Hi guys, good morning. My name is Neha Singh and I'm your educator for CLAT and other law entrance examinations. Welcome to Unacademy Law.
Today's topic of discussion is basically an introduction. to international law. This session was supposed to be held yesterday but due to some technical difficulties, it was not possible to hold it yesterday.
So, today we are continuing this session. And also, before moving into the session, I would like to thank the people session for people who have joined my class for the first time. Let me just take a moment and introduce myself.
Guys, I have done my LLM from the University of Birmingham in the year 2020. I have done my BLLB from UPS Dehradun in the year 2019. I was awarded with the Harding International Legal Scholarship for my LLM in UK. I'm a registered advocate with the Bar Council of India. I have teaching and mentoring experience here for about four years and I'm also a writer, editor and blogger.
Hi guys! Hi Aisha! Hi Shweta!
Namaste Legal, Hi guys, Good morning, Good morning. So, like I said, our topic of discussion today is Introduction to International Law. And this is an introductory session in which we will see the basics of International Law.
So, when it comes to your CLAD preparations, the major laws in your legal reasoning portion, apart from, you know, tort laws and criminal laws, criminal laws, contract law, constitutional law. There is another section which we cover under miscellaneous laws. So, in that, laws come like intellectual laws, family laws, property laws. So, this... In miscellaneous laws, there are 3-4 small topics.
One of them is International Law. But before moving ahead with the session, guys just let me know if I am clearly visible and audible. Please give a thumbs up and tell me if I am clearly visible and audible and then we can move ahead with our topic of discussion. Hi Rishikesh, Hi Omkar, Hi Arshita. Good morning, good morning guys.
One second, just let me, just give me a second. Guys. So this is the connection that has the most towers. So let's start with our discussion.
So, one second. Yes. So, first of all, starting with introduction to international law.
We had done this session yesterday. And I asked the children who had joined that session, what do you understand by international law? When you hear the word International Law, what comes to your mind? What are the laws that are covered in International Law? Or on which international law is applied?
What do you think of, what do you understand when you hear the term International Law? Okay, WHO, OMCAR. What does that mean? Does WHO pay for it?
What laws are there? What kind of laws are there that are covered in international law? Hi Mansi, good morning.
Nishant, good morning. Okay, GATT, okay. GATT is a kind of law, true.
Shweta, international law is a relationship between two or more countries. Right. Okay.
WHO, WTO, UNSC, UNICEF etc. Correct, correct guys. So yes, you are somewhat somewhat somewhat correct. So basically if we talk about international law, then in international law, those rules and principles are introduced which are... or international organizations.
These are the rules and principles that govern the international relations between countries. How will the relations between states and international organizations be governed? This is mentioned in the rules and principles of international law.
Is it making sense guys? Do you understand? So states, if we talk about states, if we talk about international law, then we call the country state. So states and international organizations and also individuals.
So, the international relations between them are governed by the rules and principles and all those come under international law. Hi Pravar! So this is a basic introduction related to international law.
So what is international law? International laws are a set of rules, agreements and treaties. that are binding between countries.
What does binding between countries mean? Countries have to follow the agreement if they agree to it. If they agree, if they consent, If the treaty is signed with any treaty or agreement, then it becomes binding upon those states.
But the thing is that no one can compel the states to sign the treaty. Every state is a powerful sovereign entity. Every state is sovereign in itself. So no one can compel them to sign any treaty. So, with the international law, One specific thing is that international law is very much consent based.
It is very much consent based. If states want to comply with an agreement, if they want to sign a treaty, they want to become a part of any treaty, only then they can become a part of that treaty. Otherwise, they have no compulsion. However, if they become a part of that treaty, if they have agreed to sign a treaty or become a part of it, part of any treaty, in that case the treaty is binding on them.
Binding means they will be obligated to all the obligations mentioned in the treaty will be on that country. Now, let's assume that a Paris Agreement is signed regarding climate change. Paris Agreement is signed regarding climate change. All the countries in it have set a goal that suppose 2050 carbon net zero emissions.
So, all the countries in the Paris Agreement are not going to be able to do this. countries in the Paris Agreement, this may or may not be true, so all the countries that have signed the Paris Agreement, all the countries that are part of the Paris Agreement, they will have to follow this thing that by 2050 they will do carbon net zero emissions. If they don't want to do this, they don't have to become a part of that agreement, no force can force them. If they feel that their own development, their own industrial growth growth is more important and they want to not become a part of that treaty, then in that case no one can compel them. But if they do become a part, they have to comply by those treaties, by those rules.
