islands with the mainland Africa. so this is the water bodies if you carefully see then let's look into the west african region first now so if you carefully observe these mauritiana mali and nigger are the major areas of the sahara desert and then you come to sub-saharan africa so if you observe nigeria out here adamawa highlands out here and then you have the capital of nigeria lagos in the gulf of guinea and then you have another port harcott out here So this is important. The zero degree meridian that we have already learned. This is the green which meantime zero degree meridian passes through these countries. So you have Ghana, then you have Benin, then you have Togo out here, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Guinea Bissau. Then you have Gambia, Senegal. All these countries are located in the Western Africa. Now, by far, if you observe, Nigeria is the biggest country and we are going to look into further details around these countries. So look here. The first thing that we talk about is the country. Nigeria. So Nigeria has recently been part of the world oil trade and large oil fields were discovered in 1950s near this delta area. If you observe this red zones out here, these are the oil fields which are the major source of economy in Nigeria and economic benefits have increased gradually and Nigeria has the major oil supply to United States. So United States is its main customer that we observe. The northern Nigeria, if you observe this green patch out here, is also dominated by The Sharia government i.e. It is governed through the Islamic Republic. And then if you observe carefully, you have the Boko Haram related fatalities in this northeastern region, the Borno and adjoining areas. Boko Haram is one of the terrorist organizations, we say, who is opposing the West, Western culture. And they want their own traditional culture out there and they have given arms and hands of children as well. So a lot of news about Boko Haram is always there. So this is a tormented belt of Nigeria. While most of the prosperous belt is in the down south near the Niger Delta and Lagos. So this coastal area is a better area to live in and it has better quality of life if you observe. Then further, let's look into Ghana, the nearby country Ghana. And remember Ghana was earlier called Gold Coast. Ghana's gold is very famous in the world. So Gold Coast and in the advent of colonialism, people came to Ghana to see the gold and also exchange it for other commodities. So Ghana is one of the leading producers of gold in Africa, seventh leading producer in the world. But then there is a question, why is it so poor? So remember, 35% of the gold is extracted through small mining and also informally operated and also without many times a valid license. So a lot of problems in terms of mining is there. And remember, this kind of news is very common in picture. hundreds of thousands including many from china are engaged in illegal artisanal mining remember these are the placer deposits placer gold deposits like brazilian highlands ghana also has because their timing of formation was same right jigsaw fit continental hypothesis if you observe the theory that says that once they were part of the same formation so the gold is available in large quantities out here in the placer deposits and if you observe ghana's gold enriches mncs not its own people This is very commonly in news and this is one important theory that you need to look into is resource curse theory. What does it say? That this country do not have enough human resource to exploit their own natural resources. Hence people coming from outside multinational corporations they help these people to drain out the country's wealth and in order to drain they give the token royalty of just three percent and they also take away the wealth in the name of helping. So this is something which is very interesting and Ghana is not benefiting by its own resources. So if you observe this kind of open mining happening, this kind of gold traces, place or deposits, right, International Monetary Fund and World Bank, Tic Tacs, the liberalization of Ghana's economy and intervention of the multinationals and that is what is taking away the resources out. So if you observe, there are two distinct groups of gold miners out here and one of them which is conducting. illegal mining is called gallancy so gallancies are those people who are doing illegal mining and it is biggest problem of gold mining in terms of illegal gold mining that is happening in ghana now let's observe the east africa so east africa has these countries if you observe sudan is here and then you have ethiopia somalia kenya tanzania so great horn of africa we already learned in the previous lecture as well now let's look into ethiopia capital is addis ababa out here Then you have this great African Rift Valley and this is a transition zone from Saharan Africa to Sub-Saharan Africa. And then you have Uganda out here, Lake Alberta, Lake Edward and then you are going further down south via these highlands. So Lake Victoria is out here. Tanzania also has this important coastline where islands like Zanzibar is there. Remember Island of Cloves it is called. So it is found here. Then Kenya is a very famous country and Mount Kenya