Transcript for:
Insights from Lex Fridman and Marc Andreessen

- I mean, look, we're adding a trillion dollars to the national debt every 100 days right now, and it's now passing the size of the Defense Department budget, and it's compounding, and it's pretty soon, it's gonna be adding a trillion dollars every 90 days, and then it's gonna be adding a trillion dollars every 80 days, and then it's gonna be a trillion dollars every 70 days. And then if this doesn't get fixed, at some point, we enter a hyper-inflationary spiral and we become Argentina or Brazil and- - The following is a conversation with Marc Andreessen, his second time on the podcast. Marc is a visionary tech leader and investor who fundamentally shaped the development of the internet and the tech industry in general over the past 30 years. He's the co-creator of Mosaic, the first widely used web browser, co-founder of Netscape, co-founder of the legendary Silicon Valley venture capital firm, Andreessen Horowitz, and is one of the most influential voices in the tech world, including at the intersection of technology and politics. This is the Lex Fridman podcast. To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description. And now, dear friends, here's Marc Andreessen. All right, let's start with optimism. If you were to imagine the best possible 1 to 2 years, 2025, '26 for tech, for big tech and small tech, what would it be? What would it look like? Lay out your vision for the best possible scenario trajectory for America. - The roaring '20s. - The roaring '20s. - The roaring '20s. I mean, look, couple things. It is remarkable over the last several years with all of the issues including, you know, not just everything in politics, but also COVID and every other thing that's happened. It's really amazing, the United States just kept growing. If you just look at economic growth charts, the US just kept growing, and very significantly, many other countries stopped growing. So Canada stopped growing, the UK has stopped growing, Germany has stopped growing, and you know, some of those countries may be actually growing backwards at this point. And there's a very long discussion to be had about what's wrong with those countries. And there's of course, plenty of things that are wrong with our country, but the US is just flat out primed for growth. And I think that's a consequence of many factors, you know, some of which are lucky and some of which through hard work. And so the lucky part is just, you know, number one, you know, we just have like incredible physical security by being our own continent. You know, we have incredible natural resources, right? There's this running joke now that like, whenever it looks like the US is gonna run out of some like rare earth material, you know, some farmer in North Dakota like kicks over a hay bale and finds like a $2 trillion deposit. Right, I mean, we're just like blessed, you know, with geography and with natural resources. Energy. You know, we can be energy independent anytime we want. This last administration decided they didn't wanna be, they wanted to turn off American energy. This new administration has declared that they have a goal of turning it on in a dramatic way. There's no question we can be energy independent, we can be a giant net energy exporter. It's purely a question of choice, and I think the new administration's gonna do that. And oh, and then I would say two other things. One is, you know, we are the beneficiaries, and, you know, you're an example of this. We're a beneficiary. We're the beneficiary of, you know, 50, 100, 200 years of like the basically most aggressive driven, smartest people in the world, most capable people, you know, moving to the US and raising their kids here. And so we just have, you know, we're by far the most dynamic population, most aggressive. You know, we're the most aggressive set of characters, certainly in any Western country, and have been for a long time, and certainly are today. And then finally, I would just say, look, we are overwhelmingly the advanced technology leader. You know, we have our issues and we have a... I would say particular issue with manufacturing, which we could talk about. But for, you know, anything in software, anything in AI, anything in, you know, all these, you know, advanced biotech, all these advanced areas of technology, like we're by far the leader. Again, in part 'cause many of the best scientists and engineers in those fields, you know, come to the US. And so we have all of the preconditions for a just a monster boom. You know, I could see economic growth going way up. I could see productivity growth going way up, rate of technology adoption going way up. And then we can do a global tour, if you like, but like, basically, all of our competitors have like profound issues and, you know, we could kind of go through them one by one, but the competitive landscape just is, it's like, it's remarkable how much better positioned we are for growth. - What about the humans themselves? Almost a philosophical questions. You know, I travel across the world and there's something about the American spirit, the entrepreneurial spirit that's uniquely intense in America. I don't know what that is. I've talked to Saagar who claims it might be the Scots-Irish blood that runs through the history of America. What is it? You, at the heart of Silicon Valley, is there something in the water? Why is there this entrepreneurial spirit? - Yeah. So is this a family show or am I allowed to swear? - You could say whatever the fuck you want. - (laughs) Okay. So the great TV show, "Succession," the show, of course, which you were intended to root for exactly zero of the characters. - Yes. - The best line from "Succession" was in the final episode of the first season when the whole family's over in Logan Roy's ancestral homeland of Scotland. And they're at this castle, you know, for some wedding. And Logan is just like completely miserable, have to having to, you know, 'cause he is been in New York for 50 years, he's totally miserable being back in Scotland. And he gets in some argument with somebody and he says, finally just says, "My God, I cannot wait to get outta here and go back to America where we can fuck without condoms." (both laughing) - Was that a metaphor or... Okay. - Exactly. Right. And so no, but it's exactly the thing, and everybody instantly knows what, like- - Yeah. - Everybody watching that instantly starts laughing 'cause you know what it means, which it's exactly this. I think there's like an ethnographic, you know, way of it. There's a bunch of books on, like you said, the Scots-Irish, like all the different derivations of all the different ethnic groups that have come to the US over the course of the last 400 years. Right, and what we have is this sort of amalgamation of like, you know, the Northeast, you know, Yankees who are like super tough and hardcore. Yeah, the Scots-Irish are super aggressive, you know, we've got the, you know, the Southerners and the Texans, you know, and you know, the sort of, you know, whole kind of blended, you know, kind of Anglo-Hispanic thing, you know, super, incredibly tough, strong, driven, you know, capable characters. You know, the Texas Rangers, you know, we've got the, yeah, we've got the California, you know, we've got the, you know, the wild, we've got the incredibly, you know, inventive hippies, but we also have the hardcore engineers. We've got, you know, the best, you know, rocket scientists in the world. We've got the best, you know, artists in the world, you know, creative professionals, you know, the best movies. And so yeah, there is, you know, I would say all of our problems, I think are basically, you know, in my view to some extent, you know, attempts to basically sand all that off and make everything basically boring and mediocre. But there is something in the national spirit that basically keeps bouncing back. And basically what we discover over time is we basically just need people to stand up at a certain point and say, you know, "It's time to build, it's time to grow, you know, it's time to do things." And there's something in the American spirit that just like roars right back to life. And I've seen it before. I actually saw, you know, I saw it as a kid here in the early '80s, you know, 'cause the '70s were like horribly depressing, right? In the US. Like they were a nightmare on many fronts. And in a lot of ways, the last decade to me has felt a lot like the '70s just being mired in misery and just this self-defeating, you know, negative attitude and everybody's upset about everything. And, you know, and then by the way, like energy crisis and hostage crisis and foreign wars and just demoralization, right? You know, the low point for in the '70s was, you know, Jimmy Carter who just passed away. He went on TV and he gave this speech known as the Malaise Speech. And it was like the weakest possible, trying to like rouse people back to a sense of like passion, he completely failed. And, you know, we had the, you know, the hostages in, you know, Iran for I think 440 days. And every night on the nightly news, it was, you know, lines around the block, energy crisis, depression, inflation. And then, you know, Reagan came in and, you know, Reagan was a very controversial character at the time, and, you know, he came in and he is like, "Yep, nope, it's morning in America and we're the shining city on the hill, and we're gonna do it." And he did it, and we did it. And the national spirit came roaring back and, you know, roared really hard for a full decade. And I think that's exactly what... I think, you know, we'll see, but I think that's what could happen here. - And I just did a super long podcast on Milton Friedman with Jennifer Burns, who's this incredible professor at Stanford, and he was part of the Reagan. So there's a bunch of components to that, one of which is economic. - Yes. - And one of which maybe you can put a word on it of not to be romantic or anything, but freedom, individual freedom, economic freedom, political freedom, and just in general, individualism. - Yeah, that's right. Yeah, and as you know this, America has this incredible streak of individualism, you know, individualism in America probably peaked, I think between roughly call it the end of the Civil War, 1865 through to probably call it 1931 or something, you know, and there was this like incredible rush. I mean, that period, you know, we now know that period as the Second Industrial Revolution. And it's when the United States basically assumed global leadership and basically took over technological and economic leadership from England. And then, you know, that led to, you know, ultimately then therefore being able to, you know, not only industrialize the world, but also win World War II and then win the Cold War. And yeah, you know, massive individualistic streak. By the way, you know, Milton Friedman's old videos are all on YouTube. They are every bit as compelling and inspiring. - Yep. - As they were then, you know, he is a singular figure and many of us, you know, I never knew him, but he was actually at Stanford for many years at the Hoover Institution, but I never met him, but I know a lot of people who worked with him and you know, he was a singular figure, but all of his lessons, you know, live on or are fully available. But I would also say it's not just individualism, and this is, you know, this is one of the big things, it's like playing out in a lot of our culture and kind of political fights right now, which is, you know, basically this feeling, you know, certainly that I have and I share with a lot of people, which is, it's not enough for America to just be an economic zone. And it's not enough for us to just be individuals, and it's not enough to just have line go up, and it's not enough to just have economic success. There are deeper questions at play, and also, you know, there's more to a country than just that. And you know, quite frankly, a lot of it is intangible. A lot of it is, you know, involve spirit and passion. And you know, like I said, we have more of it than anybody else, but, you know, we have to choose to want it. The way I look at, it's like all of our problems are self-inflicted. Like, you know, decline is a choice. You know, all of our problems are basically demoralization campaigns, you know, basically people telling us, people in positions of authority telling us that, you know, "We shouldn't, you know, stand out, we shouldn't be adventurous, we shouldn't be exciting, we shouldn't be exploratory, you know, we shouldn't this, that, and the other thing. And we should feel bad about everything that we do." And I think we've lived through a decade where that's been the prevailing theme. And I think quite honestly, as of November, I think people are done with it. - If we could go on a tangent of a tangent, since we're talking about individualism, and that's not all that it takes. You've mentioned in the past the book "The Ancient City." - Yes. - By, if I could only pronounce the name, French historian Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges, I don't know. - That was amazing. - Okay. All right. From the 19th century. Anyway, you said, this is an important book to understand who we are and where we come from. - So what that book does, it's actually quite a striking book. So that book is written by this guy as a (indistinct). I'm gonna let Lex do the pronunciations, the foreign language pronunciations for the day. He was a professor classics at the Sorbonne in Paris, you know, the top university, actually in the 1860s, so actually, right around after the US Civil War. And he was a savant of a particular kind, which is he, and you can see this in the book as he had apparently read, and, you know, sort of absorbed and memorized every possible scrap of Greek and Roman literature. And so it's like a walking like index on basically Greek and Roman, everything we know about Greek and Roman culture, and that's significant. The reason this matters is because basically none of that has changed, right? And so he had access to the exact same written materials that we have access to, and you know, we've learned nothing. And then specifically what he did is he talked about the Greeks and the Romans, but specifically what he did is he went back further. He reconstructed the people who came before the Greeks and the Romans and what their life and society was like. And these were the people who were now known as the Indo-Europeans. And these were, or you may have heard of these are the people who came down from the steppes. And so they came out of what's now like Eastern Europe, like around sort of the outskirts of what's now Russia. And then they sort of swept through Europe. They ultimately took over all of Europe, by the way, you know, almost many of the ethnicities in the Americas, the hundreds of years that follow, you know, are Indo-European. And so like, you know, they were this basically this warrior, basically class that like came down and swept through and you know, essentially, you know, populated much of the world. And there's a whole interesting saga there. But what he does, and then they basically, from there came basically what we know as the Greeks and the Romans were kind of evolutions off of that. And so what he reconstructs a sort of what life was like, at least in the West for people in their kind of original social state. And the significance of that is the original social state is this is living in the state of the absolute imperative for survival with absolutely no technology, (laughs) right? Like no modern systems, no nothing, right? You've got the clothes on your back, you've got your, you know, you've got whatever you can build with your bare hands, right? This is, you know, predates basically all concepts of technologies as we understand 'em today. And so these are people under like maximum levels of physical survival pressure. And so what social patterns did they evolve to be able to do that? And the social pattern basically was as follows, is a three-part social structure, family, tribe and city, and zero concept of individual rights and essentially no concept of individualism. And so you were not an individual, you were a member of your family. And then a set of families would aggregate into a tribe and then a set of tribes would aggregate into a city. And then the morality was completely, it was actually what Nietzsche talks about. The morality was entirely master morality, not slave morality. And so in their morality, anything that was strong was good, and anything that was weak was bad. And it's very clear why that is, right? It's 'cause strong equals good equals survive. Weak equals bad equals die. And that led to what became known later as the master-slave dialectic, which is it more important for you to live on your feet as a master, even at the risk of dying? Or are you willing to, you know, live as a slave on your knees in order to not die? And this is sort of the derivation of that moral framework. Christianity later inverted that moral framework. But it, you know, the original framework lasted for, you know, many, many thousands of years. No concept of individualism. The head of the family had total life and death control over the family, the head of the tribe, same thing, head of the city, same thing. And then you were morally obligated to kill members of the other cities on contact. (laughs) Right, you were morally required to. Like, if you didn't do it, you were a bad person. And then the form of the society was basically maximum fascism combined with maximum communism, right? And so it was maximum fascism in the form of this like absolute top-down control where the head of the family tribe or city could kill other members of the community at any time with no repercussions at all. So maximum hierarchy, but combined with maximum communism, which is no market economy and so everything gets shared, right? And sort of the point of being in one of these collectives is that it's a collective you know, and people are sharing and of course, that limited how big they could get 'cause you know, the problem with communism is it doesn't scale, right? It works at the level of a family. It's much harder to make it work at the level of a country. Impossible. Maximum fascism, maximum communism. And then it was all intricately tied into their religion. And their religion was, it was in two parts. It was veneration of ancestors and it was veneration of nature. And the veneration of ancestors is extremely important because it was basically the ancestors were the people who got you to where you were. The ancestors were the people who had everything to teach you, right? And then it was veneration of nature 'cause of course, nature is the thing that's trying to kill you. And then you had your ancestor, every family, tribe or city had their ancestor gods, and then they had their nature gods. Okay, so fast-forward to today, like we live in a world that is like radically different, and the book takes you through kind of what happened from that through the Greeks and Romans, through to Christianity. But it's very helpful to kind of think in these terms because the conventional view of the progress through time is that we are, you know, the cliche is the arc of the moral universe, you know, bend towards justice, right? Or so-called wig history, which is, you know, that the arc of progress is positive, right? And so, you know, what you hear all the time, what you're taught in school and everything is, you know, every year that goes by, we get better and better and more and more moral and more and more pure and a better version of ourselves, our Indo-European ancestors would say, "Oh, no, like you people have like fallen to shit. Like you people took all of the principles of basically your civilization, and you have diluted them down to the point where they barely even matter. You know, and you're having, you know, children outta a wedlock and you're, you know, you regularly encounter people of other cities and you don't try to kill them." And like, how crazy is that? And they would basically consider us to be living like an incredibly diluted version of this sort of highly religious, highly cult-like, right? Highly organized, highly fascist, communist society. I can't resist noting that as a consequence of basically going through all the transitions we've been through, going all the way through Christianity coming out the other end of Christianity, Nietzsche declares God is dead. We're in a secular society, you know, that still has, you know, tinges of Christianity, but you know, largely prides itself on no longer being religious in that way. You know, we being the sort of most fully evolved, modern secular, you know, expert, scientists and so forth have basically re-evolved or fallen back on the exact same religious structure that the Indo-Europeans had, specifically ancestor worship, which is identity politics and nature worship, which is environmentalism. And so we have actually like, worked our way all the way back to their cult religions without realizing it. And it just goes to show that like, you know, in some ways we have fallen far from the family tree, but in some cases, we're exactly the same. - You kind of described this progressive idea of wokeism and so on as worshiping ancestors. - Identity politics is worshiping ancestors, right? - Yeah. - It's tagging newborn infants with either, you know, benefits or responsibilities or, you know, levels of condemnation based on who their ancestors were. The Indo-Europeans would've recognized it on sight. We somehow think it's like super socially progressive. - Yeah. And it is not. - I mean, I would say obviously not. You know, get nuanced, which is where I think you're headed, which is look like, is the idea that you can like completely reinvent society every generation, and have no regard whatsoever for what came before you? That seems like a really bad idea, right? That's like the Cambodians with Year Zero under Pol Pot and, you know, death follows. It's obviously the Soviets tried that. You know, the utopian fantasists who think that they can just rip up everything that came before and create something new in the human condition and human society have a very bad history of causing, you know, enormous destruction. So on the one hand, it's like, okay, there is like a deeply important role for tradition. And the way I think about that is the process of evolutionary learning, right? Which is what tradition ought to be, is the distilled wisdom of all. And you know, this is what Indo-Europeans thought about. It should be the distilled wisdom of everybody who came before you, right? All those important and powerful lessons learned. And that's why I think it's fascinating to go back and study how these people lived is 'cause that's part of the history and you know, part of the learning that got us to where we're today. Having said that, there are many cultures around the world that are, you know, mired in tradition to the point of not being able to progress. And in fact, you might even say globally, that's the default human condition, which is, you know, a lot of people are in societies in which, you know, there's like absolute seniority by age, you know, kids are completely... You know, like in the US, like for some reason, we decided kids are in charge of everything, right? And like, you know, they're the trendsetters and they're allowed to like, set all the agendas and like set all the politics and set all the culture and maybe that's a little bit crazy. But like in a lot of other cultures, kids have no voice at all, no role at all. 