Is it making sense guys? International rules make the binding of two or more countries to prevent the laws which is effective to all. International rules make the binding of two or more countries to prevent the laws.
What do you mean by prevent the laws? International law is set of rules, guides, standards recognized to bind nations. Yes, yes, Arshita, exactly.
So, as you can see, the class which we couldn't do yesterday at 1 o'clock because of the internet issue, is scheduled at 9 o'clock. And 1 o'clock is the normal class in which we will continue this topic. Good morning! So this is what international law in a gist means. Countries come together to make binding rules which they believe will benefit their citizens.
Now like I did the Paris Agreement. In this, the countries will come together, they will have negotiations, they will have discussions and they will come up with some rules which if they like, they will become a party to those rules, they will agree to follow those rules. if they feel that they are in the benefit of their citizens or the country overall.
So, like I said about the Paris Agreement, maybe a lot of countries will become a part of the Paris Agreement because climate change is very important and it's very important to save the planet and everything. But maybe some countries will be very underdeveloped, who will feel that if they become a part of this agreement, then we will be able to save the planet. We will not be able to do all the development that we want to do in our country. So, those countries have the option that if they don't want to become a part of any agreement, they cannot become a part of that agreement. So countries come together and they enter into negotiations and discussions and they form up rules.
And if every country agrees with it, then that particular treaty... sign the treaty and it is enforced and when a country sign and ratifies it, in that case that country becomes bound, binding rules are formed. Now that country has to apply is also written in the treaty, that country has to apply that thing in their country.
This will be binding. If you don't want to do it, then don't sign it because it is entirely consent based international law. So it is an independent system of law existing outside the legal framework of a particular state. The particular states have their own legal framework.
Now this is a system that exists outside it. All the states come under it. organizations come under it.
So in a gist, this is what international law is. This is what basically what is international law and who it governs and what is the basic idea of international law. I have just told you that here.
Okay, so is this clear guys? Did you understand? The President and PM's consent, which means the President gives consent.
Now, let's assume there is a representative who has gone to represent your country at the place where negotiations are going on about a treaty. So, now that representative... that representative also has some powers. On behalf of the country, he can take that decision. But ultimately, obviously, the President signs it.
Once the President consents to it, then we adapt the provisions of the treaty to our country. Okay? Making sense?
So, this is what international law in a gist is. After that, what is the aim of international law? Why did international law come into existence?
The existence of international law is a result of increased interstate engagement. International law came into existence because countries are not just in their own country. They have no connection with the outside world. It is not like that.
Right. Now, every state engages in each other. Now, international law is a comparatively new concept.
The domestic legislation that is being followed in our country has been going on for centuries. The laws that are being followed in the country have been going on for centuries. Laws, customs, whatever you say. Not proper laws, but customs only. They have been going on for a long time.
But international law is relatively new. And why did it need to come into existence? Because...
The engagement of the states has increased. Whether it is about trade, import and export, or about the military. Weapons, not weapons exactly, but security related. Suppose this is a state and these two states, this is a state which...
suppose he wants to attack this state so this state and this state can treat each other if this state wants to attack any one of us then we will help each other provide or whatever. So, in this way, the engagement between the states has increased. In the last century or so, interstate engagement has increased a lot and that is why there was a need for international law to come into existence. The main aim is to maintain international peace and security among different states. To maintain peace and security, to maintain prosperity.
It helps in promotion of friendly relations among member states. It helps in promoting friendly relations among member states. It provides for basic humanitarian rights.
That every state, every country, that basic humanitarian rights, that at least follow in every state. If a state has become a part of a certain treaty or a certain convention, let's say against torture, let's say against torture, country sign a treaty. So now that country has to ensure that it does not get tortured. Apart from that, to solve international problems through international cooperation.
If there are problems at the international level which cannot be solved by a single country, then international cooperation is needed. So because international cooperation is needed to solve those international problems, that is why there was a need for international law. that's why international law came into existence to refrain the state from using threat or force over territory of any other state now let's assume tomorrow there is one state that wants to take over the state and assimilate it so now meaning using threat or force is the most important you using threat or force.