is very famous out here. and Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest peak south of equator as we know. So this is in Tanzania out here. So these are important places. Now let's look further into the geological structure of this particular location. So what do you find? The Great African Rift Valley if you observe right from Ethiopia this Afar Triple Junction to this location. So you have this particular eastern and western rift valleys if you observe. So this is eastern on Gregory Rift and this is the Albertine rift. So these rift valleys are formed and this plate is in future going to break away from the mainland Africa that is being talked about. So if you observe carefully, so Lake Albert, Lake Edward, Lake Kivu, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Rukua. This is from north to south and then the southernmost is Lake Malawi. To look further in the details, if you observe, this is one more map that will give you a clear picture of the African rift valley. So here is Etria, here this particular Arabian peninsula. this particular plate, Arabian plate. Then you have this particular Kenyan side, this particular Somalian plate and then this is the African plate. So here is a triple junction and this is the rift valley. The Tanzania craton is in between here. Now let's look into the areas under this particular Tanzania and Kenya. So you remember Nairobi is here. then further Mombasa is out here and Tanzania has lot of national parks if you observe carefully so one of the major areas is this Maasai Mara remember Maasai tribes near Nairobi down south and this is sharing the border of Kenya and Tanzania so Maasai tribes then you have Serengeti National Park out here mynara national park and several other national parks in the country that you can clearly observe so this area is rich in biodiversity as you observed and lake victoria serves as one of the major biggest lake in the region very important and then let's look into the mount kilimanjaro here again this is the biggest and here you have Masai Steppe grassland, East African Rift Valley and just nearby this is the highland. You have Nugru mountains and it has attachment with the smaller countries in the west Rwanda and Burundi. So out here in the western part. Now if you further observe Nairobi that is very importantly a colonial legacy and in 1899 the rail and road was constructed by British and only because of the reason that it had a lot of fresh water. So that's how the Lake Victoria served as a major point for the settlement in the region, the modern settlement in the region. Otherwise, it was majorly inhabited by the Maasai and other tribes. And Kenya became independent in 1963. Nairobi was chosen as the national capital. So if you observe, Nairobi is obviously the primate city of this region, only biggest city, right? And it has also a Nairobi National Park, which is a tourist attraction. Now let's go to the island that is Madagascar. Antananarivo is the capital out here, if you observe. and it also has the mountains or highlands if you observe running from north to south across this country and remember this area is separated from the gondwana land 88 million years ago by the end of almost cretaceous it got separated and because of the separation it has a landmass which has very unique flora and fauna so the country can be divided into east coast central highlands sartanana massive that is the central massive out here the sartana massive and then west coast and southwest so this is the physical division here but what is more striking here is that five percent of world plant and animal species is found here in this small island this is the fourth largest island of the world but has five percent of world biodiversity making it a biodiversity hot spot right and if you observe 80 percent of these species are endemic it means they are not found anywhere in the world so if you observe carefully the lemurs and other 9 000 different species of plants and animals they are only found out on this island and unesco has declared it as a world heritage site the rainforests of astinana so if you observe this area is very much important for the world biodiversity now if you observe further the equatorial africa which has small and big countries out here connected with the atlantic coast so right from this particular cameroon to equatorial guinea gabon then you have the south tome principi and then you have angola then you have democratic republic of congo and Congo and then Central African Republic. So these are on the equator and they have huge equatorial rainforest area, steam heat, extreme humidity, copious rainfall and also has a very little seasonal variation and rainforest dominates equatorial rainforest. Enormous biodiversity in these regions. So what is important? To the east if you go this particular side the eastern part of this Africa that is equatorial Africa begins beyond the west rift valley as we can see and remember bowl shaped Congo this particular ball shift Congo if you observe is very important here and Republic of Congo formerly it was called Zaire right it is exactly on equator and five of the remaining eight states like Gabon, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, South Ome and Principe they have these