'Cause it's the old people who are in charge of everything, you know, they're gerontocracies, and it's all a bunch of 80-year-olds running everything, which by the way, we have a little bit of that too, right? And so what I would say is like, there's a real downside, you know, full traditionalism is communitarianism, you know, it's ethnic particularism, you know, it's ethnic chauvinism, it's, you know, this incredible level of resistance to change. You know, I mean, it just doesn't get you anywhere. Like, it may be good and fine at the level of individual tribe, but as a society living in the modern world, you can't evolve, you can't advance, you can't participate in all the good things that, you know, that have happened. And so, you know, I think it probably, this is one of those things where extremists on either side is probably a bad idea, but this needs to be approached in a sophisticated and nuanced way. - So the beautiful picture you painted of the roaring '20s, how can the Trump administration play a part in making that future happen? - Yeah, so look, a big part of this is getting the government boot off the neck of the American economy, the American technology industry, the American people. You know, and again, this is a replay of what happened in the '60s and '70s, which is, you know, for what started out looking like, you know, I'm sure good and virtuous purposes, you know, we ended up both then and now with this, you know, what I describe as sort of a form of soft authoritarianism. You know, the good news is it's not like a military dictatorship. It's not like, you know, you get thrown into Lubyanka. You know, for the most part, it's not coming at 4:00 in the morning. You're not getting dragged off to a cell. So it's not hard authoritarianism, but it is soft authoritarianism. And so it's this, you know, incredible suppressive blanket of regulation rules, you know, this concept of a vetocracy, right? What's required to get anything done? You know, you need to get 40 people to sign off on anything, any one of them can veto it. You know, there's a lot of (indistinct) political system works. And then, you know, just this general idea of, you know, progress is bad, and technology is bad, and capitalism is bad, and building businesses is bad and success is bad. You know, tall poppy syndrome, you know, basically anybody who sticks their head up, you know, deserves to get it, you know, chopped off. Anybody who's wrong about anything deserves to get condemned forever. You know, just this very kind of, you know, grinding repression. And then coupled with specific government actions such as censorship regimes, right? And debanking, right? And, you know, draconian, you know, deliberately kneecapping, you know, critical American industries and then, you know, congratulating yourselves on the back for doing it, or, you know, having these horrible social policies, like let's let all the criminals outta jail and see what happens, right? And so, like we've just been through this period, you know, I call it a demoralization campaign. Like we've just been through this period where, you know, whether it started that way or not, it ended up basically being this comprehensive message that says, "You're terrible and if you try to do anything, you're terrible and fuck you." And the Biden administration reached kinda the full pinnacle of that in our time. They got really bad on many fronts at the same time. And so just like relieving that and getting kind of back to a reasonably, you know, kind of optimistic, constructive, you know, pro-growth frame of mind, there's so much pent-up energy and potentially in the American system, that alone is gonna, I think, cause, you know, growth and spirit to take off. And then there's a lot of things proactively that, yeah. And then there's a lot of things proactively that could be done. - So how do you relieve that? To what degree has the thing you describe ideologically permeated government and permeated big companies? - Disclaimer at first, which is I don't wanna predict anything on any of this stuff 'cause I've learned the hard way that I can't predict politics or Washington at all. But I would just say that the plans and intentions are clear and the staffing supports it, and all the conversations are consistent with the due administration and that they plan to take, you know, very rapid action on a lot of these fronts very quickly. They're gonna do as much as they can through executive orders, and then they're gonna do legislation and regulatory changes for the rest. And so they're gonna move, I think, quickly on a whole bunch of stuff. You can already feel, I think a shift in the national spirit, or at least, let's put it this way, I feel it for sure in Silicon Valley. Like, I mean, you know, we just saw a great example of this with what, you know, with what Mark Zuckerberg is doing, you know, and obviously I'm involved with his company, but you know, we just saw it kind of in public, the scope, and speed of the changes, you know, are reflective of a lot of these shifts. But I would say that same conversation, those same kinds of things are happening throughout the industry, right? And so the tech industry itself, whether people were pro-Trump or anti-Trump, like, there's just like a giant vibe shift mood shift that's like kicked in already. And then I was with a group of Hollywood people about two weeks ago, and they were still, you know, people who at least vocally were still very anti-Trump, but I said, you know, "Has anything changed since November 6th?" And they immediately said, "Oh, it's completely different. It feels like the ice has thawed. You know, woke is over." You know, they said that all kinds of projects are gonna be able to get made now they couldn't before that, you know, Hollywood's gonna start making comedies again. You know, like, they were just, just like an incredible immediate environmental change. And as I talk to people kind of throughout, you know, certainly throughout the economy, people who run businesses, I hear that all the time, which is just this last 10 years of misery is just over. I mean, the one that I'm watching that's really funny. I mean, Facebook's getting a lot, Meta's getting a lot of attention, but the other funny one is BlackRock, which I'm not, you know, and I don't know him, but I've watched for a long time. And so, you know, the Larry Fink, who's the CEO of BlackRock was like first in as a major, you know, investment CEO on like every dumb social trend and rule set, like every... All right, I'm going for it. Every retardant, (laughs) every retarded thing you can imagine. - Yeah. - Every ESG and every, like, every possible saddling companies with every aspect of just these crazed ideological positions. And, you know, he was coming in, he literally was like, had a aggregated together trillions of dollars of shareholdings that he did not, you know, that were his customer's rights. And he, you know, seized their voting control of their shares and was using it to force all these companies to do all of this like crazy ideological stuff. And he was like the Typhoid Mary of all this stuff in corporate America. And he in the last year has been like backpedaling from that stuff, like as fast as he possibly can. And I saw just an example, last week, he pulled out of the, whatever the Corporate Net-Zero Alliance, you know, he pulled out of the crazy energy stuff. And so, like, you know, he's backing away as fast as he can. Remember, the Richard Pryor backwards walk? Richard Pryor had this way where he could back out of a room while looking like he was walking forward. (Lex laughing) (laughs) And so, you know, even there doing that, and just the whole thing, I mean this, I dunno if you saw the court recently ruled that NASDAQ had these crazy board of directors composition rules. One of the funniest moments of my life is when my friend Peter Thiel and I were on the Meta board and these NASDAQ rules came down, mandated diversity on corporate boards. And so we sat around the table and had to figure out, you know, which of us counted as diverse. And the very professional attorneys at Meta explained with 100% complete straight face that Peter Thiel counts as diverse by virtue of being LGBT. And this is a guy who literally wrote a book called "The Diversity Myth." - Yeah. - And he literally looked like he'd swallowed a live goldfish and that- - Yeah. - And this was imposed, I mean, this was like so incredibly offensive to him that like, it was just absolutely appalling and I felt terrible for him. But the look in his face was very funny. (Lex laughing) And it was imposed by NASDAQ, you know, your stock exchange imposing this stuff on you, and then the court, whatever, the Court of Appeals just nuked that, you know, so like these things basically are being like ripped down one by one. And what's on the other side of it is basically, you know, finally being able to get back to, you know, everything that, you know, everybody always wanted to do, which is like, run their companies, have great products, have happy customers, you know, like succeed, achieve, outperform, and, you know, work with the best and the brightest and not be made to feel bad about it. And I think that's happening in many areas of American society. - It's great to hear that Peter Thiel is fundamentally a diversity hire. - Well, so it was very, you know, there was a moment. So you know, Peter, of course, you know, is publicly gay, has been for a long time, but you know, there are other men on the board, right? And, you know, we're sitting there and we're all looking at it, and we're like, all right, like, okay, LGBT, and we keep coming back to the B, right? And it's like- (Lex laughing) - Yeah. - You know, it's like- - All right. - You know, I'm willing to do a lot for this company, but- (both laughing) - It's all about sacrifice for diversity. - Well, yeah. And then it's like, okay, like is there a test? - Right. - Right. You know, so. (Lex laughing) - Oh, yeah, exactly. How do you prove it? - [Marc] The questions that got asked, you know. - What are you willing to do- - Yeah, and- - The greater good? - I've become very good at asking lawyers completely absurd questions with a totally straight face. - And do they answer with a straight face, like lawyers- - Sometimes. - Okay. - I think in fairness, they have trouble telling when I'm joking. - So you mentioned the Hollywood folks, maybe people in Silicon Valley and the vibe shift. Maybe you can speak to preference falsification. What do they actually believe? How many of them actually hate Trump? Like what percent of them are feeling this vibe shift and are interested in creating the roaring '20s in the way they've described? - So first, we should maybe talk population. So there's like all of Silicon Valley and the way to just measure that is just look at voting records, right? And what that shows consistently is Silicon Valley is just a, you know, at least historically, my entire time there has been overwhelmingly majority just straight up Democrat. The other way to look at that is political donation records. And again, you know, the political donations in the Valley, you know, range from 90 to 99%, you know, to one side. And so, you know, I just bring it up 'cause like, we'll see what happens with the voting and with donations going forward. We can maybe talk about the fire later, but I can tell you there is a very big question of what's happening in Los Angeles right now. I don't wanna get into the fire, but like, it's catastrophic. And, you know, there was already a rightward shift in the big cities in California, and I think a lot of people in LA are really thinking about things right now as they're trying to, you know, literally save their houses and save their families. But, you know, even in San Francisco, you know, there was a big shift to the right in the voting in '24. So, we'll see where that goes, but you know, you observe that by just looking at the numbers over time. The part that I'm more focused on is, you know, and I don't know how to exactly describe this, but it's like the top 1,000 or the top 10,000 people, right? You know, and I don't have a list, but like, you know, it's all the top founders, top CEOs, top executives, top engineers, top VCs, you know, and then kind of into the ranks, you know, the people who kind of built and run the companies. And they're, you know, I don't have numbers, but I have a much more tactile feel, you know, for what's happening. So the big thing I have now come to believe is that the idea that people have beliefs is mostly wrong. I think that most people just go along, and I think even most high-status people just go along. And I think maybe the most high-status people are the most prone to just go along because they're the most focused on status. And the way I would describe that is, you know, one of the great forbidden philosophers of our time is the Unabomber, Ted Kaczynski. And amidst his madness, he had this extremely interesting articulation. You know, he was an insane lunatic murderer, but he was also a Harvard super genius. Not that those are in conflict. (both laughing) But- - Shots fired, man. - But he was a very bright guy, and he did this whole thing where he talked about, basically he was very right-wing and talked about leftism a lot. And he had this great concept that's just stuck in my mind ever since I read it, which is he had this concept, you just called over-socialization. And so, you know, most people are socialized, like most people are, you know, we live in a society, most people learn how to be part of a society. They give some deference to the society. There's something about modern Western elites where they're over-socialized and they're just like overly oriented towards what other people like themselves, you know, think and believe. And you can get a real sense of that if you have a little bit of an outside perspective, which I just do, I think as a consequence of where I grew up. Like even before I had the views that I have today, there was always just this weird thing where it's like, why does every dinner party have the exact same conversation? Why does everybody agree on every single issue? Why is that agreement precisely what was in The New York Times today? Why are these positions not the same as they were five years ago? (laughs) Right? But why does everybody like snap into agreement every step of the way? And that was true when I came to Silicon Valley, and it's just as true today 30 years later. And so I think most people are just literally, I think they're taking their cues from, it's some combination of the press, the universities, the big foundations. So basically, it's like The New York Times, Harvard, the Ford Foundation, and you know, I don't know, you know, a few CEOs and a few public figures and you know, maybe the President if your party is in power. And like, whatever that is, everybody who's sort of good and proper and elite and good standing and in charge of things, and a sort of correct member of, you know, let's call it coastal American society, everybody just believes those things. And then, you know, the two interesting things about that is, number one, there's no divergence among the organs of power, right? So Harvard and Yale believed the exact same thing. The New York Times and The Washington Post believed the exact same thing. The Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation believed the exact same thing. Google, and, you know, whatever, you know, Microsoft believed the exact same thing. But those things change over time, but there's never conflict in the moment, right? And so, you know, The New York Times and The Washington Post agreed on exactly everything in 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, despite the fact that the specifics changed radically. The lockstep was what mattered. And so I think basically, we in the valley, we're on the tail end of that, in the same way Hollywood's on the tail end of that, in the same way New York's on the tail end of that, the same way the media's on the tail end of that. It's like some sort of collective hive mind thing. And I just go through that to say like, I don't think most people in my orbit, or you know, let's say the top 10,000 people in the Valley, or the top 10,000 people in LA, I don't think they're sitting there thinking basically, I have rocks... I mean, they probably think they have rocks solid beliefs, but they don't actually have like some inner core of rocks solid beliefs. And then they kind of watch reality change around them and try to figure out how to keep their beliefs like correct. I don't think that's what happens. I think what happens is they conform to the belief system around them, and I think most of the time, they're not even aware that they're basically part of a herd. - Is it possible that the surface chatter of dinner parties, underneath that, there is a turmoil of ideas and thoughts and beliefs that's going on, but you're just talking to people really close to you or in your own mind, and the socialization happens at the dinner parties? Like when you go outside the inner circle of one, two, three, four people who you really trust, then you start to conform. But inside there, inside the mind, there is an actual belief or a struggle, attention within New York Times with the listener. For the listener, there's a slow smile that overtook Marc Andreessen's face. - So look, I'll just tell you what I think, which is at the dinner parties and at the conferences, no, there's none of that. What there is that all of the heretical conversations, anything that challenges the status quo, any heretical ideas and any new idea, you know, is a heretical idea. Any deviation is either discussed a one-on-one, face-to-face, it's like a whisper network or it's like a real-life social network. There's a secret handshake, which is like, okay, you meet somebody and you like know each other a little bit, but like not well. And like you're both trying to figure out if you can like talk to the other person openly or whether you have to like be fully conformist. It's a joke. - Well, yeah, humor- - [Marc] Somebody cracks a joke, right? Somebody cracks a joke. - Yep. - If the other person laughs, the conversation is on. - [Lex] Yeah. Yeah. - If the other person doesn't laugh, back slowly away from the scene, (laughs) I didn't mean anything by it. - Yeah. - Right. And then by the way, it doesn't have to be like a super offensive joke. It just has to be a joke that's just up against the edge of one of the, use the Sam Bankman-Fried term, one of the chivalrous. You know, it has to be up against one of the things, you know, one of the things that you're absolutely required to believe to be the dinner parties. And then at that point, what happens is you have a peer-to-peer network, right? You have a one-to-one connection with somebody, and then you have your own, your little conspiracy of a thought criminality, and then you've probably been through this, you have your network of thought criminals, and then they have their network of thought criminals, and then you have this like delicate mating dance as to whether you should bring the thought criminals together, right? - And the fundamental mechanism of the dance is humor. - Yeah, it's humor like it, right? Well, of course. - Memes. Yeah. - Well, for two reasons. Number one, humor's a way to have deniability, right? Humor is a way to discuss serious thing without, with having deniability. Oh, I'm sorry. It was just a joke. Right? So that's part of it, which is one of the reasons why comedians can get away with saying things the rest of us can't. 'Cause, you know, they can always fall back on, oh, yeah, I was just going for the laugh. - Yeah. - But the other key thing about humor, right? Is that laughter's involuntary, right? Like, you either laugh or you don't. And it's not like a conscious decision whether you're gonna laugh. And everybody can tell when somebody's fake laughing, right? And this, every professional comedian knows this, right? The laughter is the clue that you're onto something truthful. Like, people don't laugh at like, made-up bullshit stories. They laugh 'cause like you're revealing something that they either have not been allowed to think about or have not been allowed to talk about, right? Or is off limits. And all of a sudden, it's like the ice breaks and it's like, oh, yeah, that's the thing. And it's funny and like I laugh, and then, of course, this is why, of course, live comedy is so powerful is 'cause you're all doing that at the same time, so you start to have, you know, the safety of numbers. And so the comedians have like the all, it's no surprise to me. Like for example, Joe has been as successful as he has 'cause they have this hack that the, you know, the rest of us who are not professional comedians don't have, but you have your in-person version of it. Yeah, and then you've got the question of whether you can sort of join the networks together. And then you've probably been to this is, you know, then at some point there's like a different, there's like the alt dinner party, the (indistinct) dinner party, and you get six or eight people together and you join the networks. And those are like the happiest, at least in the last decade, those are like the happiest moments of everybody's lives, 'cause they're just like, everybody's just ecstatic, 'cause they're like, I don't have to worry about getting yelled at and shamed, like for every third sentence that comes outta my mouth, and we can actually talk about real things. So that's the live version of it. And then, of course, the other side of it's the, you know, the group chat phenomenon, right? And then basically the same thing played out, you know, until Elon bought X and until Substack took off, you know, which were really the two big breakthroughs in free speech online, the same dynamic played out online, which is you had absolute conformity on the social networks, like literally enforced by the social networks themselves through censorship, and then also through cancellation campaigns and mobbing and shaming, right? But then group chats grew up to be the equivalent of samizdat, right? Anybody who grew up in the Soviet Union under, you know, communism, note, you know, they had the hard version of this, right? It is like, how do you know who you could talk to? And then how do you distribute information? And like, you know, again, that was the hard authoritarian version of this. And then we've been living through this weird mutant, you know, soft authoritarian version, but with, you know, with some of the same patterns. - And WhatsApp allows you to scale and make it more efficient to build on these groups of heretical ideas bonded by humor. - Yeah, exactly. Well, and this is the thing, and well, this is kind of the running joke about groups, right? The running kind of thing about group chats. It's not even a joke. It's true. It's like, every group chat, if you've noticed this like, this principle of group chats, every group chat ends up being about memes and humor. And the game of the group chat is to get as close to the line of being actually objectionable. - [Lex] Yeah. - As you can get without actually tripping it, right? And like literally every group chat that I have been in for the last decade, even if it starts some other direction, what ends up happening is it becomes the absolute comedy fest where, but it's walking, they walk right up the line and they're constantly testing. And every once in a while somebody will trip the line and people will freak out. And it's like, "Oh, too soon. Okay. You know, we gotta wait until next year to talk about that." You know, they walk it back. And so it's that same thing, and yeah. And then group chats is a technological phenomenon. It was amazing to see. 'Cause basically, it was number one, it was, you know, obviously the rise of smartphones, then it was the rise of the new messaging services, then it was the rise specifically of I would say combination of WhatsApp and Signal. And the reason for that is those were the two big systems that did the full encryption, so you actually felt safe. And then the real breakthrough, I think was disappearing messages, which hit Signal probably four or five years ago and hit WhatsApp three or four years ago. And then the combination of encryption and disappearing messages, I think really unleashed it. Well, then there's the fight over the length of the disappearing messages, right? And so it's like, you know, I often get behind on my thing, so I set to seven-day, you know, disappearing messages and my friends who, you know, are like, no, that's way too much risk. - Yeah. - It's gotta be a day. And then every once in a while somebody will set it to five minutes before they send something like particularly inflammatory. - Yeah, 100%. Well, what, I mean, one of the things that bothers me about WhatsApp, the choices between 24 hours and, you know, seven days, one day or seven days. - (laughs) Right. - And I have to have an existential crisis about deciding. - Yes. - Whether I can last for seven days with what I'm about to say. (laughs) - Yeah, exactly. Now, of course, what's happening right now is the big thaw, right? And so the vibe shift. So what's happening on the other side of the election is, you know, Elon on Twitter two years ago and now Mark with Facebook and Instagram. And by the way, with the continued growth of Substack and with other, you know, new platforms that are emerging. You know, like I think it may be, you know, I don't know that everything just shifts back into public, but like a tremendous amount of the verboten conversations, you know, can now shifts back into public view. And I mean, quite frankly, this is one of those things, you know, quite frankly, even if I was opposed to what those, you know, what people are saying, and I'm sure I am in some cases, you know, I would argue still like net better for society that those things happen in public instead of private. You know, do you really want, like, yeah. Like does she wanna know? - [Lex] Yeah. - And then it's just, look, it's just I think, clearly much healthier to live in a society in which people are not literally scared of what they're saying. - I mean, to push back, to come back to this idea that we're talking about. I do believe that people have beliefs and thoughts that are heretical, like a lot of people. I wonder what fraction of people have that? To me, the preference falsification is really interesting. What is the landscape of ideas that human civilization has in private as compared to what's out in public? 