Okay. So now, this should not happen. Now, if any other state wants to do this, then other states will stand up. Right. Other states will be like, what are you doing?
Right. And also, if you are using threat or force on that country today, then tomorrow, you can use it on us too. Okay. So, to prevent such situations, international law was needed. To use peaceful methods to settle international disputes.
If any international dispute bhi ho jaata hai, 2-4 country ke beech me koi dispute bhi chal raha hai. Tk, toh ab wo jo dispute hai wo 2 country ke beech me hai. Toh ab un dono country me se kaunse court me, kis country ke court me wo dispute settle hoga.
Agar India and Pakistan ke beech me dispute hai, toh India ke court me settle hoga ya Pakistan ke court me settle hoga. Tk, aur jiske court me settle hoga, dusri country bolegi ki wo toh bias ho sakta hai, kyunki uska court hai, uske log hai, uske judges hai, uske lawyers hai, jo bhi. Tk, so in order to, to um.
In order to come up with a structure where international disputes can be settled using peaceful methods, that's why international law was needed. So these are some aims of international law. Is this clear guys? Judges will be disinterested in the matter.
If there is a conflict between two countries, and judges are disinterested, that's a very subjective thing. How do you know? How do we know? That the judge is disinterested or non-partial or whatever. So in order to...
And anyway it's just not fair. Suppose there is a problem between India and Pakistan. If that is happening in the court of Pakistan, if it is getting settled, then anyway I think a sort of general... It is natural that people might feel that they are biased. So why not have an international court on an international platform that will look at this issue in a non-biased way.
Where the judge doesn't belong to any country and where there is fair representation of the problem. Hi Siddharth, good morning. Okay, so these are some aims of international law. Is this clear guys? Did you understand?
Aims of international law, did you understand that? How many courts are there? There is one International Court of Justice where mostly the international disputes are settled. Otherwise, there is an international level of arbitration where countries settle their disputes through arbitration. After that, there is an International Criminal Court.
So, there are various forums where dispute settlement can be done at an international level. So, after this, we need to discuss this definition of international law that was given by this jurist called Oppenheim. So, before that, there was this... person Jeremy Bentham. When we read jurisprudence in detail, when we go to law college and read jurisprudence, then this person's name will come up a lot.
It will come up again and again. Because he is a very important personality. And he... law ke field mein alag alag school of thought hotay hai. Toh there is this one particular school of thought jinko inho ne bohot zyada propagate kiya hai.
It's the positive school of thought. But hum us detail mein ne jayenge. It doesn't concern us right now. But humare liye what concerns us is ki Jeremy Bentham jo hai he was the first person jino ne international law term use kiya tha.
This is a different thing that he did not believe in international law. But he did use the term international law for the first time. After that, Oppenheim, a jurist, gave a definition of international law.
He said about international law that international law or law of nations. He also called international law law of nations. He said about international law law of nations.
International law is the name for the body of customary and conventional rules which are considered legally binding by civilized states in their intercourse with each other. So basically, what I have told you that law of nations or international law is an entity of the law of nations. is a body which has such rules that states follow some legally binding rules to maintain their intercourse with each other.
That comes under international law or law of nations. So this is the definition that was given by Oppenheim of international law. However, there are some shortcomings in this definition. The first thing is that if you see one thing, then here only civilized states. It is only about the law of nations.
So this definition of Oppenheim will only apply to countries. However, this definition was sort of changed in the coming time. This definition was sort of modified by different jurists. again, who said that not only the relation of states is governed by international law, but international organizations and institutions are also regarded as subjects of international law.
So, international organizations and institutions are also governed by international law. They have been given rights and duties under international law. The international organizations also have some rights and duties under international law.
Even though, Even though they are not states or their rights and duties are not like states, their rights and duties are also recognized in international law. And also individuals. Individuals are also recognized. Individuals are also recognized as subjects of international law.
Why? Because when we divide international law into different parts, one part of it comes out as international criminal law. International Criminal Law is a part in which crimes against humanity, genocide, etc. are law may govern with them.
Genocide, like it happened in Germany during World War II, during the Holocaust, so this kind of crime, where you start terminating a particular community without any reason, so this kind of crime, genocide, crime against humanity, war crime, war crime, genocide, war or commit a crime during the war. These things are governed in International Criminal Law. And in International Criminal Law, the person who committed the crime is punished. The individual is punished for the crime. In International Criminal Law, individuals are punished.