coastlines which are important for them right for the economy of this country so if you observe the details in depth of these region you will observe carefully that this is the gulf area here equatorial guinea and then you'll observe these red patches out here now look at these coastal areas these red patches are all oil fields which make the major chunk of their economy and when you observe carefully between the congo and this particular area you have this area called cabinda which is part of the angola which is down south now if you observe carefully cabinda is one of the old colonial legacy on the african map and earlier it belonged to the portuguese and they are part of angola today now if you observe the southern africa and the most important area of africa that we know by the name of the southern part the south africa and the region around it so let's observe this particular region. So coming down south you have Namibia the major country and it has a major feature called Namib desert which is very important feature. Then you have Botswana with the major Kalahari desert very important. Then comes to the South Africa which has a high island and a coastal area country alongside the central Karu region the great Karu and the small that is the Plato region. And then you will observe Mozambique out here and you have Zimbabwe out here. So if you observe carefully, let's look into this area that what are the natural features. So you will observe Namib deserts. Then you have the Kalahari desert. Then you have the South Africa. And in between you have two enclaves that is Swaziland and Lesotho. These are two independent countries which are inside South Africa that you say. That's why they are called enclave countries, right? Then you have the Zambezi river in the north. You have. orange river here and this Limpopo river if you observe this particular finds a place near Kruger National Park in South Africa. Now let's look into the further details of Namibia and the Namib Desert. One of the very interesting areas of the world where you'll have the coastline alongside the ocean right. So this is what you say is the desert Namib Desert if you observe carefully and it has national parks as well if you can see and then you have the the plato region and across the plato region again you have the desert conditions and not just that very interesting feature in namib desert you'll find is the fairy circles which were once considered that aliens have landed here but it's not actually like that remember these steeper grosses grasses which are grown out here they occur for thousands of kilometers in namibia and they are inhabited by sand termites which create these fairy circles when they eat these grasses and that's how the circles are created in Namib desert. Then further you see the South Africa where you have the central Plato region and this is the escarpment. It is called the great escarpment and here the coastal cities of South Africa if you observe in the background this escarpment is visible clearly and this is the Drakensberg mountain range in this particular portion out here right. So if you observe carefully the physical divisions of South Africa the great karu and little karu in between you have the fold mountains so this is like a valley of flowers between the mountains as well here then you will observe bushman land then kalahari then you have the high weld very famous grasslands of south africa you have bush weld then you have low weld out here and lesotho highlands are there and then eastern highlands are there then further observe other features out here so you observe these are the drickenberg's range here And then you have Durban out here, famous port city. Then in the north, if you go, you have Pretoria, Johannesburg, right? Famous. Then southern tip here, Cape of Good Hope. And you have the Cape Town out here. And then further, the Orange River is flowing through the center. And this Limpopo River is the boundary between Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Botswana. right it forms a natural boundary out here south africa has three capitals remember executive legislative and judicial capital so executive is pretoria then you have legislative cape town and judicial capital is bloom fontaine right so this is the map of south africa political map if you observe and now the last important feature that you should also look into is through the oceanography lenses that remember this cape area has on the western side venezuela cold current which goes further north and because of which you have a desertic condition in the north Namib desert is there and on the eastern side you have the warm current that is Agulhas current that is very important so Cape Peninsula, Cape Agulhas these are the areas which are very famous and then down south you have the west wind drift so this is very important in terms of the coastal situation of South Africa. So now When we have covered in details the various aspects of this particular realm that is the sub-saharan African realm, in the sessions to come we'll be talking more on other aspects of world regional geography. So stay tuned, stay safe, keep watching and learning and don't forget to subscribe to our channel and also please share the videos with others as well.