'Cause like that the dynamical system that is the difference between those two is fascinating. Like, throughout history, the fall of communism and multiple regimes throughout Europe is really interesting, 'cause everybody was following, you know, the line until not. - Right. - But for sure, privately, there was a huge number of boiling conversations happening, where like this is the bureaucracy of communism, the corruption of communism, all of that was really bothering people more and more and more and more. And all of a sudden, there's a trigger that allows the vibe shift to happen. To me, like the interesting question here is, what is the landscape of private thoughts and ideas and conversations that are happening under the surface of Americans? Especially, my question is how much dormant energy is there for this roaring '20s? What people are like, no more bullshit, let's get shit done. - Yeah, so we'll go through the theory of preference falsification just to- - [Lex] Yes. By the way, amazing. The books on this is fascinating. - Yeah, yeah. So this is exactly, this is one of the all-time great books. Incredibly, about 20, 30-year-old book, but it's completely modern and current in what it talks about as well as very deeply historically informed. So it's called "Private Truths, Public Lies." And it's written by a social science professor named Timur Kuran, at I think Duke, and his a definitive work on this. And so he has this concept, he calls preference falsification. And so preference falsification is two things, preference falsification... And you get it from the title of the book, "Private Truths, Public Lies." So preference falsification is when you believe something and you can't say it, or/and this is very important, you don't believe something and you must say it, right? And the commonality there is in both cases, you're lying. You believe something internally, and then you're lying about it in public. And so the thing, you know, and there's sort of the two classic forms of it. There's the, you know, for example, there's the, I believe communism is rotten, but I can't say it version of it. But then there's also the famous parable of the real-life example, but the thing that Vaclav Havel talks about in the other good book on this topic, which is "The Power of the Powerless," you know, who is an anti-communist resistance fighter who ultimately became the, you know, the president Czechoslovakia after the fall of the wall. But he wrote this book, and he describes the other side of this, which is workers of the world unite, right? And so he describes what he calls the parable of the greengrocer, which is your greengrocer in Prague in 1985. And for the last 70 years, it has been... 50 years, it's been absolutely mandatory to have a sign in the window of your story that says, "Workers of the world, unite," right? And it's 1985, it is like crystal clear that the workers of the world are not going to unite. (laughs) Like of all the things that could happen in the world, that is not going to happen. The Commies have been at that for 70 years, it is not happening. But that slogan had better be in your window every morning, because if it's not in your window every morning, you are not a good communist. The secret police are gonna come by and they're gonna get you. And so the first thing you do when you get to the store is you put that slogan in the window and you make sure that it stays in the window all day long. But he says, the thing is, every single person, the greengrocer knows the slogan is fake. He knows it's a lie. Every single person walking past the slogan knows that it's a lie. Every single person walking past the store knows that the greengrocer is only putting it up there because he has to lie in public. And the greengrocer has to go through the humiliation of knowing that everybody knows that he's caving into the system and lying in public. And so it turns into demoralization campaign. In fact, it's not ideological enforcement anymore because everybody knows it's fake. The authorities know it's fake, everybody knows it's fake. It's not that they're enforcing the actual ideology of the workers of the world uniting. It's that they are enforcing compliance, right? And compliance with the regime. And fuck you, you will comply, right? And so anyway, that's the other side of that. And of course, we have lived in the last decade through a lot of both of those. I think anybody listening to this could name a series of slogans that we've all been forced to chant for the last decade, that everybody knows at this point are just like, simply not true. I'll let the audience, you know, speculate on their own group chats. (both laughing) - Send Marc your memes online as well, please. - Yes, yes, exactly. Okay, so anyway, so it's the two sides of that, right? So it's "Private Truths, Public Lies." So then what preference falsification does is it talks about extending that from the idea of the individual experience in that to the idea of the entire society experiencing that, right? And this gets to your percentages question, which is like, okay, what happens in a society in which people are forced to lie in public about what they truly believe? What happens number one is that individually they're lying in public, and that's bad. But the other thing that happens is they no longer have an accurate gauge at all or any way to estimate how many people agree with them. And this is how you, and again, this literally is like how you get something like the communist system, which is like, okay, you end up in a situation in which 80 or 90 or 99% of a society can actually all be thinking individually, I really don't buy this anymore. And if anybody would just stand up and say it, I would be willing to go along with it, but I'm not gonna be the first one to put my head on the chopping block. But you have no, because of the suppression censorship, you have no way of knowing how many other people agree with you. And if the people who agree with you are 10% of the population and you become part of a movement, you're gonna get killed. If 90% of the people agree with you, you're gonna win the revolution, right? And so the question of like what the percentage actually is like a really critical question. And then, basically, in any sort of authoritarian system, you can't like run a survey, right? To get an accurate result. And so you actually can't know until you put it to the test. And then what he describes in the book is it's always put at the test in the same way. This is exactly what's happened for the last two years, like 100% of exactly what's happened. It's like straight outta this book, which is somebody, Elon, sticks his hand up (laughs) and says, "The workers of the world are not going to unite." - Yeah. - Right. Or the emperor is actually wearing no clothes, right? You know that famous parable, right? So one person stands up and does it, and literally that person is standing there by themselves, and everybody else in the audience is like, "Ooh, I wonder what's gonna happen to that guy," right? But again, nobody knows. Elon doesn't know, the first guy doesn't know, other people don't know, like, which way is this gonna go? And it may be that's a minority position and that's the way to get yourself killed. Or it may be that's a majority position and you are now the leader of a revolution. And then basically, of course, what happens is, okay, the first guy does that doesn't get killed, (laughs) the second guy does... Well, a lot of the time that guy does get killed, but when the guy doesn't get killed, then a second guy pops his head up, says the same thing, all right? Now, you've got two. Two leads to four, four leads to eight, eight leads to 16. And then as we saw with the fall of the Berlin Wall, this is what happened in Russia and Eastern Europe in '89, when it goes, it can go, right? And then it rips. And then what happens is very, very quickly, if it turns out that you had a large percentage of the population that actually believed the different thing, it turns out all of a sudden everybody has this giant epiphany that says, "Oh, I'm actually part of the majority." And at that point, like you were on the freight train to revolution, right? Like it is rolling. Right, now. The other part of this is the distinction between the role of the elites and the masses. And here the best book is called "The True Believer," which is the Eric Hoffer book. And so the nuance you have to put on this is the elites play a giant role in this 'cause the elites do idea formation and communication. But the elites, by definition are a small minority. And so there's also this giant role played by the masses, and the masses are not necessarily thinking these things through in the same intellectualized formal way that the elites are, but they are for sure experiencing these things in their daily lives, and they for sure have at least very strong emotional views on them. And so when you really get the revolution, it's when you get the elites lined up with, or either the current elites change or a new set of counter elites, basically come along and say, "No, there's actually a different better way to live." And then the people basically decide to follow the, you know, to follow the counter elite. So that's the other dimension to it. And of course, that part is also happening right now. And again, case study one of that would be Elon and you know, who turns out, you know, in truly massive following. - And he has done that over and over in different industries, not just saying crazy shit online, but saying crazy shit in the realm of space, in the realm of autonomous driving, in the realm of AI, just over and over and over again. Turns out saying crazy shit is one of the ways to do a revolution and to actually make progress. - Yeah. And it's like, well, but then there's the test. Is it crazy shit or is it the truth? - Yeah. - Right. You know, and this is where, you know, there are many specific things about Elon's genius, but one of the really core ones is an absolute dedication to the truth. And so when Elon says something, it sounds like crazy shit, but in his mind it's true. Now, is he always right? No. Sometimes the rockets crash, like, you know, sometimes he's wrong. Yeah, he's human, he's like anybody else. He's not right all the time. But at least my through line with him both in what he says in public and what he says in private, which by the way are the exact same things. He does not do this. He doesn't lie in public about what he believes in private, or at least he doesn't do that anymore. Like he's 100% consistent in my experience. By the way, there's two guys who are 100% consistent like that I know. Elon and Trump. (both laughing) - Yeah. - Whatever you think of them. - [Lex] Yeah. - What they say in private is 100% identical to what they say in public. Like, they're completely transparent, they're completely honest in that way, right? Which is like, and again, it's not like they're perfect people, but they're honest in that way. And it makes them potentially both as they have been very powerful leaders of these movements, 'cause they're both willing to stand up and say the thing that if it's true, it turns out to be the thing in many cases that many or most or almost everyone else actually believes, but nobody was actually willing to say out loud. And so they can actually catalyze these shifts. And I mean, I think this framework is exactly why Trump took over the Republican Party, as I think Trump stood up there on stage with all these other kind of conventional Republicans, and he started saying things out loud that it turned out the base really was, they were either already believing or they were prone to believe, and he was the only one who was saying them. And so the again, elite masses, he was the elite, the voters of the masses and the voters decided, you know, no, no more bushes, like we're going this other direction. That's the mechanism of social change. Like what we just described is like the actual mechanism of social change. It is fascinating to me that we have been living through exactly this. We've been living through everything exactly what Timur Kuran describes, everything that Vaclav Havel described, (laughs) you know, Black Squares and Instagram, like the whole thing, right? All of it. And we've been living through the, you know, the true believer elites masses, you know, thing with, you know, with a set of like basically incredibly corrupt elites wondering why they don't have the loyalty masses anymore, and a set of new elites that are running away with things. And so like, we're living through this like incredible applied case study of these ideas. And you know, if there's a moral of the story, it is, you know, I think fairly obvious, which is it's a really bad idea for a society to wedge itself into a position in which most people don't believe the fundamental precepts of what they're told they have to do, you know, to be good people like that. That is just not a good state to be in. - So one of the ways to avoid that in the future maybe, is to keep the delta between what's said in private and what's said in public small. - Yeah. It's like, well, this is sort of the siren song of censorship is we can keep people from saying things, which means we can keep people from thinking things. - [Lex] Yeah. - And you know, by the way, that may work for a while, right? Like, you know, I mean, again, the hard form, you know, Soviet Union owning a mimeograph, pre-photocopiers, there were mimeograph machines that were used to make samizdat and underground newspapers, which is the mechanism of written communication of radical ideas. Ownership of a mimeograph machine was punishable by death, right? So that's the hard version, right? You know, the soft version is somebody clicks a button in Washington and you are erased from the internet, right? Like, which, you know, good news, you're still alive. Bad news is, you know, shame about not being able to get a job. You know, too bad your family now, you know, they hates you and won't talk to you, but you know, you know, whatever the version of cancellation has been. And so like, does that work? Like maybe it works for a while, like it worked for the Soviet Union for a while, you know, in its way, especially when it was coupled with, you know, official state power. But when it unwinds, it can unwind with like incredible speed and ferocity. 'Cause to your point, there's all this bottled up energy. Now, your question was like, what are the percentages? Like what's the breakdown? And so my rough guess, just based on what I've seen in my world is it's something like 20, 60, 20. It's like you've got 20%, like true believers in whatever is, you know, the current thing, you know, you got 20% of people who are just like true believers of whatever they, you know, whatever's in the new, like I say, whatever's in The New York Times, Harvard professors and the Ford Foundation, like they're just believe. And by the way, maybe it's 10, maybe it's five, but let's say generously it's 20. So you know, 20% kind of full-on revolutionaries. And then you've got, let's call it 20% on the other side that are like, "No, I'm not on board with this. This is crazy. I'm not signing up for this." But, you know, they view themselves as they're in a small minority, and in fact, they start out in a small minority, 'cause what happens is the 60% go with the first 20%, not the second 20%. So you've got this large middle of people. And it's not that the people in the middle are not smart or anything like that. It's that they just have like normal lives and they're just trying to get by and they're just trying to go to work each day and do a good job and be a good person and raise their kids and, you know, have a little bit of time to watch the game. And they're just not engaged in the cut and thrust of, you know, political activism or any of this stuff. It's just not their thing. But that's where the over socialization comes in, it's just like, okay, by default, the 60% will go along with the 20% of the radical revolutionaries, at least for a while. And then the counter elite is in this other 20%. And over time, they build up a theory and network and ability to resist and a new set of representatives, in a new set of ideas. And then at some point there's a contest and then, right? And then the question is, what happens in the middle? What happens in the 60%? And it's kinda my point, it's not even really does the 60% change their beliefs as much as it's like, okay, what is the thing that 60% now decides to basically fall into step with? And I think that, in the valley, that 60% for the last decade decided to be woke and, you know, extremely, I would say, (laughs) on edge on a lot of things. And you know, that 60% is pivoting in real time. They're just done. They've just had it. - And I would love to see where that pivot goes 'cause there's internal battles happening right now, right? - So this is the other thing, okay, so there's two forms of things, and Timur has actually talked about this, Professor Kuran has talked about this. So one is, he said, this is the kind of unwind where what you're gonna have is you're now gonna have people in the other direction. You're gonna have people who claim that they supported Trump all along, who actually didn't, (laughs) right? - Right. - So it's gonna swing the other way. And by the way, Trump's not the only part of this, but you know, he's just a convenient shorthand for, you know, for a lot of this. But, you know, whatever it is, you'll have people who will say, well, I never supported the EI, right? Or I never supported ESG, or I never thought we should have canceled that person, right? Where of course, they were full on a part of the mob, like, you know, kind of at that moment. And so anyway, so you'll have preference falsification happening in the other direction. And his prediction, I think, basically is you'll end up with the same quote, "problem" on the other side. Now, will that happen here? I don't know. You know, how far is American society willing to go on any of these things? I don't know. But like, there is some question there. And then the other part of it is, okay, now you have this, you know, elite that is used to being in power for the last decade. And by the way, many of those people are still in power and they're in very, you know, important positions. And The New York Times is still The New York Times, and Harvard is still Harvard. And like, those people haven't changed like at all, right? And bureaucrats in the governments and, you know, senior democratic, you know, politicians and so forth. And they're sitting there, you know, right now feeling like reality has just smacked them hard in the face 'cause they lost the election so badly. But they're now going into a, and specifically the Democratic Party, is going into a Civil War, right? And that form of the Civil War is completely predictable and it's exactly what's happening, which is half of them are saying, we need to go back to the center. We need to de-radicalize 'cause we've lost the people. We've lost the people in the middle and so we need to go back to the middle in order to be able to get 50% plus one in an election, right? And then the other half of them are saying, "No, we weren't true to our principles. We were too weak, we were too soft. You know, we must become more revolutionary. We must double down and we must, you know, celebrate, you know, murders in the street of health insurance executives." And that right now is like a real fight. - If I could tell you a little personal story that breaks my heart a little bit, there's a professor, a historian, I won't say who, who I admire deeply, love his work. He's a kind of a heretical thinker. And we were talking about having a podcast, on doing a podcast. And he eventually said that, "You know what, at this time, given your guest list, I just don't want the headache of being in the faculty meetings in my particular institution." And I asked, "Who are the particular figures in this guest list?" He said, "Trump." And the second one, he said, "That you announced your interest to talk to Vladimir Putin." So I just don't want the headache. Now, I fully believe it would surprise a lot of people if I said who it is. You know, this is a person who's not bothered by the guest list. And I should also say that 80-plus percent of the guest list is left wing. Okay? Nevertheless, he just doesn't want the headache. And that speaks to the thing that you've kind of mentioned, that you just don't want the headache. You just want to just have a pleasant morning with some coffee and talk to your fellow professors. And I think a lot of people are feeling that in universities and in other contexts, in tech companies. And I wonder if that shifts, how quickly that shifts? And there, the percentages you mentioned 20, 60, 20 matters and the contents of the private groups matters, and the dynamics of how that shifts matters. 'Cause it's very possible, nothing really changes in universities and in major tech companies. There's a kind of excitement right now for potential revolution and these new ideas, these new vibes to reverberate through these companies and universities, but it's possible the wall will hold. - Yeah. So he's a friend of yours, I respect that you don't wanna name him. I also respect you don't wanna beat on him, so I would like to beat on him on your behalf. Does he have tenure? - Yes. He should use it. - So this is the thing, right? This is the ultimate indictment of the corruption and the rot at the heart of our education system, at the heart of these universities. And it's, by the way, it's like across the board, it's like all the top universities. It's like, 'cause the siren song for right? What it's been for 70 years, whatever, of the tenure system, peer review system, tenure system, which is like, yeah, you work your butt off as an academic to get a professorship and then to get tenure, because then you can say what you actually think, right? Then you can do your work and your research and your speaking and your teaching without fear of being fired, right? Without fear of being canceled. Like academic freedom. I mean, think of the term academic freedom and then think of what these people have done to it. Like it's gone, like that entire thing was fake and is completely rotten. And these people are completely, completely giving up the entire moral foundation of the system that's been built for them, which by the way, is paid for virtually 100% by taxpayer money. - What's the inkling of hope in this? Like what this particular person and others who hear this, what can give them strength, inspiration, and courage? - That the population at large is gonna realize the corruption in their industry and it's going to withdraw the funding? - (laughs) It's okay. So desperation. (laughs) - No, no, no, no, no. Think about what happens next. Okay, so let's go through it. So the universities are funded by four primary sources of federal funding. The big one is a federal student loan program, which is, you know, in the many trillions of dollars at this point. And then only spiraling, you know, way faster than inflation. That's number one. Number two is federal research funding, which is also very large. And you probably know that when a scientist at the university gets a research grant, the university rakes as much as 70% of the money for central uses. - [Lex] Yeah. - Number three is tax exemption at the operating level, which is based on the idea that these are nonprofit institutions as opposed to, let's say, political institutions. And then number four is tax exemptions at the endowment level, you know, which is the financial buffer that these places have. Anybody who's been close to a university budget will basically see that what would happen if you withdrew those sources of federal taxpayer money, and then for the state schools, the state money, they all instantly go bankrupt. And then you could rebuild. Then you could rebuild, 'cause the problem right now, you know, like the folks at University of Austin are like mounting a very valiant effort, and I hope that they succeed and I'm cheering for them, but the problem is, you're now inserting. Suppose you and I wanna start a new university and we wanna hire all the free thinking professors, and we wanna have the place that fixes all this. Practically speaking, we can't do it because we can't get access to that money. I'll give you the most direct reason, we can't get access to that money, we can't get access to federal student funding. Do you know how universities are accredited for the purpose of getting access to federal student funding? Federal student loans? They're accredited by the government, but not directly, indirectly. They're not accredited by the Department of Education. Instead, what happens is, the Department of Education accredits accreditation bureaus that are nonprofits that do the accreditation. Guess what the composition of the accreditation bureaus is? The existing universities. They're in complete control. The incumbents are in complete control as to who gets access to federal student loan money. Guess how enthusiastic they are about accrediting a new university? Right, and so we have a government funded and supported cartel that has gone... I mean, it's just obvious now. It's just gone like sideways in basically any possible way it could go sideways, including, I mean, literally as you know, students getting beaten up on campus for being, you know, the wrong religion. They're just wrong in every possible way at this point. And it's all in the federal taxpayer back. And there is no way, I mean, my opinion, there is no way to fix these things without replacing them. And there's no way to replace them without letting them fail. And by the way, it's like everything in life. I mean, in a sense, this is like the most obvious conclusion of all time, which is what happens in the business world when a company does a bad job, is they go bankrupt and another company takes its place, right? And that's how you get progress. And of course, below that is what happens is this is the process of evolution, right? Why does anything ever get better? 