hello everybody my name is Iman welcome back to my YouTube channel today we're going to tackle a practice problem set that is based off of our chapter 5 lecture let's go ahead and get started the first problem says a college student strives for excellent grades and hopes to graduate with a better GPA than his brother this type of motivation is considered blink is it extrinsic motivation intrinsic motivation a primary drive or a secondary drive so so just quickly to remind ourselves of the definitions of these words we talked about motivation as the purpose or driving force behind our actions and motivation can be extrinsic So based on external circumstances or it can be intrinsic based on internal drive or perception then in the realm of discussing motivation we said that the primary factors that influence motivation are instincts arousal drives and needs and we discussed different kinds of theories to help us really understand that and in talking about Drive reduction theory we Define drives as internal states of tension that bring up particular behaviors focused on those goals and we said that primary drives are related to bodily processes and secondary drives stem from learning and include accomplishments and tions so with that reminder let's go ahead and think about this problem so this college student really wants to get good grades and a great GPA and specifically they want a better GPA than his brother so due to this competitive nature of the motivation this is considered extrinsic motivation remember extrinsic motivation is based on external conditions including perceived reward or fear of punishment so in this case the reward is beating his brother so the answer is going to be a one is a fantastic and here we have reminders of all the definitions and words as well just to serve um as a reminder of all the information we discussed in our lecture so extrinsic motivation in intrinsic motivation external Forces versus internal forces and then the definition of primary drives and secondary drives wonderful let's move on to problem number two problem number two says when practicing her recital song at home a teenage girl sounds perfectly in Pitch to her family and friends however when performing at the recital in front of a large audience of peers strangers and coaches her pitch and tone are off resulting in a poor performance the second performance is best explained by blank is it drive reduction theory is it Instinct approach theory is it maso's hierarchy of needs or is it the JK's Dodson law okay so again we're still on this topic of motivation and our first objective was all about motivation so let's remind ourselves when we talked about motivation we said that the primary factors that influence um motivation are instincts arousal drives and needs and we talked about first that in instincts are innate fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli and in the Instinct theory of motivation people perform certain behaviors because of these evolutionarily programmed instincts okay then we talked about arousal Theory and in the arousal Theory we said people perform actions to maintain arousal which is the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli at an optimal level and in this topic of arousal Theory we talked about the J's Dodson law and it shows that performance is optimal at a medium level of arousal then we moved into a discussion about Drive reduction theory it states that motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives which create uncomfortable internal States and then we talked about need-based theories and we said that satisfying needs may also Drive motivation and in this realm we talked about masa's hierarchy of needs and he prioritized needs into five categories physiological needs which has the highest priority then Safety and Security then love and belonging then self-esteem and finally self-actualization which is the lowest priority now that kind of covers a lot of the things that we talked about in our first objective and it's just enough of a reminder for us to begin to approach this problem which best explains this second performance where she does not perform as well as she did when she was practicing in front of her family and friends well the answer lies in the jks Dodson law it states that there is an optimal level of arousal that's necessary to perform if levels of arousal are too high or too low then we have a problem right if the if levels of arousal are too high poor performance can occur because you're stressed because there's strong anxiety associated with a performance and and the same with low arousal also results in Weak performance and usually this requires increasing attention and interest to kind of fall in this optimal region so in the case of this girl performing at her recital her arousal level is very high as a result of nervousness and anxiety right she is in front of peers she is in front of strangers and she is in front of other coaches and so that results in a poor performance on her part and so the answer for two is going to be d three says seeking homeostasis to reduce an uncomfortable internal state is associated with which motivational theory so we just reviewed the motivational theories that we went over in lecture and we said that drive reduction theory it states that motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives all right which create uncomfortable internal States and so in this definition and looking at this problem seeking homeostasis to reduce an uncomfortable internal state that falls in line with the definition for drive reduction theory the body is going to push towards equilibrium or homeostasis when experiencing uncomfortable in internal States so the answer here for three is going to be a wonderful let's go ahead and move on to problem four problem four says people from cultures around the world can identify which of the following emotions now in our lecture our second objective was all about emotions and we talked about the seven universal emotions they are anger contempt disgust enjoyment or happiness fear sadness and surprise when we're attempting to answer answer this question it's important that we remember these seven because we're looking for an answer choice that provides us with options that fall in this Universal emotion category so if you look at a for example happiness sadness and surprise these are Universal emotions B is happiness anger and apathy that is not part of the seven universal emotions we discussed C says sadness anticipation happiness anticipation is not a universal emotion that we discussed and D says excitement anger and disgust so here excitement isn't necessarily one of the seven universal emotions and so we're looking at answer Choice a for