So it is very natural that it is important to recognise individuals in International Criminal Law. We could not leave the states alone. It was important to recognise international organisations and individuals. That is why, in today's international law, all these are subject. Is this making sense?
If I am confusing you, please let me know. I will explain it to you again. Hi Bashir, should I go through Laxmikant once? Ummm...
Means, today? Or for what you have to go through Laxmikant? Because Laxmikant is a very bulky book. Unless you really really require it. You don't need to know that much, it has a very high level.
For A-Lit, if you want you can read it, but there is no need for Lakshmikant. What you need is, there are some other books, like AP Bhardwaj etc. book, Universal, AP Bhardwaj etc. book, you will get what you need. Okay? Okay, so...
Why is this happening every day? Guys, can you see me? Can you hear me? Am I visible and audible? Okay, okay.
So, also there's this person Hugo Grotius. There's this person Hugo Grotius. He is called the father of international law.
So, this person Hugo Grotius was called the father of international law. So, in the coming slides, we will study more about International Law. But before that guys, let me just walk you through Unacademy Plus and its features.
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Please let us know in the comments and like and share our videos. So topic of discussion. Coming back to our topic of discussion, types of international law. What types of international law are there?
Broadly, we can categorize it into two types. First, public international law and second, private international law. Public International Law and Private International Law So before I explain you what is this Can you guess what is this Public International Law and Private International Law?
Can someone tell me? What do you understand? What do you understand by Public and Private International Law?
Anything that you understand. What do you think? Why are you saying public and private?
And if it is international, how can it be private? Anything that you would like to interpret? So, Public International Law refers to such rules and regulations which govern international relations between different states and international institutions.
So, till now, the treaties and conventions that we have been talking about, We are talking about the international relations, treaties, conventions, international agreements. So, such rules and regulations that govern international relations between states and international institutions. comes under Public International Law.
For example, Kyoto Protocol is a climate agreement. It has many countries as signatories for reduction of their greenhouse gas emissions in order to protect the environment. So, here this Kyoto Protocol is a part of Public International Law because different states come together and sign this treaty and in that treaty they promised or they agreed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
So, the treaties and conventions that we are seeing here are all part of the Public International Law. The Convention on Rights of Child is a convention ensuring the protection of child rights in signatory countries. So, whichever countries...
the countries that have signed the Convention on the Rights of Child, this convention will be applied to those countries and those countries will have to ensure that they protect their child rights. So, these are some examples of Public International Law. I also talked about the Paris Agreement.
That is also an example of Public International Law. Shweta, I didn't read your message. You retracted it. So this is what public international law is. Private international law is also called conflict of laws.
Private international law is also called conflict of laws. These are laws that deal with the relationship between citizens or private entities of different countries. Umm, Arshita says that private international law tells us about the body of law which governs when there is conflict between citizens, individuals of a country. Exactly. That's very, very, very correct, Arshita.
Okay, so whenever there is a conflict between citizens, individuals of a country, citizens or private entities of different countries, people from different parts of the world are often interacting with each other and forming legal relations. For example, private international law, it will come into picture if suppose, suppose suppose, suppose that there is a person in India, he has to buy a property in the UK. He has to buy a property in the UK.
Now, this problem here, here, a treaty will not be made between the states. Here, India and the UK will not make a treaty for one person that that person will have the property. how will he buy the property?
Right, here there is a citizen, there is this one person and his problem has an international aspect to it. Okay, one international aspect to it is that he has to buy the property in the UK. Now, if he has to buy the property in India, then it would be governed according to India's Transfer of Property Act or any property laws in India. Now if he wants to buy property in the UK, will he buy it according to India's laws or will he buy it according to the UK?
There will be citizens in the UK too, different laws are applied on them, so how can the UK apply their law on Indian citizens? So there are a lot of things that come into picture. So when there is a conflict of laws like this, then the UK will be able to apply its laws.
I just said that, Correctly, Private International Law is also called as Conflict of Laws. So, whenever there is a Conflict of Laws, In that case, Which law will apply? That is what Private International Law tells us.
Is this making sense? Now, suppose there are two people. Suppose one is from India and the other is from USA.
There is this person X and there is this person Y. Now, what did X and Y do? They got married. They got married and they got married in the UK.