'Cause things are tested and tried, and then you, you know, the things that are good survive. And so these places have cut themselves off. They've been allowed to cut themselves off from both, from evolution at the institutional level and evolution of the individual level as shown by the just widespread abuse of tenure. And so we've just stalled out. We built an ossified system, an ossified, centralized, corrupt system, where we're surprised by the results. They are not fixable in their current form. - I disagree with you on that. Maybe it's grounded in hope that I believe you can revolutionize the system from within because I do believe Stanford and MIT are important. - Oh, but that logic doesn't follow at all. That's underpants gnome logic. - Underpants gnome, can you explain what that means? - Underpants gnomes logic. So I just started watching a key touchstone of American culture with my nine-year-old, which of course is "South Park." - Yes. - And there is- - Wow. - And there is a, which by the way is a little aggressive for a nine-year-old. - Very aggressive. - But he likes it. So he's learning all kinds of new words. - And all kinds of new ideas. But yeah, go on. - I told him, I said, "You're gonna hear words on here that you are not allowed to use." - Right. (laughs) Education. - And I said, "You know how we have an agreement that we never lie to mommy?" (both laughing) - [Lex] Yeah. - I said, "Not using a word that you learn in here does not count as lying." - [Lex] Wow. - "And keep that in mind." - This is Orwellian redefinition of lying. But yes, go ahead. - And of course, in the very opening episode, in the first 30 seconds, one of the kids calls the other kid a dildo. Right, we're off to the races. - Yep. Let's go. - "Daddy, what's a dildo?" - [Lex] Yep. (both laughing) - So, you know, "Sorry son, I don't know." - [Lex] Yeah. - So the- - Underpants gnome. - So famous episode of "South Park," the underpants gnomes. So there's this rat... All the kids basically realize that their underpants are going missing from their dresser drawers. Somebody's stealing the underpants. And it's just like, well, who on earth would steal the underpants? And it turns out it's the underpants gnomes. And it turns out the underpants gnomes that come to town and they've got this little underground warrant of tunnels in storage places for all the underpants. And so they go out at night, they steal the underpants, and the kids discover that, you know, the underpants gnomes, and they're, you know, "What are you doing? Like what's the point of this?" And so the underpants gnomes present their master plan, which is a three-part plan, which is step one, collect underpants, step three, profit. - Yeah. - [Marc] Step two, question mark. (Lex laughing) - [Lex] Yeah, yeah. - So you just proposed the underpants gnome- - Yeah. - Which is very common in politics. Oh, so the form of this in politics is we must do something. - Yeah. - This is something, therefore we must do this. But there's no causal logic chain in there at all to expect that's actually gonna succeed 'cause there's no reason to believe that it is. - Yeah, but- - And it's the same thing, but this is what I hear all the time, and I will let you talk as the host of the show in a moment, but I hear this all the time. I hear this, I have friends who are on these boards, right? - Yeah. - Very involved in these places, and I hear this all the time, which is like, "Oh, these are very important. We must fix them." And so therefore, they're fixable. There's no logic chain there at all. - If there's that pressure that you described in terms of cutting funding, then you have the leverage to fire a lot of the administration and have new leadership that steps up that aligns with this vision that things really need to change at the heads of the universities. And they put students and faculty primary, fire a lot of the administration and realign and reinvigorate this idea of freedom of thought and intellectual freedom. I mean, I don't... Because there is already a framework of great institutions that's there, and the way they talk about what it means to be a great institution is aligned with this very idea that you're talking about. It's this meaning like intellectual freedom, the idea of tenure, right? On the surface it's aligned, underneath it's become corrupted. - If we say free speech and academic freedom, often enough, sooner or later, these tenured professors will get brave. - Wait, do you think the universities are fundamentally broken? Okay, so how do you fix it? How do you have institutions for educating 20-year-olds and institutions that host researchers that have the freedom to do epic shit, like research-type shit that's outside the scopes of R&D departments and inside companies? So how do you create institution like that? - How do you create a good restaurant when the one down the street sucks? - Right. You invent something new? - You open a new restaurant. - Yeah. - Like how often in your life have you experienced a restaurant that's just absolutely horrible, and it's poisoning all of its customers and the food tastes terrible, and then three years later you go back and it's fantastic? Charlie Munger actually had the best comment on, this great investor, Charlie Munger, has great comment. He was once asked, he's like, you know, his, you know, General Electric was going through all these challenges and he was asked to do Q&A. It said, "How would you fix the culture at General Electric?" And he said, "Fix the culture at General Electric?" He said, "I couldn't even fix the culture at a restaurant." (Lex laughing) Like, it's insane. Like obviously you can't do it. - [Lex] Yeah. - Nobody in business thinks you can do that. Like, it's impossible. Like it's not, now look, having said all that, I should also express this 'cause I have a lot of friends who work at these places and are involved in various attempts to fix these. I hope that I'm wrong, I would love to be wrong. I would love for the underpants gnome step two to be something clear and straightforward that they can figure out how to do. I would love to fix it, I'd love to see them come back to their spoken principles, I think that'd be great. I'd love to see the professors with tenure get bravery. I would love to see, I mean, it would be fantastic. You know, my partner and I have done like a lot of public speaking on this topic, it's been intended to not just be harsh, but also be like, okay, like these challenges have to be confronted directly. By the way, let me also say something positive. You know, especially post-October 7th, there are a bunch of very smart people who are major donors and board members of these institutions like Marc Rowan, you know, who are really coming in trying to, you know, I think legitimately trying to fix these places. I have a friend on the executive committee at one of the top technical universities. He's working overtime to try to do this. Man, I hope they can figure it out. But the counter question would just be like, do you see it actually happening at a single one of these places? - I'm a person that believes in leadership. If you have the right leadership- - [Marc] Right. - The whole system can be changed. - So here's a question for your friend who have tenure at one of these places, which is who runs his university? - You know how I think runs it? - [Marc] Yeah. - Whoever the fuck says they run it, that's what great leadership is. Like a president has that power. - But how does- - President of university has the leverage 'cause they can mouth off like Elon can. - Can they fire the professors? - They can fire them through being vocal publicly, yes. - Can they fire the professors? - What are you talking about legally? - [Marc] Can they fire- - No, they cannot fire the professors. - Then we know who runs the university. - The professors? - Yeah, professors. The professors and the students, the professors and the feral students. Then they're, of course, in a radicalization feedback cycle driving- - You said feral students? - The feral students. Yeah, the feral students. What happens when you're put in charge of your bureaucracy where the thing that the bureaucracy knows is that they can outlast you? The thing that the tenured professors at all these places know is it doesn't matter who the president is because they can outlast them because they cannot get fired. By the way, it's the same thing that bureaucrats in the government know. It's the same thing that the bureaucrats in the Department of Education know. They know the exact same thing. They cannot outlast you. I mean it's the whole thing that, it's the resistance. Like they can be the resistance. They can just sit there and resist, which is what they do. They're not fireable. - That's definitely a crisis that needs to be solved. That's a huge problem. And I also don't like that I'm defending academia here. I agree with you that the situation is dire but I just think that institutions are important. And I should also add context since you've been grilling me a little bit, you were using restaurants as an analogy and earlier offline in this conversation you said the Dairy Queen is a great restaurant. So let's- - I didn't say Dairy Queen is a great restaurant. - Let the listener take- - I said Dairy Queen is the best restaurant. - The best restaurant. There you go. So everything that Marc Andreessen is saying today- - I don't wanna- - Put that into cont- - You should go order a Blizzard. One day, you should walk down there and order a Blizzard. - Yeah. - They can get like 4,000 calories in a cup. - They can and they're delicious. - [Marc] It's amazing. - They're truly delicious- - They're really fantastic. And they'll put anything in there you want. - All right- - Okay, so, but anyway, lemme just close by saying, look, my friends at the university system, I would just say, "Look like, this is the challenge." Like I would just pose this as the challenge. Like to me, like this is, having had a lot of these conversations, like this is the bar in my view, this is the conversation that actually has to happen. This is the bar that actually has to be hit. These problems need to be confronted directly, 'cause I think there's been way too much, I mean, I'm actually worried kinda on the other side, there's too much happy talk in these conversations. I think the taxpayers do not understand this level of crisis, and I think if the taxpayers come to understand it, I think the funding evaporates. And so I think the fuse is going through, you know, no fault of any of ours, but like the fuse is going and there's some window of time here to fix this and address it and justify the money 'cause it just, normal taxpayers sitting in normal towns in normal jobs are not gonna tolerate this for that much longer. - You've mentioned censorship a few times. Let us, if we can go deep into the darkness of the past and how censorship mechanism was used. So you are a good person to speak about the history of this because you were there on the ground floor in 2013-ish Facebook. I heard that you were there when they invented or maybe developed the term hate speech in the context of censorship on social media. So take me to, through that history, if you can, the use of censorship. - So I was there on the ground floor in 1993. (both laughing) - There's multiple floors to this building, apparently. - There are. - (laughs) Yeah. - So I got the first ask to implement censorship on the internet, which was in the web browser. - That is fascinating. - Yeah, yeah. Actually, 1992. I was asked to implement a nudity filter. - Did you have the courage to speak up back then? (laughs) - I did not have any problems speaking up back then. I was making $6.25 cents an hour. I did not have a lot to lose. No, I was asked at the time, and then look, you know, I was legitimate, you know, in some sense, a legitimate request, which is working on a research project actually funded by the federal government at a public university. So, you know, I don't think my boss was like in any way outta line, but it was like, yeah, like this web browser thing is great, but like could it just make sure to not have any photos of naked people that show up? But if you think about this for a second, as a technologist, I had a issue, which is this was like pre-image net, right? And so I had a brief period where I tried to imagine an algorithm that I referred to as the breast detection algorithm (laughs) that I was going to have to design. And then apparently a variety of other, apparently body parts people are also sensitive about. - Yeah. - And then I politely declined to do this. - For just the technical difficulties of it. - Well, number one, I actually didn't know how to do it, but number two is just like, no, I'm just not building a censorship engine. Like I'm a, you know, I'm just not doing it. And in those days it was, you know, in those days the internet generally was, you know, a free-fire zone for everything. It was actually interesting as sort of pre-'93, the internet was such a specific niche community. Like, it was like the million kind of highest IQ nerds in the world. And so it actually like didn't really have a lot of, you know, issues that people were like super interested in talking about like astrophysics and not very interested in, you know, even politics at that time. So there really was not an issue there. But yeah, I didn't wanna start the process. So I think the way to think about this, so first of all, you know, yeah, so I was involved in this at Facebook, by the way, I've been involved with this at Facebook every step of the way. I joined the board there in 2007, so I've seen everything in the last, you know, almost 20 years every step of the way. But also I've been involved in most of the other companies over time, so I was an angel investor in Twitter. I knew them really well. We were the founding investor in Substack. Part of the Elon takeover of Twitter with X. I was an angel at LinkedIn. So I've been in these, we were the funder of Pinterest. We were one of the main investors there, Reddit as well. And I was having these conversations with all these guys all the way through. So as much talk specifically about Facebook, but I can just tell you like the general pattern. And for quite a while it was kind of all the same across these companies. Yeah, so basically the way to think about this, the true kind of nuanced view of this is that there is practically speaking, no internet service that can have zero censorship. And by the way, that also mirrors, there is no country that actually has unlimited free speech either. The US First Amendment actually has 12 or 13 formal carve outs from the Supreme Court over time. You know, so incitement to violence and terrorist recruitment and child abuse. And so, you know, child pornography and so forth, they're not covered by the First Amendment. And just practically speaking, if you and I are gonna start an internet company and have a service, we can't have that stuff either, right? 'Cause it's illegal or it will just clearly, you know, destroy the whole thing. So you're always gonna have a censorship engine. I mean, hopefully, it's not actually in the browser, but like you're gonna have it for sure at the level of an internet service. But then what happens is now you have a machine right now. Now you have a system where you can put in rules saying, we allow this, we don't allow that. You have enforcement, you have consequences, right? And once that system is in place, like it becomes the ring of power, right? Which is like, okay, now anybody in that company or anybody associated with that company, or anybody who wants to pressure that company will just start to say, "Okay, you should use that machine for more than just terrorist recruitment and child pornography. You should use it for X, Y, Z." And basically that transition happened, call it 2012, 2013 is when there was this like very, very kind of rapid pivot. I think the kickoff to it for some reason it was the beginning of the second Obama term. I think it also coincided with the sort of arrival of the first kind of super woke kids into these schools. You know, it's the kids that were in school between like, you know, for the Iraq war and then the global financial crisis and like, they came out like super radicalized. They came into these companies, they immediately started mounting these social crusades to ban and censor lots of things. And then, you know, quite frankly, the Democratic Party figured this out. And they figured out that these companies were, you know, very subject to being controlled and the, you know, the executive teams and boards of directors were almost all Democrats and, you know, there's tremendous circulation. A lot of Obama people from the first term actually came and worked in these companies. And a lot of FBI people and other, you know, law enforcement intelligence people came in and worked, and you know, they were all Democrats for that set. And so they just, you know, the ring of power was lying on the table. It had been built and they, you know, picked it up and put it on, and then they just ran. And the original discussions were basically always on two topics. It was hate speech and misinformation. Hate speech was the original one. And the hate speech conversation started exactly like you'd expect, which is, we can't have the N-word. And which the answer is fair enough, let's not have the N-word. Okay, now, we've set a precedent, right? And Jordan Peterson has talked a lot about this. The definition of hate speech ended up being things that make people uncomfortable, right? So we can't have things that make, you know, people uncomfortable. I, of course, you know, people like me that are disagreeable raise their hands and say, "Well, that idea right there makes me uncomfortable." But of course, that doesn't count as hate speech, right? So, you know, the ring of power is on one hand and not on the other hand. And then basically that began this slide where it ended up being that, you know, completely anodyne is the point Mark has been making recently like completely anodyne comments that are completely legitimate on television or on the Senate floor all of a sudden our hate speech can't be said online. So that, you know, the ring of power was wielded in grossly irresponsible ways. We could talk about all the stuff that happened there. And then the other one was misinformation. And there was a little bit of that early on, but of course, that really kicked in with Trump. So the hate speech stuff pre-dated Trump by like three or four years. The misinformation stuff was, it was a little bit later and it was a consequence of the Russiagate hoax. And then that was, you know, a ring of power that was even more powerful, right? Because, you know, hate speech, it's like, okay, at some point, if something offensive or not, like at least you can have a question as to whether that's the case. But the problem with misinformation is like, is it the truth or not? You know, what do we know for 800 years or whatever Western civilization, it's that, you know, there's only a few entities that can determine the truth on every topic. You know, there's God, you know, there's the king. We don't have those anymore and the rest of us are all imperfect and flawed. And so the idea that any group of experts is gonna sit around the table and decide on the truth is, you know, deeply anti-Western and deeply authoritarian. And somehow the misinformation kind of crusade went from the Russiagate hoax into just full-blown, we're gonna use that weapon for whatever we want. And then of course, then the culminating moment on that, that really was the straw that broke the camel's back was we're gonna censor all theories that the COVID virus might have been manufactured in a lab as misinformation. And inside these companies like that was the point where people for the first time, this is like what, three years ago for the first time they were like, and that was when it sunk in where it's just like, okay, this has spun completely outta control. But anyway, that's how we got to where we are. And then basically that spell lasted that complex existed and got expanded basically from, call it 2013 to 2023. I think basically two things broke it. One is Substack, and so when I am super proud of those guys, 'cause they started from scratch and declared right up front that they were gonna be a free speech platform. And they came under intense pressure, including from the press. And, you know, they tried to just beat them to the ground and kill them. And intense pressure, by the way, from, you know, let's say certain of the platform companies, you know, basically threatening them. And they stood up to it. And, you know, sitting here today, they have the widest spectrum of speech and conversation, you know, anywhere on planet Earth. And they've done a great job. And it's worked by the way, it's great. And then obviously Elon, you know, with X was the, you know, the hammer blow. And then the third one now is what Mark is doing at Facebook. - And there's also like singular moments, I think you've spoken about this, which like Jon Stewart going on Stephen Colbert and talking about the lab leak theory. - [Marc] Yes. - There's certain moments that just kinda shake everybody up, the right person, the right time, just it's a wake-up call. - So that there, and I will tell you, like, and I should say Jon Stewart attacked me recently, so I'm not that thrilled about him, but I would say, I would say long run fan of Jon Stewart. I watched probably every episode of "The Daily Show" when he was on it, you know, for probably 20 years. But he did a very important public service and it was that appearance on the Colbert Show. And I don't know how broadly this is, you know, at the time, it was in the news briefly, but I don't know how, if people remember this, but I will tell you in the rooms where people discuss what his misinformation and these policies, that was a very big moment. That was probably actually the key catalyzing moment. And I think he exhibited, I would say, conspicuous bravery and had a big impact with that. And yeah, for people who don't recall what he did, and this was in the full-blown, like, you know, you absolutely must lock down for two years. You absolutely must keep all the schools closed. You absolutely must have everybody work from home. You absolutely must wear a mask like the whole thing. And then one of those was, you absolutely must believe that COVID was completely natural. You must believe that. And not believing that means you're a fascist Nazi Trump supporter, MAGA, evil QAnon person, right? And that was like uniform and that was enforced by the social media companies. And like I said, that was the peak. And Jon Stewart went on the Colbert Show, and I don't know if they planned it or not, 'cause Colbert looked shocked. I don't know how much of it was a bit, but he went on there and he just had one of these, like the Emperor's wearing no closed things where he said, "It's just not plausible that you had the COVID super virus appear 300 yards down the street from the Wuhan Institute (laughs) of lethal coronaviruses." Like, it's just not plausible that certainly that you could just rule that out. And then there was another key moment, actually, the more serious version was I think the author, Nicholson Baker wrote a big piece for New York Magazine. And Nicholson Baker is like one of our great novelist, writers of our time. And he wrote the piece and he did the complete undressing of it. And that was the first, I think that was the first legit, there had been like alt, you know, renegade, there had been, you know, people running around saying this, but getting censored all over the place. That was the first one that was like in the mainstream press and he talked to all the heretics and he just like laid the whole thing out. And that was a moment. And I remember let's say a board meeting at one of these companies after that, where basically, you know, everybody looked around the table and was like, "All right, like, I guess we're not, we don't need to censor that anymore." And, you know, and then of course, what immediately follows from that is, "Well, wait a minute, why were we censoring that in the first place?" And okay, like, and then, you know, the downstream, not that day, but the downstream conversations were like, "Okay, if we made such a giant, in retrospect, if we all made such a giant collective mistake censoring that, then what does that say about the rest of our regime?" And I think that was the thread in the sweater that started to unravel it. - I should say it again, I do think that the Jon Stewart appearance and the statement he made was a courageous act. - [Marc] Yeah, I agree. - I think we need to have more of that in the world. And like you said, Elon, everything he did with X is a series of courageous acts. And I think what Mark Zuckerberg did on Rogan a few days ago is a courageous act. Can you just speak to that? - He has become, I think, an outstanding communicator, right? And he's, you know, somebody who came in for a lot of criticism earlier in his career on that front. And I think he's, you know, he's one of these guys who can sit down and talk for three hours and make complete sense. And you know, as you do with all of your episodes, like when somebody sit and talks for three hours, like you really get a sense of somebody 'cause it's really hard to be artificial for that long. And, you know, he's now done that repeatedly. He's really good at it. And then, look, again, I would maybe put him in the third category now