being the correct answer because it provides us with three options that fall into this category of the seven universal emotions the correct answer for four here is going to be a a five says experiencing emotion involves three components which are blank okay so again in our second objective we talked about emotion and we talked about how emotion is a state of mind or feeling that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances mood and relationships and we said that the three components of an emotion are cognitive behavioral and physiological and so we're looking for an answer choice that embodies those three answers okay cognitive behavioral and physiological so here the answer Choice that's going to be correct is C physiological cognitive and behavioral and just as a reminder when we talk about physiological component of emotion we're talking about changes in the autonomic nervous system we when we're talking about the cognitive component of emotion we're talking about subjective interpretations of an emotion and when we're talking about the behavioral component we're talking about like facial expressions and Body Language just as a quick recap of those three components of an emotion so the correct answer for five is C six says the statement I noticed my heart race in and breathing rate increasing when I saw a bear so I am afraid corresponds most closely with which theory of emotion so when we were talking about theories of emotion we talked about three theories of emotion the first one that we talked about is the James Lang Theory it says that nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labeled so that's the first Theory then in the Canon Bard Theory it says that the simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response leads to action and then in the last Theory the shaster singer Theory I'm so sorry for mispronouncing it it says that the nervous system arousal and interpretation of context leads to a cognitive response so keeping that in mind all right let's look back at this statement I noticed my heart racing and breathing rate increasing when I saw this bear so now I'm afraid okay experiencing a physiological re reaction to a stimulus and then labeling that response as an emotion is very much in line with the first Theory we talked about the James linge theory of emotion so in the statement seeing the bear is the stimulus and increase in heart rate and breathing rate is the physiological reaction and then being able to identify this as fear is the emotion expressed and this Falls in line with what's described by the James L Theory so nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labeled so the correct answer for six is going to be D wonderful let's move on to problem s problem seven says which theory of motivation is most significantly informed by Darwin's theory of evolution so we went over the theories of motivation that we discussed in lecture already and according to Darwin's theory of evolution all species they have instincts that help them survive and the Instinct theory of motivation states that people are motivated to act based on instincts that they are programmed to exhibit and so because Darwin's theory of evolution focuses heavily on instincts then the theory that makes the most sense that aligns with his theory is going to be Instinct Theory so according to Instinct theory of motivation people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts the answer for seven is going to be C let's go ahead and move on to problem eight problem 8 reads simultaneous processing of conscious emotions and physiological activation is the defining feature of which theory of emotion so again let's review the multiple theories of emotions we covered in lecture we talked about James Lan we said that this Theory says that the nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labeled the Canon Bard Theory says that there is a simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive respon response that lead to action and then the singer Theory says that the nervous system arousal and interpretation of context leads to cognitive response so here the one that best aligns with what is being asked is the Canon Bard theory of emotion because it's based on the premise that conscious feeling and physiological components of emotion are experienced at exactly the same time and in this Theory this combination then leads to action and so the correct answer for eight here is going to be D moving on to problem nine this one says that the biology of emotion involves all of the following brain regions except the blank and our answer choices are the amydala the prefrontal cortex basil gangli and thalmus so when we were talking about emotion we discussed that the lyic system is the primary nervous system component that's involved in experiencing emotion and the lyic system involves the amydala the thalmus the hypothalamus the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex and just to remind you what each component really does the amydala is involved with attention and fear it helps interpret facial expressions and it is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory the thalmus is a sensory processing station the hypothalamus releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal and then the hippo and then the hippocampus creates long-term explicit memories then the prefrontal cortex this is involved with planning expressing personality and making decisions so all in all looking at these answer choices the amydala the prefrontal cortex and the thalmus are all play a role in the experience of emotions the one that doesn't is the basil gangler and if you remember from previous chapter we said that the basil ganglio is involved in smooth movement so the correct answer here is going to be C 10 says a person with high left frontal lobe activity is most likely experiencing which emotion is it happiness sadness surprise or disgust okay so a reminder the left frontal l It's associated with positive feelings corresponding to things like joy and happiness the right frontal lobe is associated with negative feelings like sadness and disgust so here a person with high left frontal lobe activity is going to be experiencing positive feelings like happiness and that makes the correct answer choice for 10 a so 10 is is a wonderful 11 says determination of the intensity and risk of a stressor occurs during which stage or stages of stress appraisal okay so let's go over let's go over this concept right when we started our our objective on stress we said that the physiological and cognitive response to challenges or Life Changes is defined as stress and stress appraisal has two stages primary appraisal is classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant benign positive or stressful the second stage is called secondary appraisal it's directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress based on harm threat and challenge so looking at this problem determination of the intensity and risk of a stressor occurs during which stage stages of stress appraisal well knowing that secondary appraisal of stress is the stage at which the ability of the organism to cope with the stressor is evaluated this helps us narrow down the answer Choice it's going to be B now this secondary appraisal stage is based on again harm threat and challenge of the stressor which are all correlated with its intensity all right so this word kind of gives you a good hint at this answer again primary appraisal this is just simply the initial determination of whether there is negative association at all not its intensity so that's a very important distinction to be able to make 12 says a medical student is feeling a high level of stress due to upcoming exams and pressure from his family to engage in activities at home he chooses to go to the gym for a workout to help himself relax this workout is which type of stress okay so when we discussed types of stressors we said a stressor is anything that leads to a stress response and it can include environment daily events workplace or academic settings social expectations chemicals and biological stressors also psychological stressors exist as well they include pressure control predictability and conflict we also said that stressors can lead to distress or usess we define distress as occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors and usess as results of positive conditions now looking at this problem and knowing that a positive stressor creates you stress because he is working out in hopes to relax ax this is considered a ustus all right a positive stressor that is helping him tackle some of the tension that he is feeling based off of exams and pressure from home and so the answer choice for 12 is going to be D wonderful let's move on to problem 13 13 reads which type of conflict is associated with the least amount of stress is it approach approach conflict avoidance avoidance conflict approach avoidance conflict or avoidance Escape conflict so in psychological terms an approach approach conflict involves a choice between two positive and equally attractive options this type of conflict typically generates the least amount of stress because the outcome is positive either way an avoidance avoidance conflict which is Choice B here this involves a choice between two negative and equally unattractive options this can be highly stressful because the individual is trying to avoid an undesirable outcome but both choices are negative and unattractive then an approach avoidance conflict involves a situation where the same Choice has both positive and negative aspects and this can also lead to some significant amount of stress because the individual feels torn between two sides of the same option and then avoidance Escape conflict this is a situation where an individual seeks to escape an unpleasant situation but has no clear strategy for avoidance and of course that can be stressful due to feeling trapped and helpless now the problem asks us which is associated with the least amount of stress that's going to be answer Choice a approach approach conflict because both options seem positive and equal equally attractive so there is less stress in making a choice 14 says while cleaning your house you notice a large spider on the wall by your head and feel your heart rate jump up and your skin temperature grow warm which stage of stress response are you experiencing so when we were talking about physiological response to stressors we said that when you're subjected to stress the body initially responds via the sympathetic nervous system and the fight or flight response initiates an increase in heart rate decrease in digestion with all that available energy being reserved for reacting to the stressful event and the sequence of physiological responses is called the General Adaptation Syndrome it consists of three distinct stages alarm resistance and exhaustion first is alarm this is the initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system then shortly thereafter what's going to happen is that the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone and this hormone stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol which maintains a steady supply of blood sugar that's needed to respond to this stressful event the hypothalamus also activates the adrenal medula which secretes epinephrine and nor epinephrine to activate the sympathetic nervous system then the next stage is resistance in which the continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor and then last a person will obviously experience exhaustion when the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity now reading this problem the initial reaction to stress which is which is the activation of the sympathetic nervous system is going to be the alarm stage of the stress response and so the correct answer for 14 here is going to be a wonderful last but not least 15 says each of the following responses to stress is considered maladaptive except blank all right so answer Choice a is drug use B is social withdrawal C says Progressive MUSC muscle relaxation and D says avoiding the stressor so something to think about is that coping strategies may be adaptive so these are positive things that you can do to cope with stress like reaching out to loved ones for support or they can be maladaptive so damaging to you such as turning to drugs and alcohol so what this problem is asking is the following responses to stress is considered Mal adaptive except for well the answer here is going to be progressive muscle relaxation because this is a relaxation technique that's demonstrated to help reduce stress in a manner that is beneficial to the body and psyche all the other choices all the other methods described here serve to increase stress or merely CH or merely or or merely change the source of the stress like drug use social withdrawal and avoiding the stressor those are all adaptive they really just serve to increase stress or just change the source of the stress as opposed to tackling it all right and so those stressors are all considered maladaptive except for progressive muscle relaxation which means that the correct answer for 15 is going to be C and with that we've completed our practice problem set on motivation emotion and stress I really hope this was helpful let me know if you have any questions comments concerns down below other than that good luck happy studying and have a beautiful beautiful day future doctors