So now let's learn about the sub-Saharan African realm. In the earlier lecture we have already talked about the North Africa and the Middle East region. So if you observe carefully the Southern Africa, this area is the Southern African region that we'll be learning today. Then in between you have the Equatorial Africa.

If you observe this region is Equatorial Africa. Then we'll also be looking into the West African countries, this coastal countries in West Africa and also we'll be learning about the East African countries including the Madagascar. So now let's divide the Sub-Saharan African realm into these regions and understand their configuration. So regions of Sub-Saharan Africa the first one as you know is the West African region. This particular West African region if you observe and Nigeria is the most dominant country in this particular region.

So we'll be looking into it. Then further if you observe the East African region here you observe Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Burundi and Tanzania. These countries are majorly part of East Africa and also will be including Madagascar in our learning as well. Then let's understand the Equatorial Africa and this is majorly drained by the Congo River if you remember and earlier it was also called Zaire and the countries here are Central African Republic, South Sudan, DR Congo that is Democratic Republic of Congo, then you have Congo, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea. So these are the areas.

And then we'll be going to the Southern Africa where South Africa itself is the biggest country and the most famous country across the world. So we'll be learning about the Southern African region. So now first thing that we need to look into is the river system of African continent. So if you observe Nile River and its adjoining we learnt in the previous lecture only. Then the major river in the West African segment is the river Senegal out here and river Niger out here.

And then also we have river Volta. and Bennu out here and you have Lake Chad then if you go down south out here the Nile is divided into white and blue Nile if you remember carefully so blue Nile and white Nile right from Lake Victoria it is connected in Tanzania Lake Albert then you have Lake Tanganyika then you have Lake Nyasa and here is the biggest river Congo river system if you observe here and then you have the Zambezi river system down south and also one important river that is Limpopo river which is like a boundary between the South Africa and adjoining country Botswana and here you have the Orange river the most famous river of South Africa. So these are the major river and if you observe Atlantic ocean here then you have Indian ocean here Gulf of Aden Arabian Sea here Red Sea here North Mediterranean and then you have the Mozambique channel which separates the Madagascar and it's alongside the islands with the mainland Africa. so this is the water bodies if you carefully see then let's look into the west african region first now so if you carefully observe these mauritiana mali and nigger are the major areas of the sahara desert and then you come to sub-saharan africa so if you observe nigeria out here adamawa highlands out here and then you have the capital of nigeria lagos in the gulf of guinea and then you have another port harcott out here So this is important. The zero degree meridian that we have already learned.

This is the green which meantime zero degree meridian passes through these countries. So you have Ghana, then you have Benin, then you have Togo out here, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Guinea Bissau. Then you have Gambia, Senegal.

All these countries are located in the Western Africa. Now, by far, if you observe, Nigeria is the biggest country and we are going to look into further details around these countries. So look here.

The first thing that we talk about is the country. Nigeria. So Nigeria has recently been part of the world oil trade and large oil fields were discovered in 1950s near this delta area.

If you observe this red zones out here, these are the oil fields which are the major source of economy in Nigeria and economic benefits have increased gradually and Nigeria has the major oil supply to United States. So United States is its main customer that we observe. The northern Nigeria, if you observe this green patch out here, is also dominated by The Sharia government i.e.

It is governed through the Islamic Republic. And then if you observe carefully, you have the Boko Haram related fatalities in this northeastern region, the Borno and adjoining areas. Boko Haram is one of the terrorist organizations, we say, who is opposing the West, Western culture. And they want their own traditional culture out there and they have given arms and hands of children as well. So a lot of news about Boko Haram is always there.

So this is a tormented belt of Nigeria. While most of the prosperous belt is in the down south near the Niger Delta and Lagos. So this coastal area is a better area to live in and it has better quality of life if you observe. Then further, let's look into Ghana, the nearby country Ghana. And remember Ghana was earlier called Gold Coast.

Ghana's gold is very famous in the world. So Gold Coast and in the advent of colonialism, people came to Ghana to see the gold and also exchange it for other commodities. So Ghana is one of the leading producers of gold in Africa, seventh leading producer in the world. But then there is a question, why is it so poor? So remember, 35% of the gold is extracted through small mining and also informally operated and also without many times a valid license.

So a lot of problems in terms of mining is there. And remember, this kind of news is very common in picture. hundreds of thousands including many from china are engaged in illegal artisanal mining remember these are the placer deposits placer gold deposits like brazilian highlands ghana also has because their timing of formation was same right jigsaw fit continental hypothesis if you observe the theory that says that once they were part of the same formation so the gold is available in large quantities out here in the placer deposits and if you observe ghana's gold enriches mncs not its own people This is very commonly in news and this is one important theory that you need to look into is resource curse theory. What does it say?

That this country do not have enough human resource to exploit their own natural resources. Hence people coming from outside multinational corporations they help these people to drain out the country's wealth and in order to drain they give the token royalty of just three percent and they also take away the wealth in the name of helping. So this is something which is very interesting and Ghana is not benefiting by its own resources.