with, certainly after that appearance, I would say I would put him up there now with, you know, kind of Elon and Trump in the sense of the public and the private are now synchronized. I guess I'd say that. Like he said on that show what he really believes, he said all the same things that he says in private. Like, I don't think there's really any discrepancy anymore. I would say he has always taken upon himself a level of obligation, responsibility to running a company the size of Meta and to running services that are that large. And I think, you know, his conception of what he's doing, which I think is correct, is he's running services that are bigger than any country, right? He's running, you know, over 3 billion people use those services. And then, you know, the company has, you know, many tens of thousands of employees and many investors, and it's a public company, and he thinks very deeply and seriously about his responsibilities. And so, you know, he has not felt like he has had, let's just say, the complete flexibility that Elon has had. And, you know, people could argue that one way or the other, but, you know, he talked about a lot. He's evolved a lot. A lot of it was, he learned a lot. And by the way, I'm gonna put myself right back up there. Like, I'm not claiming any huge foresight or heroism on any of this. Like, I've also learned a lot. Like, my views on things are very different than they were 10 years ago on lots of topics. And so, you know, I've been on a learning journey. He's been on a learning journey. He is a really, really good learner. He assimilates information, you know, as good as, or better than anybody else I know. The other thing I guess I would just say is he talked on that show about something very important, which is when you're in a role where you're running a company like that, there are a set of decisions that you get to make and you deserve to be criticized for those decisions and so forth and it's valid, but you are under tremendous external pressure as well. And by the way, you're under tremendous internal pressure. You've got your employees coming at you. You've got your executives in some cases coming at you. You've got your board in some cases coming at you. You've got your shareholders coming at you. So you've got your internal pressures, but you also have the press coming at you. You've got academia coming at you. You've got the entire nonprofit complex activist complex coming at you. And then really critically, you know, he talked about in Rogan and these companies all went through this, in this last especially five years, you had the government coming at you and, you know, that's the really, you know, stinky end of the pool where, you know, the government was, in my view, you know, illegally exerting, you know, just in flagrant violation of the First Amendment and federal laws on speech and coercion and conspiracy, forcing these companies to engage in activities. You know, then again, in some cases they may have wanted to do, but in other cases they clearly didn't wanna do and felt like they had to do. And the level of pressure, like I say, like I've known every CEO of Twitter, they've all had the exact same experience, which when they were in the job, it was just daily beatings. Like it just getting punched in the face every single day, constantly. And, you know, Mark is very good at getting (laughs) physically punched in the face, and then- - Getting better and better. Yeah. - You know, and he's very good at, you know, taking a punch and he has taken many, many punches. So I would encourage people to have a level of sympathy for these are not kings, these are people who operate with like, I would say, extraordinary levels of external pressure. I think if I had been in his job for the last decade, I would be a little puddle on the floor. And so it says, I think a lot about him that he has, you know, risen to this occasion the way that he has. And by the way, I should also say, you know, the cynicism of course is immediately out and, you know, legitimate thing for people to say, but you know, it's like, "Oh, you're only doing this because of Trump, or, you know, whatever." And it's just like, no, like he has been thinking about and working on these things and trying to figure them out for a very long time. And so I think what you saw are legitimate, deeply held beliefs, not some, you know, sort of just in the moment thing that could change at any time. - So what do you think it's like to be him and other leaders of companies, to be you and withstand internal pressure and external pressure? What's that life like? Is it deeply lonely? - That's a great question. So leaders are lonely to start with. And this is one of those things where almost nobody has sympathy, right? Nobody feels sorry for a CEO, right? Like, it's not a thing, right? And again, legitimately so, like CEOs get paid a lot, like the whole thing. There's a lot of great things about it. So it's not like they should be out there asking for a lot of sympathy, but it is the case that they are human beings. And it is the case that it is a lonely job. And the reason it's a lonely job is because your words carry tremendous weight and you are dealing with extremely complicated issues, and you're under a tremendous amount of emotional, you know, personal, emotional stress. And, you know, you often end up not being able to sleep well and you end up not being able to like, keep up an exercise routine and all those things. And you know, you come under family stress 'cause you're working all the time. Or my partner Ben, you know, he was CEO of our last company before we started the venture firm. He said, you know, the problem he had like with his family life was even when he was home at night, he wasn't home because he was in his head trying to solve all the business problems. And so he was like supposed to be like having dinner with his kids and he was physically there, but he wasn't mentally there. So, you know, you get that a lot. But the key thing is like, you can't talk to people, right? So I mean, you could talk to your spouse and your kids, but like, they don't understand that they're networking in your company. They don't understand, have the context to really help you. If you talk to your executives, they all have agendas, right? And they can't resist. Like it's just human nature. And so you can't necessarily rely on what they say. It's very hard in most companies to talk to your board because they can fire you. Now, Mark has the situation 'cause he has control, it actually turns out he can talk to his board. And Mark talks to us about many things that he does that most CEOs won't talk to their boards about because we literally, because we can't fire him. But a general, including all the CEOs of Twitter, that none of them had control and so they could all get fired. So you can't talk to the board members, they're gonna fire you, you can't talk to the shareholders 'cause they'll just like dump your stock, right? Like, okay, so every once in a while, what you find is basically the best-case scenario they have is they can talk to other CEOs, and there's these little organizations where they kind of pair up and do that and so they maybe get a little bit outta that. But even that's fraught with peril 'cause can you really talk about confidential information with another CEO, insider trading risk. And so it's just a very lonely isolating thing to start with. And then on top of that, you apply pressure, right? And that's where it gets painful. And then maybe I'll just spend a moment on this internal, external pressure thing. My general experience with companies is that they can withstand most forms of external pressure as long as they retain internal coherence. - Hmm. - Right. So as long as the internal team is really bonded together and supporting each other, most forms of external pressure you can withstand, and by that I mean investors dump your stock, you lose your biggest customers, you know, whatever negative article, you know, negative headline and you know, you can withstand all that. And basically, in fact, many of those forms of pressure can be bonding experiences for the team where they come out stronger. What you 100% cannot withstand is the internal crack. And what I always look for in high-pressure corporate situations now is the moment when the internal team cracks. Because I know the minute that happens, we're in a different regime. (laughs) Like, it's like the, you know, the solid has turned into a liquid. Like we're in a different regime and like the whole thing can unravel in the next week 'cause then people turn, I mean this, I guess this is what's happening in Los Angeles right now. The mayor and the fire chief turned on each other, and that's it. That government is dysfunctional. It is never going to get put back together again. It is over, it is not going to work ever again. And that's what happens to inside companies. And so somebody like Mark is under like profound internal pressure and external pressure at the same time. Now he's been very good at maintaining the coherence of his executive team, but he has had over the years, a lot of activist employees as a lot of these companies have had and so that's been continuous pressure. And then the final thing I'd say, as I said, that companies can withstand most forms of external pressure, but not all. And especially, although not all one is government pressure. Is that when your government comes for you? Like yeah, any CEO who thinks that they're bigger than their government, has that notion beaten out of them in short order. - Can you just linger on that 'cause it is maybe educating and deeply disturbing? You've spoken about it before, but we're speaking about again this government pressure. So you think they've crossed a line into essentially criminal levels of pressure? - Flagrant criminality, felonies, like obvious felonies. And I can actually cite the laws, (laughs) but yes, absolute criminality. - Can you explain how those possible to happen and maybe on a hopeful note, how we can avoid that happening again? - So I just start with is a lot of this now is in the public record, which is good 'cause it needs to be in the public record. And so there's three forms of things that are in the public record that people can look at. So when is the Twitter Files, right, which Elon put out with the set of journalists when he took over. And I will just tell you, the Twitter Files are 100% representative of what I've seen at every other one of these companies. And so you can just see what happened in Twitter and you can just assume that that happened in these other companies, you know, for the most part, certainly in terms of the kind of pressure that they got. So that's number one. That's stuff, you can just read it and you should if you haven't. The second is Mark referenced this in the Rogan podcast. There's a congressman Jim Jordan, who has a congressional committee called the Weaponization Committee. And they, in the last, you know, whatever three years have done a full-scale investigation of this. And Facebook produced a lot of documents into that investigation and many of those have now been made public and you can download those reports. And there's like 2,000 pages worth of material on that. And that's essentially the Facebook version of the Twitter Files just arrived at with a different mechanism. And then third is Mark himself talking about this on Rogan. So I'll, you know, just defer to his comments there. But yeah, basically what those three forms of information show you is basically the government, you know, over time and then culminating in 2020, 2021, you know, in the last four years, just decided that the First Amendment didn't apply to them. And they just decided that federal laws around free speech and around conspiracies to take away the rights of citizens just don't apply. And they just decided that they can just arbitrarily pressure. They just like literally arbitrarily call up companies and threaten and bully and yell and scream and, you know, threaten repercussions and force them to censor. And you know, there's this whole thing of like, well, the First Amendment only applies to, you know, the government, it doesn't apply to companies. It's like, well, there's actually a little bit of nuance to that. First of all, it definitely applies to the government. Like 100%, the First Amendment applies to the government. By the way, so does the Fourth Amendment and the Fifth Amendment, including the right to due process, also applies to the government. There was no due process at all to any of the censorship regime that was put in place. There was no due process put in place, by the way, for de-banking either. Those are just as serious violations as the free speech violations. And so this is just like flagrant, flagrant, unconstitutional behavior. And then there are specific federal statutes, it's 18 241 and 18 242. And one of them applies to federal employees, government employees, and the other one applies to private actors around what's called deprivation of rights and conspiracy to deprive rights. And it is not legal according to the United States Criminal Code for government employees or in a conspiracy private entities to take away constitutional rights. And interestingly, some of those constitutional rights are enumerated, for example, in the First Amendment, freedom of speech. And then some of those rights actually do not need to be enumerated. If the government takes away rights that you have, they don't need to be specifically enumerated rights in the Constitution order to still be a felony. The Constitution very specifically does not say you only have the rights that it gives you. It says you have all the rights that have not been previously defined as being taken away from you. Right, and so de-banking qualifies as a right, you know, right to access to the financial system, is every bit something that's subject to these laws as free speech. And so yeah, this has happened. And then I'll just add one final thing, which is we've talked about two parties so far. We talked about the government employees and then we've talked about the companies. The government employees for sure have misbehaved. The companies, there's a very interesting question there as to whether they are victims or perpetrators or both. You know, they will defend and they will argue, and I believe they have a good case, that they are victims, not perpetrators, right? They're the downstream subjects of pressure, you know, not the cause of pressure, but there's a big swath of people who are in the middle and specifically the ones that are funded by the government that I think are in possibly pretty big trouble. And that's all of these third-party censorship bureaus. I mean the one that is sort of is most obvious is the so-called Stanford Internet Observatory that got booted up there over the last several years. And they basically were funded by the federal government to be third-party censorship operations. And they're private sector actors, but acting with federal funding. And so it puts them in this very interesting spot where there could be, you know, very obvious theory under which they're basically acting as agents of the government. And so I think they're also very exposed on this and have behaved in just flagrantly illegal ways. - So fundamentally, government should not do any kind of pressure, even soft pressure on companies to censor? - Can't. Not allowed. - It really is disturbing. I mean it probably started soft, lightly slowly, and then it escalates as the the old will to power will instruct them to do. I mean, yeah, that's why there's protection 'cause you can't put a check on power for government, right? - There are so many ways that they can get you, like there are so many ways they can come at you and get you and, you know, the thing here to think about is a lot of times when people think about government action, they think about legislation, right? So when I was a kid, we got trained, how does government work? There was this famous animated short, the thing we got shown was just a cartoon of how a bill becomes a law. It's like this, you know, fancy little bill sneaked along and goes this- - I'm just the bill. Yeah. - Exactly. It's like, all right, number one, that's not how it works at all. Like that doesn't actually happen. We could talk about that. But even beyond that, mostly what we're dealing with is not legislation. When we talk about government power these days, mostly it's not legislation. Mostly it's either regulation, which is basically the equivalent of legislation, but having not gone through the legislative process, which is a very big open legal issue. And one of the things that the DOGE is very focused on. Most government rules are not legislated. They're regulated and there's tons and tons of regulations that these companies are, this is another cliche you'll hear a lot, which is, "Oh, private companies can do whatever they want." It's like, "Oh, no, they can't." They're subject to tens of thousands of regulations that they have to comply with. And the hammer that comes down when you don't comply with regulations is profound. Like they can completely wreck your company with no ability for you to do anything about it. So regulation is a big part of the way the power gets exercised. And then there's what's called just flat out administrative power, the term that you'll hear and administrative power is just literally the government telling you, calling you and telling you what to do. Here's an example of how this works. So Facebook had this whole program a few years back to do a global cryptocurrency for payments called Libra. And they built the entire system and it was this high-scale, you know, sort of new cryptocurrency, and they were gonna build into every product, and they were gonna be 3 billion people who could transact with Libra. And they went to the government and they went to the, all these different try to figure out how to make it, so it's like fully compliant with anti-money laundering and all these, you know, controls and everything. And they had the whole thing ready to go. Two senators wrote letters to the big banks saying, "We're not telling you that you can't work with Facebook on this, but if you do, you should know that every aspect of your business is going to come under greatly increased level of regulatory scrutiny," which is, of course, the exact equivalent of it sure is a nice corner restaurant you have here. It would be a shame if, you know, somebody tossed a Molotov cocktail through the window and burned it down tonight, right? And like, what is that letter? Like, it's not a law, it's not even a regulation, it's just like straight direct state power. And then it culminates in literally calls from the White House where they're just like flat out telling you what to do, which is, of course, what a king gets to do, but not what a president gets to do. And so anyway, so what these companies experienced was they experienced the full panoply of this, but the level of intensity was in that order, it was actually, legislation was the least important part. Regulation was more important, administrative power was more important and then just like flat out demands and flat out threats were ultimately the most important. How do you fix it? Well, first of all, like you have to elect people who don't do it, right? So like as with all these things, ultimately the fault lies with the voters. And so, you know, you have to decide. You don't wanna live in that regime. I have no idea what part of this recent election mapped to the censorship regime. I do know a lot of people on the right got very angry about the censorship, but I, you know, I think it probably at least helped with enthusiasm on that side. You know, maybe some people on the left will now not want their, you know, Democratic nominees to be so pro-censorship. So the voters definitely, you know, get a vote, number one. Number two, I think you need transparency. You need to know what happened. We know some of what happened. Peter Thiel has written in the FT just now saying, we just need like broad after what we've been through in the last decade, we need to broad base truth and reconciliation, you know, efforts to really get to the root of things. So maybe that's part of it. We need investigations for sure. Ultimately, we need prosecutions. Like ultimately, we need people to go to jail 'cause we need to set object lessons that say that you don't get to do this. And on those last two, I would say that those are both up to the new administration, and I don't wanna speak for them and I don't wanna predict what they're gonna do, but they for sure have the ability to do both of those things and you know, we'll see where they take it. - Yeah, it's truly disturbing. I don't think anybody wants this kind of overreach of power for government, including perhaps people that are participating in it. It's like this dark momentum of power that you just get caught up in it. And that's the reason there's that kind of protection. Nobody wants that. - So I use the metaphor, the ring of power. - Yeah. - And for people who don't catch the reference, that's "Lord of the Rings." And the thing with the Ring of Power and "Lord of the Rings," it's the ring the Gollum has in the beginning and it turns you invisible. And it turns out it like unlocks all this like fearsome power. It's the most powerful thing in the world, is to key to everything. And basically, the moral lesson of "Lord of the Rings," which was, you know, written by a guy who thought very deeply about these things is, yeah, the ring of power is inherently corrupting. The characters at one point, they're like, "Gandalf, just put on the ring and like fix this." Right, and he will not put the ring on even to like end the war because he knows that it will corrupt him. And then, you know, as it starts, the character of Gollum is the result of, you know, like a normal character who ultimately becomes, you know, this incredibly corrupt and deranged version of himself. And so, I mean, I think you said something actually quite profound there, which is the ring of power is infinitely tempting. You know, the censorship machine is infinitely tempting. If you have it, like you are going to use it. It's overwhelmingly tempting 'cause it's so powerful, and that it will corrupt you. And yeah, I don't know whether any of these people feel any of this today. They should. I don't know if they do. But yeah. You go out five or 10 years later, you know, you would hope that you would realize that your soul has been corroded and you probably started out thinking that you were a patriot and you were trying to defend democracy, and you ended up being, you know, extremely authoritarian and anti-democratic and anti-Western. - Can I ask you a tough question here? Staying on the ring of power, Elon is quickly becoming the most powerful human on Earth. - I'm not sure about that. - You don't think he is? - Well, he doesn't have the nukes so. - Nukes. (Marc laughing) Yeah, there's different definitions and perspectives on power, right? - Yeah. - How can he and/or Donald Trump avoid the corrupting aspects of this power? - I mean, I think the danger is there with power. It's flat out there. I would say with Elon, we'll see. I would say with Elon, and I would say by the way, overwhelmingly, I would say so far so good. I'm extremely, extremely thrilled by what he's done on almost every front for like, you know, the last 30 years. (Lex laughing) But including all this stuff recently, like I think he's been a real hero on a lot of topics where we needed to see heroism. But look, I would say, I guess the sort of case that he has this level of power is that some combination of the money and the proximity to the president. And obviously both of those are, you know, are instruments of power. The counter argument to that is, I do think a lot of how Elon is causing change in the world right now. I mean, there's the companies he's running directly where I think he's doing very well, and we're investors in multiple of them and doing very well. But I think like a lot of the stuff that gets people mad at him is like, it's the social and political stuff and it's, you know, it's his statements, and then it's the downstream effects of his statements. So like for example, it's, you know, for the last couple weeks, it's been him, you know, kind of weighing in on this rape gang scandal, you know, this rape organized child rape thing in the UK. And you know, it's a preface cascade. It's one of these things where people knew there was a problem, they weren't willing to talk about it, it kind of got suppressed. And then Elon brought it up, and then all of a sudden there's now in the UK this like massive explosion of basically open conversation about it for the first time. And you know, it's like this catalyzing, all of a sudden everybody's kind of woken up and being like, "Oh, my God, you know, this is really bad." And there will be now, you know, pretty clearly big changes as a result. So, and Elon was, you know, he played the role of the boy who said, the emperor has no clothes, right? But here's the thing, here's my point. Like he said it about something that was true, right? And so had he said it about something that was false, you know, he would get no credit for it. He wouldn't deserve any credit for it. But he said something that was true. And by the way, everybody over there instantly, they were like, "Oh, yeah, he's