this might be a dying image because I don't know how many of you still read a newspaper every morning in its physical form but for me it's an memory of my earlier childhood when I was going to elementary school high school and every morning when I would enter the living room for breakfast I would see this image and behind this newspaper would be my mom or my dad reading The Daily News and they weren't the only ones a large majority large part of the population in many different countries would start their day with the news through in the form of a morning newspaper and my grandfather would always say that whether you would be able to fold a broad sheet big newspapers that we don't have today anymore was sort of a measure whether you were already grown up whether you were an adult so let's see if I can still do it not like this almost you fold it like this and that's the way you turn a page when you're an adult the newspaper played a very important part in the news Supply the news consumption of people in a time where you didn't have all kinds of different forms of media tablets and devices to to read your new on the newspaper particularly before the radio and the television uh were introduced played a central part in the news consumption of people and that's why we're here today at the University Library at the hall for special Collections and we're going to look at the content and the form of historical newspapers from roughly um 1830 until 1925 to see how the newspaper developed in this period perod as I told you in uh previous videos before 1815 we had a small scale Elite form of newspaper Productions the newspapers were geared towards an elite audience and they were often not that big yet two to four pages what we have here is an Alaine hles blood an established uh Dutch newspaper it was founded in 1828 and this one's from 1830 and you can see that it's only it's fairly small only has two columns and it's four pages long so it starts actually with a um uh a front page of uh um uh trade numbers and after that you have four pages with news that is organized geographically this is the news from Amsterdam this is uh news from uh all kinds of different places and as you might already see there are a lot of numbers already in there so the focus is very much on economic news on trade uh uh news and in the fourth way it's already done so partly because the taxes of knowledge um uh these newspapers it was very expensive to have much thicker bigger newspapers more pages but on the other hand you also have have to think about newspapers as having still a very small staff and the whole news Gathering process was actually quite slow if we look at the same newspaper Alain hles brought from 1850 you can still see that it took quite a while for news to reach the newspaper and this is an overview of forign news and this is the newspaper from the 11th of July 1850 and one of the smaller news articles in here actually talks about the news that was brought over with a steamship from New York and that contained the news until the 27th of June um so the latest news from New York was already two weeks old but if you look at that overview of news there was also a news report that actually dated back to the 4th of May so it would take several months for that news to reach um to reach your Europe so that gives you an idea of why these newspapers were much smaller than we might be used to nowadays and post 1850 and we're moving about in time you see that these daily Publications became bigger the they became bigger in paper size they had four columns or more and they were publishing more pages and um they were publishing more frequently because the daily before 1850 wasn't actually a daily it was often only published three times a week and from roughly the uh uh 1860s or 1880s you see that these newspapers really started to publish on a daily basis well that change meant an explosion in content as you can see in the um uh in a newspaper basement of the University Library if you look at the enormous amounts of uh newspapers that they archived and the difference between a newspaper from the 1830s and a newspaper from the 1880s with the rise of the mass press you saw different and many new dailies emerge but the established dailies also developed themselves so what we have here is uh two uh editions of the times one from 1914 one from 1925 and and over here and you see how big these are we have Alain humle blot from 1914 and you can immediately see that these consist only almost solely out of gray letters just text there's not a lot um a lot of big headlines a lot of visuals in these newspapers right um moreover if you look at the Times the times starts with several pages of advertisements very small advertisements and that goes on for almost three pages before you finally get the first news uh items and this was the case because this was a very lucrative way of um getting revenue for newspapers to First focus on ads and only then uh uh publish the news and these newspapers as I said were established newspapers they were founded in the 18th century early 19th century and they had to focus still on that Elite audience so they focused on politics they focused on business Foreign Relations Wars Etc and most of it they focused on writing long analytic articles and you can see that on on this page there long reflective articles on International politics um on business relations etc etc catering to the public that they were aiming for politicians and businessmen who needed that information in their daily job and if you move to this newspaper this one's from 194 on the verge of the outbreak of the first world war and only on such special occasions could you see that they offered headlines that were a bit more bold that actually covered two columns and what you see here is also an illustration also something that you didn't see in these established newspapers until almost 1925 when they first started to publish these um sections with photographs