Introduction to Computers

Overview of Unit

• Introduction to computers and users
• Capabilities and limitations of computers
• Classification and types of computers
• History and evolution of computers
• Basic operations and organization of computers

Learning Objectives

• Explain what a computer is
• Identify basic units of a computer and their purpose
• Understand how computers work and their features
• Discuss uses, types, generations, applications, and operations of computers

Characteristics of Computers

Features of Computers

1. High Speed

   • Measured in Megahertz (MHz) and Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS)
   • Personal computers: 300 MHz to several GHz
   • Supercomputers: 500 Gigaflops (GFLOPS) to 3 Teraflops (TFLOPS)

2. Reliability and Accuracy

   • Computers maintain precision and can operate in milliseconds or microseconds
   • Error checking systems to reduce errors
   • Backup systems for reliability

3. Large Memory

   • Temporary Memory (RAM): Volatile, size in kilobytes to gigabytes
   • Permanent Memory: Hard disks for long-term storage of data

4. Logical Decision Making

   • Ability to perform logical operations and comparisons
   • Supports artificial intelligence applications

5. Versatility

   • Applicable in various fields: communications, multimedia, research, and more

6. Automation

   • Executes tasks automatically without human intervention

7. Diligence

   • Performs repetitive tasks without fatigue

Limitations of Computers

• Lack of intelligence compared to humans
• Need for a proper environment to operate
• Requires special programming languages

Historical Evolution of Computers

Early Devices

• Abacus: Original manual counting device (5000 years ago)
• Pascaline (1642): Invented by Blaise Pascal
• Jacquard Loom (1801): Used punch cards for control

Significant Developments

• Difference Engine (1842): Developed by Charles Babbage
• First Electromechanical Computer (1940s): Mark I, developed by Howard Aiken
• ENIAC (1946): First large-scale digital computer, used for military applications
• Colossus: Designed to break German codes in WWII

Generations of Computers

1. First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum tubes
2. Second Generation (1959-1965): Transistors
3. Third Generation (1964-1971): Integrated circuits
4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessors

Recent Advances

• Personal Computers introduced in the 1970s
• Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) revolutionized user interaction
• Continuous advancements in microprocessor speeds and capabilities

Conclusion

• Expect significant changes in computing technology in the future.