So if you observe this kind of open mining happening, this kind of gold traces, place or deposits, right, International Monetary Fund and World Bank, Tic Tacs, the liberalization of Ghana's economy and intervention of the multinationals and that is what is taking away the resources out. So if you observe, there are two distinct groups of gold miners out here and one of them which is conducting. illegal mining is called gallancy so gallancies are those people who are doing illegal mining and it is biggest problem of gold mining in terms of illegal gold mining that is happening in ghana now let's observe the east africa so east africa has these countries if you observe sudan is here and then you have ethiopia somalia kenya tanzania so great horn of africa we already learned in the previous lecture as well now let's look into ethiopia capital is addis ababa out here Then you have this great African Rift Valley and this is a transition zone from Saharan Africa to Sub-Saharan Africa. And then you have Uganda out here, Lake Alberta, Lake Edward and then you are going further down south via these highlands. So Lake Victoria is out here.

Tanzania also has this important coastline where islands like Zanzibar is there. Remember Island of Cloves it is called. So it is found here.

Then Kenya is a very famous country and Mount Kenya is very famous out here. and Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest peak south of equator as we know. So this is in Tanzania out here. So these are important places. Now let's look further into the geological structure of this particular location.

So what do you find? The Great African Rift Valley if you observe right from Ethiopia this Afar Triple Junction to this location. So you have this particular eastern and western rift valleys if you observe.

So this is eastern on Gregory Rift and this is the Albertine rift. So these rift valleys are formed and this plate is in future going to break away from the mainland Africa that is being talked about. So if you observe carefully, so Lake Albert, Lake Edward, Lake Kivu, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Rukua.

This is from north to south and then the southernmost is Lake Malawi. To look further in the details, if you observe, this is one more map that will give you a clear picture of the African rift valley. So here is Etria, here this particular Arabian peninsula.

this particular plate, Arabian plate. Then you have this particular Kenyan side, this particular Somalian plate and then this is the African plate. So here is a triple junction and this is the rift valley. The Tanzania craton is in between here.

Now let's look into the areas under this particular Tanzania and Kenya. So you remember Nairobi is here. then further Mombasa is out here and Tanzania has lot of national parks if you observe carefully so one of the major areas is this Maasai Mara remember Maasai tribes near Nairobi down south and this is sharing the border of Kenya and Tanzania so Maasai tribes then you have Serengeti National Park out here mynara national park and several other national parks in the country that you can clearly observe so this area is rich in biodiversity as you observed and lake victoria serves as one of the major biggest lake in the region very important and then let's look into the mount kilimanjaro here again this is the biggest and here you have Masai Steppe grassland, East African Rift Valley and just nearby this is the highland. You have Nugru mountains and it has attachment with the smaller countries in the west Rwanda and Burundi.

So out here in the western part. Now if you further observe Nairobi that is very importantly a colonial legacy and in 1899 the rail and road was constructed by British and only because of the reason that it had a lot of fresh water. So that's how the Lake Victoria served as a major point for the settlement in the region, the modern settlement in the region.

Otherwise, it was majorly inhabited by the Maasai and other tribes. And Kenya became independent in 1963. Nairobi was chosen as the national capital. So if you observe, Nairobi is obviously the primate city of this region, only biggest city, right?

And it has also a Nairobi National Park, which is a tourist attraction. Now let's go to the island that is Madagascar. Antananarivo is the capital out here, if you observe.

and it also has the mountains or highlands if you observe running from north to south across this country and remember this area is separated from the gondwana land 88 million years ago by the end of almost cretaceous it got separated and because of the separation it has a landmass which has very unique flora and fauna so the country can be divided into east coast central highlands sartanana massive that is the central massive out here the sartana massive and then west coast and southwest so this is the physical division here but what is more striking here is that five percent of world plant and animal species is found here in this small island this is the fourth largest island of the world but has five percent of world biodiversity making it a biodiversity hot spot right and if you observe 80 percent of these species are endemic it means they are not found anywhere in the world so if you observe carefully the lemurs and other 9 000 different species of plants and animals they are only found out on this island and unesco has declared it as a world heritage site the rainforests of astinana so if you observe this area is very much important for the world biodiversity now if you observe further the equatorial africa which has small and big countries out here connected with the atlantic coast so right from this particular cameroon to equatorial guinea gabon then you have the south tome principi and then you have angola then you have democratic republic of congo and Congo and then Central African Republic. So these are on the equator and they have huge equatorial rainforest area, steam heat, extreme humidity, copious rainfall and also has a very little seasonal variation and rainforest dominates equatorial rainforest. Enormous biodiversity in these regions.