right," right? (laughs) Like nobody seriously said they're just arguing the details now. So number one, it's like, okay, he says true things. And so it's like, okay, how far... Put it this way. Like, how worried are we about somebody becoming corrupt by virtue of their power being that they get to speak the truth? And I guess I would say, especially in the last decade of what we've been through where everybody's been lying all the time about everything, I'd say, I think we should run this experiment as hard as we can to get people to tell the truth. And so I don't feel that bad about that. And then the money side, you know, this rapidly gets into the money and politics question. And the money and politics question is this very interesting question because it seems like it, there's a clear-cut case that the more money in politics, the worse things are and the more corrupted the system is. That was a very popular topic of public conversation up until 2016 when Hillary outspent Trump 3 to 1 and lost. You'll notice that money and politics has all most vanished as a topic in the last eight years. And once again, Trump spent far, you know, Kamala raised and spent 1.5 billion on top of what Biden had spent. So they were at, I don't know, something like 3 billion total in Trump, I think spent again like a third or a fourth of that. And so the money in politics kind of topic has kind of vanished from a popular conversation in the last eight years. It has come back a little bit now that Elon is spending. You know, but again, it's like, okay, he's spending, but the data would seem to indicate in the last, at least in the last eight years, that money doesn't win the political battles. It's actually like the voters actually have a voice and they actually exercise it, and they don't just listen to ads. And so again, there I would say like, yeah, clearly there's some power there, but I don't know if it's some weapon that he can just like turn on and use in a definitive way. - And I don't know if those parallels there, but I could also say just on a human level, he has a good heart and I interact with a lot of powerful people, and that's not always the case. So that's a good thing there. - Yeah. - If we can draw parallels to the Hobbit or whatever. (laughs) Who gets to put on the ring? - [Marc] Frodo. - Frodo, yeah. - Yeah. Maybe one of the lessons of "Lord of the Rings" right, is even Frodo would've been, you know, even Frodo would've been corrupted, right? But, you know, nevertheless, you had somebody who could do what it took at at the time. The thing that I find just so amazing about the Elon phenomenon and all the critiques is, you know, the one thing that everybody in our societies universally agrees on because it's sort of our post-Christian egalitarian. So, you know, we live in sort of this post-secularized Christian context in the West now, and it's, you know, we consider Christianity kind of, you know, backwards, but we still believe essentially all the same things. We just dress them up in sort of fake science. (Lex laughing) So the one thing that we're all told, we're all taught from early is that the best people in the world are the people who care about all of humanity, right? And we venerate, you know, all of our figures are people who care about all of, you know... Jesus cared about all of humanity. Gandhi cared about all of humanity. Martin Luther King cared about all of humanity. Like it's this universe, the person who cares the most about everybody. And with Elon, you have a guy who literally, like, is, he talks about this constantly, and he talks about exactly the same in private. He is literally, he is operating on behalf of all of humanity to try to get us to, you know, he goes through to get us through multi-planetary civilization, so that we can survive a strike on any one planet, so that we can extend the light of human consciousness into the world and, you know, into the universe and have it persist, you know, in the good of the whole thing. And like literally the critique is, yeah, we want you to care about all of humanity, but not like that. (both laughing) - Yeah. All the critics. All the surface turmoil, the critics will be forgotten. - Yeah, I think, yeah, that's clear. - You said that we always end up being ruled by the elite of some kind. Can you explain this law, this idea? - So this comes from a Italian political philosopher from about 100 years ago named Robert... I'm gonna mangle it from, let you pronounce the Italian. Michels or Michels. And then I learned about it through a famous book on politics, probably the best book on politics written in the 20th century called "The Machiavellians" by this guy James Burnham, who has had a big impact on me. But in "The Machiavellians," he resurrects what he calls is this sort of Italian realist school of political philosophy from the '10s and '20s. And these were people, to be clear, this was not like a Mussolini thing. These were people who were trying to understand the actual mechanics of how politics actually works. So to get to the actual sort of mechanical substance of like how the political machine operates. And this guy, Michels had this concept ended up with called the iron law of oligarchy. And so what the iron law of oligarchy, and I mean take a step back to say what he meant by oligarchy 'cause it has multiple meanings. So basically, in classic political theory, there's basically three forms of government at core. There's democracy, which is rule of many. There's oligarchy, which is rule of the few. And there's monarchy, which is rule of the one. And you can just use that as a general framework of any government you're gonna be under is gonna be one of those, just mechanical observation without even saying which one's good or bad, just a structural observation. And so the question that Michels asked was like, is there such a thing as democracy? Like is there actually such a thing as democracy? Is there ever actually like direct government? And what he did was he mounted this sort of incredible historical exploration of whether democracies had ever existed in the world. And the answer basically is almost never. And we could talk about that. But the other thing he did was he sought out the most democratic private organization in the world that he could find at that point, which he concluded was some basically communist German autoworkers union that was like wholly devoted to the workers of the world uniting, you know, back when that was like the hot thing. And he went in there and he is like, okay, this is the organization out of all organizations on planet Earth that must be operating as a direct democracy. And he went in there and he is like, "Oh, nope." There's a leadership class. You know, there's like six guys at the top and they control everything (laughs) and then they lead the rest of the membership along, you know, by the nose, which is, of course, the story of every union. The story of every union is always the story of, you know, there's a Jimmy Hoffa in there, you know, kind of running the thing. You know, we just saw that with the dock workers' union, right? Like, you know, there's a guy and he's in charge. And by the way, the number two is his son, right? Like, that's not like a, you know, an accident, right? So the iron law oligarchy basically says democracy is fake. There's always a ruling elite structurally. And he said, "The reason for that is because the masses can't organize," right? What's the fundamental problem? Whether the mass is 25,000 people in a union or 250 million people in a country, the masses can't organize, the majority cannot organize, only a minority can organize. And to be effective in politics, you must organize. And therefore, every political structure in human history has been some form of a small organized elite ruling a large and dispersed majority. Every single one. The Greeks and the Florentines had brief experiments in direct democracy, and they were total disasters. In Florence... I forget the name of it. It was called like The Workers' Revolt or something like that. There was like a two-year period where they basically experimented with direct democracy during the Renaissance, and it was a complete disaster and they never tried it again. In the state of California, we have our own experiment on this, which is the proposition system, which is an overlay on top of the legislature. You know, anybody who looks at it for two seconds concludes it's been a complete disaster. It's just a catastrophe, and it's caused enormous damage to the state. And so basically, the presumption that we are in a democracy is just sort of by definition fake. Now, good news for the US, it turns out the founders understood this. And so of course, they didn't give us a direct democracy, they gave us a representative democracy, right? And so they built the oligarchy into the system in the form of Congress and the executive branch and the judicial branch. So anyway, so as a consequence, democracy is always everywhere fake. There is always a ruling elite. And basically, the lesson of "The Machiavellians" is you can deny that if you want, but you're fooling yourself. The way to actually think about how to make a system work and maintain any sort of shred of freedom is to actually understand that is actually what's happening. - And lucky for us, the founders saw this and figured out a way to, given that there's going to be a ruling elite, how to create a balance of power among that elite- - Yes. - So it doesn't get out of hand. - And it was very clever. Right? And you know, some of this was based on earlier experiments. By the way, you know, these were very, very smart people, right? And so they knew tremendous amounts of like Greek and Roman history. They knew the Renaissance history, you know, "The Federalist Papers," they argue this a great length. You can read it all. You know, they ran like a one of the best seminars in world history trying to figure this out. And they went through all this and yeah. And so they thought through it very carefully, but just, I'll give you an example, which continues to be a hot topic. So, you know, one way they did it just through the three branches of government, right? Executive, legislative and judicial, sort of balance of powers. But the other way, they did it was they sort of echoing what had been done earlier. I think in the UK Parliament, they created the two different bodies of the legislature, right? And so the, you know, the House and the Senate, and as you know, the house is a portion on the basis of population, and the Senate is not, right? The small states have just as many senators as the big states. And then they made the deliberate decision to have the house get reelected every two years to make it very responsive to the will of the people. And they made the decision to have the Senate get reelected every six years so that it had more buffer from the passions of the moment. But what's interesting is they didn't choose one or the other, right? They did them both. And then to get legislation passed, you have to get through both of them. And so they built in like a second layer of checks and balances. And then there's a thousand observations we could make about like how well the system is working today and like how much does it live up to the ideal and how much are we actually complying with the constitution? And you know, there's lots of open questions there, but you know, this system has survived for coming on 250 years with a country that has been spectacularly successful. But I don't think, at least, you know, I don't think any of us would trade the system for any other one. And so it's, yeah, one of the great all-time achievements. - Yeah, it's incredible. And we should say they were all pretty young relative to our current set of leaders. - They were. Many in their 20s at the time, and like super geniuses. This is one of those things where it's just like, all right, something happened where there was a group of people where, you know, nobody ever tested their IQs, but like these are Einsteins of politics. Yeah. An amazing thing. But anyway, I go through all that, which is they were very keen students of the actual mechanical practice of democracy, not fixated on what was desirable. They were incredibly focused on what would actually work, which is, you know, I think the way to think about these things. - There were engineers of sort, not the fuzzy humanity students of sort. - They were shape rotators, not word cells. (laughs) - I remember that. Wow. That meme came and went. I think you were center to them, you're center to a lot of memes. - [Marc] I was. - You're the meme dealer and the meme popularizer. - That's true. That meme I get some credit for and then the current thing is, the other one I get some credit for. I don't know that I invented either one, but I popularized them. - Take credit and run with it. - [Marc] Yep. - If we can just linger on the Machiavellians. It's a study of power and power dynamics, like you mentioned looking at the actual reality of the machinery of power. From everything you've seen now in government, but also in companies, what are some interesting things you can sort of continue to say about the dynamics of power, the jostling for power that happens inside these institutions? - Yeah, so a lot of it, you know, we already talked about this a bit with the universities, which is you can apply a Machiavellian-style lens to the... It's why I posed the question to you that I did, which is, okay, who runs the university, the trustees, the administration, the students or the faculty? And you know, the true answer is some combination of the three or of the four, plus the donors, by the way, plus the government, plus the press, et cetera, right? And so you know, there's a mechanical interpretation of that. I mean, companies operate under the exact same, you know, set of questions. Who runs a company? You know, the CEO, but like the CEO runs the company basically up to the day that either the shareholders or the management team revolt. If the shareholders revolt, it's very hard for the CEO to stay in the seat. If the management team revolts, it's very hard for the CEO to stay in the seat. By the way, if the employees revolt, it's also hard to stay in the seat. By the way, if The New York Times comes at you, it's also very hard to stay in the seat. If the Senate comes at you, it's very hard to stay in the seat. So, you know, like a reductionist version of this that is a good shorthand is who can get who fired? You know, so who has more power? You know, the newspaper columnist who makes, you know, $200,000 a year, or the CEO who makes, you know, $200 million a year. And it's like, well, I know for sure that the columnist can get the CEO fired. I've seen that happen before I have yet to see a CEO get a columnist fired. - Did anyone ever get fired from the Bill Ackman assault on journalism? (laughs) So Bill like really showed the bullshit that happens in journalism. - No, 'cause what happens is they wear it with a... And yeah, I would say to their credit, they wear it as a badge of honor and then to their shame, they wear it as a badge of honor, right? Which is, you know, if they're doing the right thing, then they are justifiably priding themselves for standing up under pressure. But it also means that they can't respond to legitimate criticism and, you know, they're obviously terrible at that now. As I recall, he went straight to the CEO of Axel Springer that owns Insider. You know, and I happen to know the CEO, and I think he's quite a good CEO, but I like, well, this is a good example. Does the CEO Axel Springer run his own company, right? Like, well, there's a fascinating, okay, so there's a fascinating playing out right now. Not to dwell on these fires, but you see the pressure reveals things, right? And so if you've been watching what's happened with the LA Times recently, so this guy, biotech entrepreneur buys the LA Times, like whatever, eight years ago. It is just like the most radical social revolutionary thing you can possibly imagine. It's endorses every crazy left-wing radical you can imagine. It endorses Karen Bass, it endorses Gavin Newsom. It's just like a litany of all the people who, you know, are currently burning the city to the ground. It's just like endorsed every single bad person every step of the way. He's owned it the entire time. You know, for the first time, I think put his foot down right before the November election and said, we're getting... He said, "We're gonna get outta this thing where we just always endorse the Democrat." And we said, we're not endorsing, I think he said, "We're not endorsing for the presidency." And like the paper flipped out, right? It's like our billionaire backer who's... And I don't know what he spends, but like, he must be burning 50 or 100 million dollars a year out of his pocket to keep this thing running. He paid 500 million for it, which is amazing. Back when people still thought these things were businesses. And then he's probably burned another 500 million over the last decade keeping it running. And he burns probably another 50, 100 million a year to do this. And the journalists at the LA Times hate him with the fury of 1,000 suns. Like they just like absolutely freaking despise him. And they have been like attacking him and you know, the ones that can get jobs elsewhere quit and do it, and the rest just stay and say the worst, you know, most horrible things about him. And they wanna constantly run these stories attacking him. And so he has had this reaction that a lot of people in LA are having right now to this fire, and to this just like incredibly vivid collapse of leadership. And all these people that his paper head endorsed are just disasters. And he's on this tour, he's basically just, he's decided to be the boy who says the emperor has no clothes, but he's doing it to his own newspaper. (laughs) Very smart guy. He is not a press tour and he is basically saying, yeah, yes, we did all that and we endorsed all these people and it was a huge mistake and we're gonna completely change. And his paper is, you know, in a complete internal revolt. But I go through it, which is okay, now we have a very interesting question, which is who runs the LA Times? Because for the last eight years, it hasn't been him. (laughs) It's been the reporters. Now for the first time, the owner is showing up saying, "Oh, no, I'm actually in charge." And the reporters are saying, "No, you're not." And like it is freaking on. And so again, if the, the Machiavellian's mindset on this is like, okay, how is power actually exercised here? Can a guy who's like even super rich and super powerful who even owns his own newspaper, can he stand up to a full-scale assault, not only by his own reporters, but by every other journalism outlet who also now thinks he's the Antichrist? - And he is trying to exercise power by speaking out publicly and so that's the game of power there. - And firing people. - Firing people. Yeah. - You know, he has removed people and he has set new rules. I mean, he is now, I think at long, I think he's saying he's now at long last actually exercising prerogatives of an owner of a business, which is decide on the policies and staffing of the business. There are certain other owners of these publications that are doing similar things right now. He's the one I don't know, so he's the one I can talk about. But there are others that are going through the same thing right now. And I think it's a really interesting open question. Like, you know, in a fight between the employees and the employer, like it's not crystal clear that the employer wins that one. - And just to stay on journalism for a second, we mentioned Bill Ackman. I just wanna say put him in the category we mentioned before of a really courageous person. I don't think I've ever seen anybody so fearless in going after, you know, in following what he believes in publicly. That's courage. That several things he's done publicly has been really inspiring. Just being courageous. - What do you think is like the most impressive example? - Where he went after journalists whose whole incentive is to, like, I mean, it's like kicking the beehive or whatever, you know, what's gonna follow and do that. I mean that's why it's difficult to challenge journalistic organizations because they're going to, you know, there's just so many mechanisms they use, including like writing articles and get cited by Wikipedia and then drive the narrative and then they can get you fired, all this kind of stuff. Bill Ackman, like a bad MFer just tweets these essays and just goes after them legally and also in the public eye. And just, I don't know. That was truly inspiring. There's not many people like that out in public and hopefully that inspires not just me, but many others to be courageous themselves. - Did you know of him before he started doing this in public? - I knew of Neri, his wife, who's a brilliant researcher and scientist. And so I admire her. Looked up to her and think she's amazing. - Well, the reason I ask if you knew about Bill is because a lot of people had not heard of him before, especially like before October 7th and before some of the campaigns he's been running since in public, and with Harvard and so forth. But he was very well known in the investment world before that. So he was a famous, he was so-called activist investor for, you know, very, very successful and very widely respected for probably 30 years before now. And I bring that up because it turns out, they weren't for the most part battles that happened in kind of full public view. They weren't national stories, but in the business and investing world, the activist investor is a very, it's like in the movie "Taken." It's a very specific set of skills. (both laughing) - Yeah. - On how to like really take control of situations. - Yeah. - And how to wreck the people who you're going up against. And there's been controversy over the years on this topic, and there's too much detail to go into. But the defense of activist investing, which I think is valid is, you know, these are the guys who basically go in and take stakes in companies that are being poorly managed or under-optimized. And then generally what that means is, at least the theory is that means the existing management is become entrenched and lazy, mediocre, you know, whatever. Not, you're responding to the needs of the shareholders. Often not responding to the customers. And the activists basically go in with a minority position and then they rally support among other investors who are not activists. And then they basically show up and they force change. But they are the aggressive version of this. And I've been involved in companies that have been on the receiving end of these- - Oh-oh. - Where it is amazing how much somebody like that can exert pressure on situations even when they don't have formal control. So it would be another chess piece on the mechanical board of kind of how power gets exercised. And basically what happens is the effective analysts, a large amount of time, they end up taking over control of companies even though they never own more than like 5% of the stock. And so anyway, so it turns out with Bill's, it's such a fascinating case. 'Cause he has that like complete skillset. - (laughs) Yeah. - And he has now decided to bring it to bear in areas that are not just companies. And two interesting things for that. One is, you know, some of these places, you know, and some of these battles are still ongoing, but number one, like a lot of people who run universities or newspapers are not used to being up against somebody like this. And by the way, also now with infinitely deep pockets and lots of experience in courtrooms and all the things that kind of go with that. But the other is through example, he is teaching a lot of the rest of us the activists playbook, like in real time. And so Liam Neeson skillset is getting more broadly diffused just by being able to watch and learn from him. So I think he's having a, you know, I would put him up there with Elon in terms of somebody who's really affecting how all this is playing out. - But even skillset aside just courage and- - Yes, including by the way, courage to go outside of his own zone. - Yeah. - Right. You know, 'cause like he hasn't been, I'll give you an example. Like my firm venture capital firm, we have LPs. There are things that I feel like I can't do or say 'cause I feel like I would be bringing, you know, I would be bringing embarrassment or other consequences to our LPs. He has investors also where he worries about that. And so a couple things. One, it's his willingness to go out a bit and risk his relationship with his own investors. But I will tell you the other thing, which is his investors... I know this for a fact. His investors have been remarkably supportive of him doing that. 