Let's say they are getting divorced tomorrow. Now the divorce will be governed by the law of India or USA because X is of India and Y is of USA. So, will the divorce be governed by the law of India or USA or where they got married?
UK, there will be a law. So again now there is a conflict of laws because there is one some international element in this particular situation. So, these situations are governed by private international law.
Whenever citizens or private entities interact in such a way that there is some international element, so in that case, the law that governs them, whenever there is a conflict of laws, then how will it be governed, this is what private international law tells us. Okay, so did you understand guys? Is this clear?
Public international law or private international law are the two types of international laws. And am I clearly visible and audible to you guys? Abhi theek hai?
Is it better now guys? Theek hai abhi sahi hai? Abhi theek hai? Abhi you can hear me, you can see me clearly? So this is private international law.
Public international law is the one we were understanding as international law till now. States sign treaties and conventions. States are governed by this.
International organizations govern. So these are the rules and regulations which are imposed on states and international organizations. who have to follow them.
So this situation comes under public international law. Under private international law, in any normal situation, if any foreign element comes, due to which there can be a conflict between the laws, such situations are governed by private international law. Okay? is this clear guys public international law kya hota hai or private international law kya hota hai is this clear Public international law basically determines how states can maintain a stable and friendly relationship with each other.
How international organizations can bring together a framework to maintain a good relationship. sort of uniform, not uniform exactly but a stable relationship maintained on an international level between states. So that is what is governed by public interest.
and in private international law, it is about citizens or private entities where any foreign element comes. So that is about public international law and private international law. Apart from that, there is this principle which is called as the law of the public. which is very important in international law. There is this principle and this is also a legal maxim, so please remember this.
This is very important. It is called Pacta San Servenda. Pacta San Servenda is the oldest principle of international law and it is very important. Pacta San Servenda literally means that agreements must be kept. Basically, the agreement must be kept.
If you have signed an agreement, you will have to keep that agreement. You cannot make a deal with it. You cannot work in its derogation.
Since you have agreed to something, you have consented to something, now you have to apply that. If you have signed an agreement, it will bind you in a way. This is what I mean to say.
So without this principle, which is explicitly mentioned in many agreements, treaties would neither be binding nor enforceable. So this is the principle due to which the treaty... are binding and enforceable on the countries.
If this principle is not followed, if the principle of Pacta San Saventa is not followed, then again, every state has its own sovereignty. Everyone is powerful in their own way. Who can compel them to do anything?
Right? So this is the principle that is unanimously followed in international law because of which treaties are binding and enforceable. countries.
Okay, so is this clear guys? Is this principle clear? Pacta sans servenda. This means that treaties must be kept, agreements must be kept and this is the principle due to which treaties are binding and enforceable in international law. Okay, understood?
Please give a thumbs up and tell me, did you understand this particular principle, pacta sans servenda? Treaties, Ashita treaties are basically such documents which are sort of agreed upon by countries. and finally sign and ratify it. So now when they sign and ratify it, this treaty has become an agreement between these countries. Now they have signed and ratified it, so now these countries are bound by this treaty.
They have to follow this treaty in the aspect of trade. Because they have agreed to it. So, this is what, in a nutshell, if I tell you, this is the treaties. And again, apart from that, there are conventions. And then there is a difference between treaties and conventions, which we will discuss in the coming sessions.
But in a very basic sense, this is what treaties mean. Did you understand? So moving on, we will talk about the sources of international law. Where do we get the sources of international law?
What are the sources of international law? There is a statute of International Court of Justice. This is a statute. Article 38, Clause 1. This contains the sources mentioned in International Law.
There is the statute of International Court of Justice, statute of ICJ. Article 38 Clause 1 mentions the sources of international law. What are the sources of international law?
First, international conventions. International conventions, either general or particular, establishing rules expressly organized by contesting states. International conventions, either general or particular, General means a general convention will take place, like suppose, For example, I talked about the Paris Agreement. It is a general agreement where all the states and countries will agree or disagree. If they agree, then they sign and they will be followed.
If they don't agree, then they don't sign and they will not be followed. So, it is a general convention. And if there is a particular convention, let's say that there is a treaty signed between India and Bangladesh.
If there is a convention signed between them. So, international conventions can be general or particular. which has rules for which the contesting states will be part of the convention. Contesting states will recognize the rules which are expressly mentioned in the convention.
This is one source of international law. rules and principles of international law through conventions. Second thing is international custom. As evidence of a general practice accepted as law.