So what is important? To the east if you go this particular side the eastern part of this Africa that is equatorial Africa begins beyond the west rift valley as we can see and remember bowl shaped Congo this particular ball shift Congo if you observe is very important here and Republic of Congo formerly it was called Zaire right it is exactly on equator and five of the remaining eight states like Gabon, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, South Ome and Principe they have these coastlines which are important for them right for the economy of this country so if you observe the details in depth of these region you will observe carefully that this is the gulf area here equatorial guinea and then you'll observe these red patches out here now look at these coastal areas these red patches are all oil fields which make the major chunk of their economy and when you observe carefully between the congo and this particular area you have this area called cabinda which is part of the angola which is down south now if you observe carefully cabinda is one of the old colonial legacy on the african map and earlier it belonged to the portuguese and they are part of angola today now if you observe the southern africa and the most important area of africa that we know by the name of the southern part the south africa and the region around it so let's observe this particular region. So coming down south you have Namibia the major country and it has a major feature called Namib desert which is very important feature. Then you have Botswana with the major Kalahari desert very important. Then comes to the South Africa which has a high island and a coastal area country alongside the central Karu region the great Karu and the small that is the Plato region.

And then you will observe Mozambique out here and you have Zimbabwe out here. So if you observe carefully, let's look into this area that what are the natural features. So you will observe Namib deserts. Then you have the Kalahari desert. Then you have the South Africa.

And in between you have two enclaves that is Swaziland and Lesotho. These are two independent countries which are inside South Africa that you say. That's why they are called enclave countries, right?

Then you have the Zambezi river in the north. You have. orange river here and this Limpopo river if you observe this particular finds a place near Kruger National Park in South Africa.

Now let's look into the further details of Namibia and the Namib Desert. One of the very interesting areas of the world where you'll have the coastline alongside the ocean right. So this is what you say is the desert Namib Desert if you observe carefully and it has national parks as well if you can see and then you have the the plato region and across the plato region again you have the desert conditions and not just that very interesting feature in namib desert you'll find is the fairy circles which were once considered that aliens have landed here but it's not actually like that remember these steeper grosses grasses which are grown out here they occur for thousands of kilometers in namibia and they are inhabited by sand termites which create these fairy circles when they eat these grasses and that's how the circles are created in Namib desert.

Then further you see the South Africa where you have the central Plato region and this is the escarpment. It is called the great escarpment and here the coastal cities of South Africa if you observe in the background this escarpment is visible clearly and this is the Drakensberg mountain range in this particular portion out here right. So if you observe carefully the physical divisions of South Africa the great karu and little karu in between you have the fold mountains so this is like a valley of flowers between the mountains as well here then you will observe bushman land then kalahari then you have the high weld very famous grasslands of south africa you have bush weld then you have low weld out here and lesotho highlands are there and then eastern highlands are there then further observe other features out here so you observe these are the drickenberg's range here And then you have Durban out here, famous port city.

Then in the north, if you go, you have Pretoria, Johannesburg, right? Famous. Then southern tip here, Cape of Good Hope.

And you have the Cape Town out here. And then further, the Orange River is flowing through the center. And this Limpopo River is the boundary between Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Botswana. right it forms a natural boundary out here south africa has three capitals remember executive legislative and judicial capital so executive is pretoria then you have legislative cape town and judicial capital is bloom fontaine right so this is the map of south africa political map if you observe and now the last important feature that you should also look into is through the oceanography lenses that remember this cape area has on the western side venezuela cold current which goes further north and because of which you have a desertic condition in the north Namib desert is there and on the eastern side you have the warm current that is Agulhas current that is very important so Cape Peninsula, Cape Agulhas these are the areas which are very famous and then down south you have the west wind drift so this is very important in terms of the coastal situation of South Africa.

So now When we have covered in details the various aspects of this particular realm that is the sub-saharan African realm, in the sessions to come we'll be talking more on other aspects of world regional geography. So stay tuned, stay safe, keep watching and learning and don't forget to subscribe to our channel and also please share the videos with others as well.

Transcript for:Exploring Sub-Saharan Africa's Geography

Transcript for:
Exploring Sub-Saharan Africa's Geography