'Cause as it turns out, a lot of them actually agree with him. And so it is the same thing he does in the his activism campaigns. He is able to be the tip of the spear on something that actually a lot more people agree with. - Yeah. It turns out if you have truth behind you, it helps. - And just again, our, you know, how I started is a lot of people are just fed up. - You've been spending a bunch of time in Mar-a-Lago, in Palm Beach helping the new administration in many ways, including interviewing people who might join. So what's your general sense about the talent, about the people who are coming in into the new administration? - So I should start by saying I'm not a member of the new administration. I'm not like in the room when a lot of these people are being selected. - I believe you said unpaid intern. - I'm an unpaid intern. So I'm a volunteer and I, you know, when helpful, but I'm not making the decisions, nor am I in a position to, you know, speak for the administration. So I don't wanna say anything that would cause people to think I'm doing that. It's a very unusual situation, right? Where you had an incumbent president and then you had a four-year gap where he is outta office, and then you have him coming back, right? And as you'll recall, there was a fair amount of controversy over the end of the first term. - Oh, yeah. - The specific concern was, you know, the first Trump administration, you know, they will all say this is like, they didn't come in with a team, right? So you know, they didn't come in with a team and most of the sort of institutional base of the Republican Party were Bush Republicans. And many of them had become never Trumpers. And so they had a hard time putting the team together. And then by the way, they had a hard time getting people confirmed. And so if you talk to the people who were there in the first term, it took them 2 to 3 years to kind of even get the government in place. And then they basically only had the government in place, you know, for basically like 18 months, and then COVID hit. You know, and then sort of the aftermath and everything, and all the drama and headlines and everything. And so the concern, you know, including from some various smart people in the last two years has been, boy, if Trump gets a second term, is he gonna be able to get a team that is as good as the team he had last time or a team that is actually not as good? 'Cause maybe people got burned out. Maybe they're more cynical now. Maybe they're not willing to go through the drama. By the way, a lot of people in the first term came under, like, you know, with their own withering legal assaults, and, you know, some of them went to prison and like, you know, a lot of stuff happened, lots of investigations, lots of legal fees, lots of bad press, lots of debanking, by the way. A lot of the officials in the first Trump term got debanked, including the president's wife and son. - Yeah, I heard you tell that story. That's insane. That's just insane. - In the wake of the first term, yes. We now take out spouses and children with our ring of power. And so there's like this legitimate question as to like, whether, okay, what will the team for the second term look like? And at least what I've seen and what you're seeing with the appointments is it looks much, much better. First of all, it just looks better than the first term and not 'cause the people in the first term were not necessarily good, but just you just have this like, influx of like incredibly capable people that have shown up that wanna be part of this, and you just didn't have that the first time. And so they're just drawing on a much deeper, richer talent pool than they had the first time. And they're drawing on people who know what the game is. Like they're drawing on people now who know what is gonna happen and they're still willing to do it. And so they're gonna get, I think, you know, some of the best people from the first term, but they're bringing in a lot of people who they couldn't get the first time around. And then second is there's a bunch of people, including people in the first term where they're just 10 years older. And so they went through the first term and they just learned how everything works. Or they're young people who just had a different point of view and now they're 10 years older and they're ready to go serving government. And so there's a generational shift happening. And actually one of the interesting things about the team that's forming up is it's remarkably young. Some of the cabinet members, and then many of the second and third level people are like in their 30s and 40s, you know, which is a big change from the gerontocracy that, you know, we've been under for the last 30 years. And so I think the caliber has been outstanding, you know, and we could sit here and list tons and tons of people, but like, you know, the people who are running, you know, it's everything from the people who are running all the different departments at HHS. It's the people running, you know, the number two at the Pentagon is Steve Feinberg, who's just like an incredible legend of private equity, incredible capable guy. We've got, actually two of my partners are going in who I both think are amazing. Yeah, like many, many parts of the government, the people are like, really impressive. - Well, I think one of the concerns is actually that given the human being of Donald Trump, that there would be more tendency towards, let's say favoritism versus meritocracy. That there's kind of circles of sycophancy that form. And if you're be able to be loyal and never oppose and just be basically suck up to the president, that you'll get a position. So that's one of the concerns. And I think you're in a good position to speak to the degree that's happening versus hiring based on merit and just getting great teams. - Yeah, so look, I just start by saying any leader at that level, by the way, any CEO, there's always some risk of that, right? So there's always some, you know, it's like a natural reality warps around powerful leaders. And so there's always some risk to that. Of course, the good and powerful leaders are, you know, very aware of that. And Trump, at this point in his life, I think is highly aware of that, at least in my interactions with him. Like he definitely seems very aware of that. So that's one thing. I would just say that the, I think the way to look at that, I mean, and look, like I said, I don't wanna predict what's gonna happen once this whole thing starts unfolding, but I would just say that it's again, the caliber of the people who are showing up and getting the jobs, and then the fact that these are some of the most accomplished people in the business world and in the medical field. I just, you know, Jay Bhattacharya coming in to run NIH, so I was actually, I was part of the interview team for a lot of the HHS folks. - Nice. Jay's amazing. Oh, I was so happy to see that. - So I literally got, this is a story. I got to the transition office for one of the days of the HHS interviews, and I was on one of the interview interviewing teams, and they gave us, I didn't know who the candidates were, and they gave us the sheet in the beginning, and I go down the sheet and I saw Jay's name, and I, like, I almost physically fell outta my chair. - Yeah. - And I was just like... (laughs) You know, and I happen to know Jay, I happen to know Jay, and I respect him enormously. And then he proved himself under this, like, talk about a guy who proved himself under extraordinary pressure- - Yeah. - Over the last five years. - And then go radical under the pressure. He maintained balance and thoughtfulness and depth. I mean, incredibly- - Very serious, very analytical, very applied. And yes, 100%. Tested under pressure came out. Like the more people look back at what he said and did, and you know, he's not, you know, none of us are perfect, but like overwhelmingly insightful throughout that whole period. And, you know, we would all be much better off today had he been in charge of the response. And so just like an incredibly capable guy. And look, and then he learned from all that, right? He learned a lot in the last five years. And so the idea that somebody like that could be head of NIH as compared to the people we've had is just like breathtakingly. It's just a gigantic upgrade. You know, and then Marty Makary coming in to run FDA, exact same thing. The guy coming to run a CDC, exact same thing. I mean, I've been spending time with Dr. Oz, so, you know, and I'm not, like, again, I'm not on these teams. I'm not in the room. But like, I've been spending enough time trying to help that, like his level of insight into the healthcare system, it's like astounding. And it comes from being a guy who's been like in the middle of the whole thing and been talking to people about this stuff and working on it and serving as a doctor himself and in medical systems for, you know, his entire life. And it's just like, you know, he's like a walking encyclopedia on these things. And you know, very dynamic, you know, very charismatic, very smart, organized, effective. So, you know, to have somebody like that in there. And so anyway, they're just, I have like 30 of these stories now across all these different positions. And then to be quite honest, you do the compare and contrast to the last four years. And it, not even, these people are not in the same ballpark. They're just like wildly better. And so it, you know, the pound for pound is maybe be the best team in the White House since, you know, I don't even know, maybe the 90s, maybe the 30s, maybe the 50s, you know, maybe Eisenhower had a team like this or something. But there's a lot of really good people in there now. - Yeah, the potential for change is certainly extremely high. Well, can you speak to DOGE? What's the most wildly successful next two years for DOGE, can you imagine? Maybe also, can you think about the trajectory that's the most likely and what kind of challenges would it be facing? - Yeah, so start by saying, again, I'm not... Disclaimer, I have to disclaimer, I'm not on DOGE, (laughs) I'm not a member of DOGE. - We should say there's about 10 lawyers in the room, they're staring. No, I'm just kidding. - Both the angels and the devils on my shoulder are- - Okay. All right, cool. - So yeah, so I'm not speaking for DOGE. I'm not in charge of DOGE. - Yeah. - Those guys are doing it, I'm not doing it. But you know, again, I'm volunteering to help as much as I can and I'm 100% supportive. Yeah, so look, I think the way to think, I mean, the basic outlines are in public, right? Which it's a time limited, you know, basically commission. It's not a formal government agency. It's a, you know, time limited, 18 month. In terms of implementation, it will advise the executive branch, right? And so the implementation will happen through the White House. And the president has total attitude on what he wants to implement. And then basically what I think about it is the three kind of streams, you know, kind of target sets, and they're related, but different. So money, people and regulations. And so, you know, the headline number, they, you know, put us the $2 trillion number and there's already, you know, disputes over that and whatever, and there's whole question there. But then there's the people thing. And the people thing is interesting 'cause you get into these very kind of fascinating questions. And I've been doing this, I won't do this for you as a pop quiz, but I do this for people in government as a pop quiz, and I can stump them every time, which is, A, how many federal agencies are there? And the answer is somewhere between 450 and 520. And nobody's quite sure. And then the other is how many people work for the federal government? And the answer is, you know, something on the order, I forget, but like 4 million full-time employees and maybe up to 20 million contractors, and nobody's quite sure. And so there's a large people component to this. And then by the way, there's a related component to that, which is how many of them are actually in the office? And the answer is not many, most of the federal buildings are still empty, right? And then there's questions of like, are people, you know, working from home? Or are we actually working from home? So there's the people dimension, and of course, the money and the people are connected. And then there's the third, which is the regulation thing, right? And I described earlier how basically our system of government is much more now based on regulations than legislation, right? Most of the rules that we all live under are not from a bill that went through Congress. They're from an agency that, that created a regulation. That turns out to be very, very important. So one is, Elon have already described, we wanna do the DOGE wants to do broad-based regulatory relief, and Trump has talked about this, and basically get the government off people's backs and liberate the American people to be able to do things again. So that's part of it. But there's also something else that's happened, which is very interesting, which was there were a set of Supreme Court decisions about two years ago that went directly after the idea that the executive branch can create regulatory agencies and issue regulations and enforce those regulations without corresponding congressional legislation. And most of the federal government that exists today, including most of the departments and most of the rules, and most of the money, and most of the people, most of it is not enforcing laws that Congress passed. Most of it is regulation. And the Supreme Court basically said, "Large parts, you know, large to maybe all of that regulation that did not directly result from a bill that went through Congress, the way that the cartoon said that it should, that may not actually be legal. Now, the previous White House, of course, was super in favor of big government. They had no desire to, they did nothing based on this. They didn't, you know, pull anything back in. But the new regime, if they choose to, could say, "Look, the thing that we're doing here is not, you know, challenging the laws, we're actually complying with the Supreme Court decision that basically says we have to unwind a lot of this, and we have to unwind the regulations, which are no longer legal, constitutional, we have to unwind the spend and we have to unwind the people." And that's how you get from, basically you connect the thread from the regulation part back to the money part, back to the people part. They have work going on all three of these threads. They have, I would say, incredibly creative ideas on how to deal with this. I know lots of former government people who 100% of them are super cynical on this topic. And they're like, "This is impossible. This could never possibly work." And I'm like, "Well, I can't tell you what the secret plans are, but like blow my mind." And all three of those, like, they have ideas that are like really quite amazing as you'd expect from, you know, from the people involved. And so over the course of the next few months, you know, that'll start to become visible. And then the final thing I would say is, this is going to be very different than attempts, like there have been other programs like this in the past. The Clinton-Gore administration had one, and then there were others before that, Reagan had one. The difference is this time, their social media. And so there has never been like, it's interesting, one of the reasons people in Washington are so cynical is because they know all the bullshit. Like they know all the bad spending and all the bad rules and all the, like, you know, I mean, look, we're adding a trillion dollars to the national debt every 100 days right now. And that's compounding, and it's now passing the size of the defense department budget, and it's compounding, and it's pretty soon it's gonna be adding a trillion dollars every 90 days, and then it's gonna be adding a trillion dollars every 80 days, and then it's gonna be a trillion dollars every 70 days. And then if this doesn't get fixed, at some point we enter a hyper-inflationary spiral and we become Argentina or Brazil and (indistinct), right? And so, like everybody in DC knows that something has to be done, and then everybody in DC knows for a fact that it's impossible to do anything, right? They know all the problems and they also know the sheer impossibility of fixing it. But I think what they're not taking into account, that what the critics are not taking into account is these guys can do this in the full light of day and they can do it on social media. They can completely bypass the press, they can completely bypass the cynicism, they can expose any element of, you know, unconstitutional or, you know, silly government spending. They can run victory lapse every single day on what they're doing. They can bring the people into the process. And again, if you think about it, this goes back to our Machiavellian structure, which is if you think about, again, you've got democracy, oligarchy, monarchy, rule of the many, rule of the few, rule of the one. You could think about what's happening here as a little bit of a sandwich, right? Which is, we don't have a monarch, but we have a president, rule of the one with some power. And then we have the people who can't organize, but they can be informed and they can be aware and they can express themselves through voting and polling, right? And so there's a sandwich happening right now, is a way to think about it, which is you've got basically (indistinct) if you got rule of one combining with the rule of many, right? And rule of many is they do get to vote, right? The people do get to vote basically. And then essentially Congress as in this sort of permanent bureaucratic class in Washington as the oligarchy in the middle. And so the White House plus the people, I think have the power to do all kinds of things here, and I think that would be the way I would wash it. - The transparency. I mean, Elon, just by who he is incentivized to be transparent and show the bullshit in the system and to celebrate the victories. So it's gonna be so exciting. I mean, honestly, it just makes government more exciting, which is a win for everybody. - These people are spending our money. - [Lex] Yeah. - These people have enormous contempt for the taxpayer. Okay, here's the thing you hear in Washington, here's one of the things. So the first thing you hear is, "This is impossible, they'll be able to do nothing." And then, yeah, I walk them through this and they're like, it starts to dawn on them that this is a new kind of thing. And then they're like, "Well, it doesn't matter because all the money is in entitlements and the debt and the military." And so like, yeah, you've got like this silly, fake whatever, you know, NPR funding or whatever, and like, it's a rounding error and it doesn't matter. And you look it up in the budget and it's like, whatever, $500 million or $5 billion or it's the charging stations that don't exist. It's the $40 billion of charging stations and they bill eight charging stations, or it's the broadband internet plan that delivered broadband to nobody, right? And costs you $30 billion. Like, so these boondoggles and what everybody in Washington says is that $30 billion is a rounding error on the federal budget, it doesn't matter. Who cares if they make it go away? And of course, any taxpayer is like, "What the fuck?" (Lex laughing) - What do you mean? - It's $30 billion. - Yeah. - Right. And then the experts are like, and the press is in on this too. Then the experts are like, "Well, it doesn't matter 'cause it's surrounding error." No, it's $30 billion. And if you're this cavalier about $30 billion, imagine how cavalier you're about the 3 trillion. - Yeah. - Okay. Then there's the, okay, $30 billion. Is $30 billion a lot of the federal budget and percentage? No, it's not. But $30 billion divided by 30, do the math, $30 billion divided by let's say 300 million taxpayers, right? Like, what's that math expert? - $100. - $100 per taxpayer per year. Okay, so $100 to an ordinary person working hard every day to make money and provide for their kids. $100 is a meal out. It's a trip to the amusement park. It's the ability to, you know, buy additional educational materials. It's the ability to have a babysitter to be able to have a romantic relationship with your wife. There's like 100 things that that person can do with $100 that they're not doing 'cause it's going to some bullshit program that is being basically where the money's being looted out in the form of just like ridiculous ridiculousness and graft. And so the idea that $30 billion program is not something that is like a very important thing to go after, is just like the level of contempt for the taxpayer- - Yeah. - Is just off the charts. And then that's just one of those programs, there's like 100 of those programs and they're all just like that. Like, it's not like any of this stuff is running well, like the one thing we know is that none of this stuff is running well. Like we know that for sure, right? And we know these people aren't showing up to work and like we know that all this crazy stuff is happening, right? And like, you know, do you remember Elon's story of what got the Amish to turn out to vote in Pennsylvania? Oh, okay. Okay so Pennsylvania is like a wonderful state, great history. It has these cities like Philadelphia that have descended like other cities into just like complete chaos, violent madness, and death, right? And the federal government has just like, let it happen, these incredibly violent places. And so the Biden administration decided that the big pressing law enforcement thing that they needed to do in Pennsylvania was that they needed to start raiding Amish farms to prevent them from selling raw milk with armed raids. - [Lex] Right. - And it turns out it really pissed off the Amish. It turns out they weren't willing to drive to the polling places 'cause they don't have cars. But if you came and got them, they would go and they would vote. And that's one of the reasons why Trump won. Anyway, so like the law enforcement agencies are off working on like crazy things, like the system's not working. And so you add up, just pick $130 billion programs. All right, now you're okay. Math major, 100 times 100. - 10,000. - $10,000. Okay. $10,000 per taxpayer per year. - But it's also not just about money. That's really, obviously money is a hugely important thing, but it's the cavalier attitude- - [Marc] Yes. - That then in sort of, in the ripple effect of that, it makes it so nobody wants to work in government and be productive. It makes it so that corruption can, it breeds corruption, it breeds laziness, it breeds secrecy 'cause you don't wanna be transparent about having done nothing all year, all this kind of stuff. And you now wanna reverse that, so that it will be exciting for the future to work in government, because the amazing thing if you're to steel man government is you can do shit at scale. You have money and you can directly impact people's lives in a positive sense at scale. It's super exciting. As long as there's no bureaucracy that slows you down or not huge amounts of bureaucracy that slows you down significantly. - Yeah. So here's the trick, this blew my mind 'cause I was, you know, once you open the hellmouth of looking into the federal budget, you learn all kinds of things. So there is a term of art in government called impoundment. And so if you're like me, you've learned this the hard way when your car has been impounded. The government meaning of impoundment, the federal budget meaning is a different meaning. Impoundment is as follows. The constitution requires Congress to authorize money to be spent by the executive branch, right? So the executive branch goes to Congress says, "We need money X." Congress does their thing. They come back and they say, "You can have money Y." The money's appropriated from Congress, the executive branch spends it on the military or whatever they spend it on, or on roads to nowhere or charging stations to nowhere or whatever. And what's in the constitution is the Congress appropriates the money. Over the last 60 years, there has been an additional interpretation of appropriations applied by the courts and by the system, which is the executive branch not only needs Congress to appropriate X amount of money, the executive branch is not allowed to underspend. - Yeah, I'm aware of this. I'm aware of this. - And so there's this thing that happens in Washington at the end of every fiscal year, which is September 30th, and it's the great budget flush. And any remaining money that's in the system that they don't know how to productively spend, they deliberately spend it unproductively. - Yep. - To the tune of hundreds and hundreds of billions of dollars. A president that doesn't wanna spend the money can't not spend it. - Yeah. - Like, okay, A, that's not what's in the constitution. And there's actually quite a good Wikipedia page that goes through the great debate on this that's played out in the legal world over the last 60 years. And like, basically, if you look at this with anything resembling, I think an open mind, you're like, "All right, this is not what the founders meant." And then number two, again, we go back to this thing of contempt, like, can you imagine showing up and running the government like that and thinking that you're doing the right thing and not going home at night and thinking that you've sold your soul, right? Like it's just like, I actually think you sort of had it in a really good point, which is it's even unfair to the people who have to execute this. - Yeah. - Right. 