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SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
"The study of structure and function of the body"
Ana means "apart" Tomy means "to cut" The scientific discipline that investigates the STRUCTURE of the body Systemic Anatomy- by SYSTEM. Regional Anatomy- by AREAS. Surface Anatomy- external features Anatomical Imaging- involves the use of X-Ray, MRI, Ultrasound, etc.
ANATOMY
The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or FUNCTIONS of living things
PHYSIOLOGY
To understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli To understand how the body part works
The Major Goals of Physiology
Structural and Function Organizational of the Body
CHEMICAL LEVEL
simplest level of the structural ladder includes atoms and molecules Ex: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) & Glucose basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemical. CYTOLOGY- study of the microscopic appearance of cell Ex: Muscle Cell, Nerve Cell, Epithelial Cell
CELLULAR LEVEL
group of cell that perform the same function HISTOLOGY- study of tissues
4 TYPES OF TISSUE
Epithelial Tissue- covers body surface; lines hollow organs and cavities and forms glands. 2. Connective Tissue- connects, supports and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissue 3. Muscle Tissue- contracts to make body part move and generates heat 4. Nervous Tissue- carries information through nerve impulses
TISSUE LEVEL
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composed of two or more tissues that perform the sam function Ex: Stomach, Heart, Brain, Skin, Bones, Lungs PERISTALSIS- movement of gastrointestinal organs consists of related organs with a common function Ex: Digestive System- breaks down and absorbs food mouth, salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small inestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver and pancreas.
ORGAN LEVEL
SYSTEM LEVEL
any living thing considered as a whole whether composed of one cell such as bacterium, or of trillion of cells, such as human.
Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems
generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities detecs changes in body's internal and external environments, interpret changes and respond. achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food absorb nutrients eliminates solid wastes
NERVOUS SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
heart pumps blood through vessels blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes leps regulate acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluid transferred oxygen and carbon dioxide helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids air flowing out of lungs through vocal vocal cords produces sound.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocyte) that unite to form a new organism gonads also releases hormone that regulate reproduction and other body processes transport and store gametes produce, store and eliminate wastes eliminate wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood maintain body's mineral balance helps regulate production of red blood cells ERYTHROPOETIN returns proteins and fluid to blood carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood contains sites of maturation and poliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
supports and protects body provides surface area for muscle attachment aids body movements houses cells that produce blood cells (flat bones) store minerals and lipids (fats) (long bones) participates in body movements maintain posture produce heat protects body regulate body temperature eliminates some wastes helps make vitamin D detects sensation such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold store fat and provides insulation regulates body system by releasing hormones
SKELETAL SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
ability to use energy Two Phases of Metabolism 1. CATABOLISM (catabol= throwing down; -ism= a condition) - breakdown of complex; produce energy ANABOLISM (anabol= raising up) - building up smaller to complex; uses energy refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform formation of new cell for tissue growth, repair or requirement production of new individual ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment
METABOLISM
MOVEMENT/ORGANIZATION
REPRODUCTION
RESPONSIVENESS
Basic Life Processes
increase in body size; increase in the number of cells changes of an organism through time DEVELOPMENT- growth but also involves differentiation DIFFERENTIATION- changes in cell structure and function from generalized
Homeo- sameness Stasis= stand still "The existence and maintenance of the balance" VARIABLE- factor being regulated SET VALUE POINT- normal range
Homeostasis
Component of Homeostatic Control System
RECEPTOR- detects changes and signal the control center CONTROL CENTER- analyzes the information it receives and determine the appropriate response EFFECTOR- receives output and produce the response
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
reverse a chage in variable strengthen or reinforce a change
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Negative Feedback
Feedback System
Positive Feedback
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PRONE- face down SUPINE- face up
RECLINING POSITION
have an initial reference point standard position called ANATOMICAL POSITION
BODY POSITION
ANATOMICAL POSITION
facing the observer; face forward lower limbs are parallel and feet are flat
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
SUPERIOR/CRANIAL- upper part INFERIOR/CAUDAL-lower part ANTERIOR/VENTRAL- front POSTERIOR/DORSAL- back MEDIAL- inner side LATERAL- outer side INTERMEDIATE- in between SUPERFICIAL- more external DEEP- more internal INSPILATERAL- same side CONTRALATERAL- opposite side PROXIMAL- near to the trunk DISTAL- far to the trunk
CRANIAL- skull FACIAL- face CEPHALIC- head FRONTAL- forehead TEMPORAL- temple ORBITAL/OCULAR- eye OTIC- ear BUCCAL- cheek NASAL- nose ORAL- mouth MENTAL- chin CLAVICLE- neck STERNAL- breastbone AXILLARY- armpit
THORACIC- chest MAMMARY- breast BRACHIAL_ arm ANTECUBITAL- front of elbow ANTERBRACHIAL- forearm ABDOMINAL- abdomen UMBILICAL- navel COXAL- hip INGUINAL- groin PELVIC- pelvis POLLEX- thumb MANUAL- hand PLAMAR/VOLAR- palm CARPAL- wrist
DIGIT/PHALANGEAL- finger PUBIC- pubis FEMORAL- thigh PATELLAR- front of knee CRURAL- leg or shin TARSAL- ankle DIGITAL- toe PEDAL- foot DORSUM- top of foot HALLUX- great toe
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
OCCIPITAL- base of skull SCAPULAR- shoulder blade VERTEBRAL- spinal column DORSAL- back LUMBAR- loin SACRAL- between hips OLECRANAL/CUBITAL-back of elbow GLUTEAL- buttock PERINEAL- region of anus & external organs DORSUM- back of hand POPLITEAL- hollow behind knee SURAL- calf PLANTAR- sole CALCANEAL- heel