What is custom? Custom is something that has been going on for a long time. It has been going on for a long time and every country is following it. If there is a custom like this, then that custom can be the source of international law. Third thing is general principles of law recognized by civilized nations.
Now there are some general principles in law which are recognized by civilized nations. For example, there is this principle of ordi ultram partum. There is this principle of ordi ultram partum which means let the other side be heard. Now this is one principle which is recognized by every civilized nation. Until we hear the parties'opinions, we will not make any decision.
Now, so this is a general principle which is recognized by civilized nations. So, this is again, and all these general principles, all these, they become source of international law. Lastly, subject to provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and teachings.
Judicial decisions and teaching of most highly qualified publicists of various nations as subsidiary means for determination of rules of law. So, again, rules of law, if you want to determine in international law, then a lot of rules of law are there. Highly qualified publicists, their judicial decisions or teachings can also be used as a source of international law. So, sources of international law is a big topic which we will discuss in detail in the next class.
So, the next class is only on sources of international law. We will discuss it further. So, if you have any doubts related to this, hold that thought.
We will discuss this in the 1 o'clock class. So, hopefully, you should not get confused. But apart from this, before this, we discussed a lot about international law at the introductory level. Did you understand that, guys?
Did you understand everything that we have discussed so far about international law? Shweta, I am telling you that this was just a glimpse of what we are going to discuss in the coming session. If you join the 1 o'clock class, we will discuss this in detail, Sources of International Law. And after that, hopefully you will have no doubts.
And if you have doubts, we will discuss in that class. Before that, let me revise what we discussed till Pactus and Servenda. We discussed what is international law, what are the aims of international law, how to promote friendly relations, how to settle international disputes, and the basic rights that everyone should have.
to ensure that the people of every country are protected. After that, Jeremy Bentham used the term International Law for the first time. Then we saw the definition of Open Hymn, in which he said that The law of nations is a body of rules that are legally binding on civilized nations in their intercourse with each other. We saw a shortcoming in this that they did not recognise international organisations and individuals. So, in the coming definitions, when jurists modified this definition, they included that international organisations and individuals will also be subject to international law.
After that, we saw that Hugo Grotius is called the father of international law. After that, we saw the types of international law. There is public international law, states which have treaties with each other. rules that are governed by the public and private law.
We have seen that if there is a citizen or private entity who has any relationship with the public, but there is no foreign element in it, whether it is land or you have married someone from another country or you have married in another country or any other disputes in which any such small... a foreign element is involved in this, due to which there is a conflict of laws. Which country's law will be applied on this? So this situation is governed under private international law.
After that we saw the principle of Pactus and Servenda which says that agreements must be kept. So this is an old principle on which the entire international law is based. This principle ensures that the treaties are binding and enforceable on the countries.
Lastly, we saw in a glimpse sources of international law. International conventions, customs, general principles of law recognized by civilized nations, and judicial decisions and teachings of highly qualified publicists. So these are the four sources of international law which are mentioned in Article 38, Clause 1 of the Statute of International Court of Justice.
We will discuss further in our next session. So this is all that we discussed in today's class. So, was this all clear guys? Did you understand everything that we discussed?
Was this all understandable? Arshita, I will upload this PPT on Drive. You can check out my Telegram channel Neha Singh and Academy Law.
You can check that out. I will upload the PPT on Drive. Okay?
Also guys, if you... If you have an Academy Learners app, there are many free special classes available. I have also got many free special classes available. You can check them out.
I have classes on Criminal Law, Tort Law. So if you want to check them out, those out and those classes are like really interactive. There you can have poll based learning, raise a hand feature where you can talk to your plus subscribers in live classes with your educators. You can never miss a class because you are notified about the upcoming lessons, courses, recommendations.
You can download lecture notes, you get access to such lecture notes and also you can watch those live classes anytime, anywhere on any device. Okay, so that is all for today. this particular session, we have another session at 1 pm where we will continue this discussion and discuss sources. And after this, there is another session at 7.30 pm. The class at 7.30 pm is...
class guys. It is a class on constitutional law in which we will discuss fundamental rights. So if you are a plus student, please feel free to join this particular session. And the class is on YouTube at 1 pm. So see you there and thank you.
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Have a really, really good day. See you super soon. See you at one.
Take care, guys. Bye-bye.