flat surface that pass through the body parts pertains to cut image/view of the body or one of its organ pertains to the view
PLANES
SECTION
SAGITTAL PLANE
vertical plane that separates right and left side A. MIDSAGITTAL/ MEDIAN PLANE- eqaul left and right side B. PARASAGITTAL PLANE-unequal side vertical plane that separates anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions cut runs from right to left side or vice versa horizontal plane that separates superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions also known as CROSS-SECTIONAL/HORIZONTAL PLANE diagonal cut; angle other than the right angle (90 degree)
FRONTAL/ CORONAL PLANE
TRANSVERSE PLANE
OBLIQUE PLANE
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
The body contains many cavities. Some of these cavities, such as the nasal cavity, open to the outside of the body, and some do not. The trunk contains three large cavities that do not open to the outside of the body: the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity The thoracic cavity is surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm. It is divided into right and left parts by a median structure called the mediastinum. The mediastinum is a partition containing the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the esophagus, and other structures. The two lungs are located on each side of the mediastinum. The abdominal cavity is bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys. The pelvic cavity is a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs. The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated and sometimes are called the abdominopelvic cavity.
CAVITIES
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Serous membranes line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities. To understand the relationship between serous membranes and an organ, imagine pushing your fist into an inflated balloon. The inner balloon wall in contact with your fist represents the visceral serous membrane, and the outer part of the balloon wall represents the parietal serous membrane. The cavity, or space, between the visceral and parietal serous membranes is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by the membranes. As an organ rubs against another organ or against the body wall, the serous fluid and smooth serous membranes reduce friction
The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart. The visceral pericardium covers the heart, which is contained within a connective tissue sac lined with the parietal pericardium. The pericardial cavity, which contains pericardial fluid, is located between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium.
PERICARDIAL CAVITY The thoracic cavity contains three serous membrane-lined cavities: a pericardial cavity and two pleural cavities.
A pleural cavity surrounds each lung, which is covered by visceral pleura. Parietal pleura lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm. The pleural cavity is located between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura and contains pleural fluid
PLEURAL CAVITY
The abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous membrane-lined cavity called the peritoneal cavity. Visceral peritoneum covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity. Parietal peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphragm. The peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid.
PERICARDIAL CAVITY
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
The serous membranes can become inflamed
usually as a result of an infection. PERICARDITIS (per i-kar-d tis) is inflammation of the pericardium, PLEURISY (ploor i-s ) is inflammation of the pleura, and PERITONITIS (per i-t -n tis) is inflammation of the peritoneum.
MESENTERIES (mes en-ter - z), which consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together, connect the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum on the body wall or to the visceral peritoneum of other abdominopelvic organs. The mesenteries anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs. Other abdominopelvic organs are more closely attached to the body wall and do not have mesenteries. Parietal peritoneum covers these other organs, which are said to be retroperitoneal (re tr -per i-t -n l; retro, behind). The retroperitoneal organs include the kidneys, the adrenal glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
The central region of the body consists of the HEAD, NECK, and TRUNK. The trunk can be divided into the thorax (chest), abdomen (region between the thorax and pelvis), and pelvis (the inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips). The upper limb is divided into the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand. The arm extends from the shoulder to the elbow, and the forearm extends from the elbow to the wrist. The lower limb is divided into the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. The thigh extends from the hip to the knee, and the leg extends from the knee to the ankle.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo The abdomen is often subdivided superficially into four sections, or quadrants, by two imaginary lines one horizontal and one vertical
that intersect at the navel. The quadrants formed are: right-upper, left-upper, right-lower, left-lower quadrants. The abdomen is sometimes subdivided into regions by four imaginary lines two horizontal and two vertical. These four lines create an imaginary tic-tac-toe figure on the abdomen, resulting in nine regions: epigastric (ep-i-gas trik), right and left hypochondriac (h-p -kon dr -ak), umbilical ( m-bil i-k l), right and left lumbar ( l mbar), hypogastric (h-p -gas trik), and right and left iliac (il -ak). Clinicians use the quadrants or regions as reference points for locating the underlying organs. For example, the appendix is in the right-lower quadrant, and the pain of an acute appendicitis is usually felt there.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology is the study of the processes and functions of the body.
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
The characteristics of life are organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, and reproduction.
HOMEOSTASIS
BODY POSITION
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Directional terms always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the bodys actual position.
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
PLANES
BODY CAVITIES
SEROUS MEMBRANES
REFERENCE
Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition. No Copyright Intended.