'Cause it makes them bad people. And they didn't start out wanting to be bad people. And so there is stuff like this like- - Yeah, everywhere. - Everywhere. And so we'll see how far these guys get. I am extremely encouraged what I've seen so far. - It seems like a lot of people will try to slow 'em down, but yeah- - For sure. - I hope they get far. - Yeah. - Another difficult topic, immigration. - [Marc] Yeah. - What's your take on the, let's say, heated H-1B visa debate that's going on online and legal immigration in general? - Yeah, I should so start by saying, I am not involved in any aspect of government policy on this. I'm not planning to be, this is not an issue that I'm working on or that I'm going to work on. This is not part of the agenda of what the firm is doing. So my firm is doing, so like, I'm not in this in the new administration or the government. I'm not planning to be, so purely just personal opinion. So I would say I would describe as a complex or nuanced, hopefully nuanced view on this issue that's maybe a little bit different than what a lot of my peers have. And I kind of thought about this, you know, I didn't say anything about it all the way through the big kind of debate over Christmas, but I thought about it a lot and read everything. I think what I realized is that I just have a very different perspective on some of these things, and the reason is because of the combination of where I came from and then where I ended up. And so, oh, let's start with this, where I ended up, in Silicon Valley so and I have made the pro high-skilled immigration argument many, many times the H-1B argument many times. In past lives, I've been in DC many times arguing with prior administrations about this, always on the side of trying to get more H-1B's and trying to get more high-skilled immigration. And, you know, I think that argument is very strong and very solid and very, you know, has paid off for the US in many, many ways. And we can go through it, but I think it's the argument everybody already knows, right? It's like the stock. You take any Silicon Valley person, you press the button and they tell you why we need to brain drain the world to get more H-1B's, right? So everybody kind of gets that argument. - So it's basically, just to summarize, it's a mechanism by which you can get super smart people from the rest of the world, import them in, keep them here to increase the productivity of the US companies. - Yeah, and then it's not just good for the them and it's not just good for Silicon Valley or the tech industry, it's good for the country because they then create new companies and create new technologies and create new industries that then create many more jobs for Americans, native-born Americans than would've previously existed. And so you've got a, it's a positive, some flywheel thing where everybody wins. Like everybody wins, there are no trade-offs. It's all absolutely glorious in all directions. There cannot possibly be a moral right argument against it under any circumstances. Anybody who argues against it is obviously doing so from a position of racism, is probably a fascist and a Nazi, right? Right, I mean that- - Right. - That's the thing. And like I said, I've made that argument many times. I'm very comfortable with that argument. And then I'd also say, look, I would say number one, I believe a lot of it, I'll talk about the parts I don't believe, but I believe a lot of it. And then the other part is, look, I benefit every day. I always describe it as I work in the United Nations, like my own firm and our founders and our companies and the industry and my friends, you know, are just this like amazing, you know, panoply, cornucopia of people from all over the world. And you know, I've worked, I dunno at this point where people from, it's gotta be, I don't know, 80 countries or something. And hopefully, over time, it'll be, you know, the rest as well. And you know, it's been amazing and they've done many of the most important things in my industry and it's been really remarkable. So that's all good. And then, you know, there's just the practical version of the argument, which is we are the main place these people get educated anyway, right? The best and the brightest tend to come here to get educated. And so, you know, this is the old kind of Mitt Romney, staple a green card to every, you know, at least, you know, maybe not every university degree, but every technical degree. Maybe the sociologist we could quibble about, but you know, the roboticist for sure, for sure. For sure, we can all agree that- - At least I won you over on something today. - Well, no, I'm exaggerating for effect, so- - Oh. (Marc laughing) And I lost you, I had you for half a second. - I haven't gotten to the other side of the argument yet. - [Lex] Okay, thank you. - So surely, we can all agree that we need to staple a green card. - The rollercoaster is going up. - The rollercoaster is rationing slowly up. So yeah, so surely we can all agree that the roboticists should all get green cards. And again, like there's a lot of merit to that, obviously. Like, look, we want the US to be the world leader in robotics. What step one to being the world leader in robotics is have all the great robotics people, right? Like, you know, very, unlike the underpants. No, it's like a very straightforward formula, right? - Yeah. - All right, that's all well and good, all right, but it gets a little bit more complicated because there is a kind of argument that's sort of right underneath that you also hear from, you know, these same people, and I have made this argument myself many times, which is, we need to do this because we don't have enough people in the US who can do it otherwise, right? We have all these unfilled jobs, we've got all these, you know, all these companies that wouldn't exist. We don't have enough good founders, we don't have enough engineers, we don't have enough scientists. Or then the next version of the argument below that is our education system is not good enough to generate those people, which is a weird argument by the way, 'cause like our education system is good enough for foreigners to be able to come here preferentially in like a very large number of cases, but somehow not good enough to educate our own native-born people. So there's like a weird, there's little cracks in the matrix that you can kind of stick your fingernail into and kind of wonder about, and we'll come back to that one. But like, at least, yes, our education system has its flaws. And then underneath that is the argument that, you know, Vivek made, which is, you know, we have cultural rot in the country and, you know, native-born people in the country, you know, don't work hard enough, and spend too much time watching TV and TikTok and don't spend enough time studying differential, you know, equations. And again, it's like, all right, like, you know, yeah, there's a fair amount to that. Like there's a lot of American culture that is, you know, there's a lot of frivolity, there's a lot of, you know, like, I mean, we have well-documented social issues in many fronts, many things that cut against having a culture of just like straightforward high achievement and effort and striving. Anyway, like, you know, those are the basic arguments. But then I have this kind of other side of my, you know, kind of personality and thought process, which is, well, I grew up in a small farming town of rural Wisconsin, the rural Midwest. And you know, it's interesting, there's not a lot of people who make it from rural Wisconsin to, you know, high tech. And so it's like, all right, why is that exactly, right? And then I know this, I'm an aberration. Like I was the only one from anybody I ever knew who ever did this, right? I know what an aberration I am, and I know exactly how that aberration happened, and it's a very unusual, you know, set of steps, including, you know, many that were just luck. But like, there is in no sense a talent flow from rural Wisconsin into high tech, like, not at all. There is also like, in no sense a talent flow from the rest of the Midwest into high tech. There is no talent flow from the South into high tech. There is no flow from the Sunbelt into high tech. There's no flow from, you know, the Deep South into high tech. Just like, literally it's like the blank. There's this whole section of the country that just where the people just like for some reason don't end up in tech. Now, that's a little bit strange, 'cause these are the people who put a man on the moon. These are the people who built the World War II War Machine. These are the people, at least their ancestors are the people who built the Second Industrial Revolution, and built the railroads and built the telephone network, and built, you know, logistics and transportation in the auto in, I mean, the auto industry was built in Cleveland and Detroit. And so at least these people's parents and grandparents and great grandparents somehow had the wherewithal to like build all of this like amazing things, invent all these things. And then there's many, many, many, many stories in the history of American invention and innovation and capitalism where you had people who grew up in the middle of nowhere, Philo Farnsworth, who invented the television, and just like, you know, tons and tons of others, endless stories like this. Now you have a, like a puzzle, right? And the conundrum, which is like, okay, like what is happening on the blank spot of the map? And then of course, you also can't help noticing that the blank spot on the map, the Midwest, the South, you've also just defined Trump country, the Trump voter base, right? And it's like, "Oh, well, that's interesting. Like how did that happen?" Right? And so either you really, really, really have to believe the very, very strong version of like the Vivek thesis or something where you have to believe that like, that basically culture, the whole sort of civilization in the middle of the country and the south of the country is so like, deeply flawed, either inherently flawed or culturally flawed, such that for whatever reason, they are not able to do the things that their, you know, parents and grandparents were able to do, and that their peers are able to do. Or something else is happening. Would you care to guess on what else is happening? - You mean what, affirmative action? - Affirmative action. Okay. (laughs) This is very, think about this, this is very entertaining, right? What are the three things that we know about affirmative action? It is absolutely 100% necessary. However, it cannot explain the success of any one individual. - Right. - Nor does it have any victims at all. - That could explain maybe disproportionate, but like, surely it doesn't explain why you're probably the only person in Silicon Valley from Wisconsin. - What educational institution in the last 60 years has wanted farm boys from Wisconsin? - But what institution rejected farm boys from Wisconsin? - All of them. - All of them. - Of course. Okay, so we know this, we know this. The reason we know this is because of the Harvard and UNC Supreme Court cases. So this was like three years ago, these were big court cases. And you know, 'cause the idea of affirmative action has been litigated for many, many, many years and through many court cases. And the Supreme Court repeatedly in the past had upheld that it was a completely legitimate thing to do. And there's basically two categories of affirmative action that like really matter, right? One is the admissions into educational institutions, and then the other is jobs, right? Getting hired. Like, those are the two biggest areas. The education one is like super potent, has been a super potent political issue for a very long time, for all, you know, people have written and talked about this for many decades. I don't need to go through it. There's many arguments for why it's important, there's many arguments as to how it could backfire. It's been this thing. But the Supreme Court upheld it for a very long time. The most recent ruling, I'm not a lawyer, I don't have the exact reference in my head, but there was a case in 2003 that said that Sandra Day O'Connor famously wrote that, you know, although it had been 30 years of affirmative action, and although it was not working remotely as it had been intended, she said that, you know, well, basically we need to try it for another 25 years. But she said basically as a message to future Supreme Court justices, if it hasn't resolved basically the issues it's intended to resolve within 25 years, then we should probably call it off. By the way, we're coming up on the 25 years, right? It's a couple years away. The Supreme Court just had these cases is, it's a Harvard case and I think a University of North Carolina case. And what's interesting about those cases is the lawyers in those cases put a tremendous amount of evidence into the record of how the admissions decisions actually happen at Harvard and happen at UNC. And it is like every bit as cartoonishly garish and racist as you could possibly imagine, because it's a ring of power. And if you're an admissions officer at a private university or an administrator, you have unlimited power to do what you want, and you can justify any of it under any of these rules or systems. And up until these cases, it had been a black box where you didn't have to explain yourself and show your work. And what the Harvard and UNC cases did is they basically required showing the work. And there was like all kinds of like phenomenal detail. I mean, number one is there were text messages in there that will just curl your hair of people, of students being spoken of and just like crude racial stereotypes that would just make you want to jump out the window. It's horrible stuff. But also, there was statistical information. And of course, the big statistical kicker to the whole thing is that at top institutions, it's common for different ethnic groups to have different cutoffs for SAT that are as wide as 400 points, right? So different groups. So a specifically Asians need to perform at 400 SAT points higher than other ethnicities in order to actually get admitted into these. I mean, this is not even about, I mean, white people are a part of this, but like Asians are like a very big part of this. And actually the Harvard case is actually brought by an activist on behalf of actually the Asian students who were being turned away. And it's basically, I mean it's the cliche now in the valley and in the medical community, which is like if you want a super genius, you hire an Asian from Harvard 'cause they are guaranteed to be freaking Einstein. 'Cause if they weren't, they were never getting admitted, right? Almost all the qualified Asians get turned away. So they've been running this, it's a very, very explicit, very, very clear program. This, of course, has been a third rail of things that people are not supposed to discuss under any circumstances. The thing that has really changed the tenor on this is I think two things. Number one, those Supreme Court cases, the Supreme Court ruled that they can no longer do that. I will tell you, I don't believe there's a single education institution in America that is conforming with the Supreme Court ruling. I think they're all flagrantly ignoring it. And we could talk about that. - Mostly 'cause of momentum probably, or what? - They are trying to make the world a better place. They're trying to solve all these social problems. They are trying to have diverse student populations. They are trying to live up to the expectations of their donors. They're trying to make their faculty happy. They are trying to have their friends and family think that they're good people. - [Lex] Right. - They're trying to have the press write nice things about them. Like it's nearly impossible for them. And you know, to be clear, like nobody has been fired from an admissions office for, you know, 25 years of prior, what we now, the Supreme Court now is ruled to be illegality. And so they're all the same people under the exact same pressures. And so like I, you know, the numbers are moving a little bit, but like, I don't know anybody in the system who thinks that they're compliant with the Supreme Court. Like who's in charge, in the rank ordering of who rules who, the university's rule of the Supreme Court way more than the Supreme Court rules the universities, right? Well, another example of that is, I think that every sitting member of the Supreme Court right now went to either Harvard or Yale, right? Like the level of incestuousness here is... Anyway, so there's that. And so this has been running for a very long time. So one is the Harvard and USC cases kind of gave up the game, number one, or at least showed what the mechanism was. And then number two, the other thing is obviously the aftermath of October 7th, right? And what we discovered was happening with Jewish applicants and what was happening at all the top institutions for Jewish applicants was they were being managed down, either being actively managed down as a percentage of the base. And let's say I've heard reports of like extremely explicit, basically plans to manage the Jewish admissions down to their representative percentage of the US population, which is 2%. And you know, there's a whole backstory here, which is 100 years ago, Jews were not admitted into a lot of these institutions, and then there was a big campaign to get them in. Once they could get in, they immediately became 30% of these institutions 'cause there's so many smart, talented Jews. So it went from 0% to 30%. And then the most recent generation of leadership has been trying to get it done to 2%. And a lot of Jewish people, at least a lot of Jewish people I know sort of, they kind of knew this was happening, but they discovered it the hard way after October 7th, right? And so all of a sudden, so basically, the Supreme Court case meant that you could address this in terms of the Asian victims. The October 7th meant that you could address it in terms of the Jewish victims. And for sure, both of those groups are being systematically excluded, right? And then, of course, there's the thing that you basically can't talk about, which is all the white people are being excluded. And then it turns out it's also happening to Black people, and this is the thing that like blew my freaking mind when I found out about it. So I just assumed that like, this was great news for like American Blacks, because like, you know, obviously if you know Whites, Asians and Jews are being excluded, then, you know, the whole point of this in the beginning was to get the Black population up. And so this must be great for American Blacks. So then I discovered this New York Times article from 2004 called Blacks are Being Admitted into Top Schools at Greater Numbers, but which ones? (laughs) - [Lex] Uh-oh. - And again, and by the way, this is in The New York Times, this is not in like, you know, whatever, National Review, this is New York Times, 2004. And the two authorities that were quoted in the story are Henry Louis Gates, who's the dean of the African-American Studies, you know, community in the United States, super brilliant guy. And then Lani Guinier, she was a potential Supreme Court appointee under, I think she was a close friend of Hillary Clinton. And there was, for a long time, she was on the shortlist for Supreme Court. So one of the top, you know, jurists, lawyers in the country, but both Black was sort of legendarily successful in the academic and legal worlds and Black. And they are quoted as the authorities in this story and the story that they tell, (laughs) it's actually very, it's amazing. And by the way, it's happening today in education institutions and it's happening in companies, and you can see it all over the place, and the government, which is at least at that time, the number was half of the Black admits into a place like Harvard were not American-born Blacks. They were foreign-born Blacks, specifically, Northern African off generally Nigerian or West Indian, right? And by the way, many Nigerians and Northern Africans have come to the US and have been very successful Nigerian-Americans as a group like way outperformed, they're, you know, this a super smart cohort of people. And then West Indian Blacks in the US are incredibly successful. Most recently, by the way, Kamala Harris, as well as Colin Powell, like just two sort of examples of that. And so basically what Henry Louis Gates and Lani Guinier said in the story is Harvard is basically struggling to either, whatever it was, identify or recruit, make successful, whatever it was, American-born native Blacks, and so therefore they were using high-skill immigration, as an escape hatch to go get Blacks from other countries. And then this was 2004 when you could discuss such things. Obviously that is a topic that nobody has discussed since, it has sailed on. All of the DEI programs in the last 20 years have had this exact characteristic. There's large numbers of Black people in America who are fully aware of this and are like, "It's obviously not us that are getting these slots, we're literally competing with people who are being imported." And you know, if you believe in the basis of affirmative action, you are trying to make up for historical injustice of American Black slavery. So the idea that you're import somebody from, you know, Nigeria that never experienced that, you know, is like tremendously insulting to Black Americans. Anyway, so you can see where I'm heading with this. We have been in a 60-year social engineering experiment to exclude native-born people from the educational slots and jobs that high-skill immigration has been funneling foreigners into, right? And so it turns out it's not a victim-free thing, there's like 100%, there's victims. 'Cause why? There's only so many, for sure. There's only so many education slots. And then for sure, there's only so many of these jobs, right? You know, Google only hires so many, you know, whatever level seven engineers, right? And so that's the other side of it, right? And so you're a farm boy in Wisconsin, right? You know, Black American whose ancestors arrived here, you know, on a slave ship, 300 years ago, in Louisiana or a, you know, Cambodian immigrant in, you know, the Bronx and you are a kid or a Jewish immigrant or a, you know, or from a very successful Jewish family and you know, your entire, you know, for three generations, you and your parents and grandparents went to Harvard. And what all of those groups know is the system that has been created is not for them, right? It's designed specifically to exclude them. And then what happens is all of these tech people show up in public and say, "Yeah, let's bring in more foreigners," right? And so anyway, so the short version of it is, you can't anymore, I don't think, just have the, quote, "high-skill immigration," conversation for either education or for employment without also having the DEI conversation. And then DEI is just another word for affirmative action, so it's the affirmative action conversation. And you need to actually deal with this at substance and to see what's actually happening to people. you needed to join these topics. And I think it is much harder to make the moral claim for high-skilled immigration given the extent to which DEI took over both the education process and the hiring process. - Okay, so first of all, that was brilliantly laid out, the nuance of it. So just to understand, it's not so much a criticism of H-1B, high-skilled immigration, it's that there needs to be more people saying, yay, we need more American-born hires. - So I spent the entire Christmas holiday reading every message on this and not saying anything, and what I was... (Lex laughing) Which you know me well enough to know that's a serious level of- - Yeah, that was very Zen. - Yes, thank you, thank you. No, it wasn't, there was tremendous rage on the other side of it, but I suppressed it. So I was waiting for the dog that didn't bark, right? And the dog that didn't bark was, I did not, and you tell me if you saw one, I did not see a single example of somebody pounding the table for more high-skilled immigration, who was also pounding the table to go get more smart kids who are already here into these educational institutions and into these jobs. I didn't see a single one. - That's true. I think I agree with that. There really was a divide. - But it was like literally, it was like the proponents of high-skilled immigrant. And again, this was me for a very long time. I mean, I kind of took myself by surprise on this because I was on, you know, I had the much, say, simpler version of this story for a very... And like I said, I've been in Washington many times under past presidents, lobbying for this. By the way, never made any progress, which we could talk about. Like it never actually worked. But you know, I've been on the other side of this one, but I was literally sitting there being like, all right, which of these like super geniuses who, you know, many of whom by the way are very, you know, successful high-skilled immigrants or children of high-skilled immigrants, you know, which of these super geniuses are gonna like, say actually we have this like incredible talent source here in the country? Which again, to be clear, I'm not talking about white people. I'm talking about native-born Americans, whites, Asians, Jews, Blacks, for sure. For sure, for sure. Those four groups. - But also- - Yes. - White people. - Yeah, and also white people. - People that are making the case for American-born hires are usually not also supporting H-1B. It's an extreme divide, and those people, they're making that case are often not making it in a way that's like, making it in quite a radical way. - Yeah. - Let's put it this way. - Yeah, but you have this interesting thing, you have a split between the sides that I've noticed, which is one side has all of the experts. - Right. - Right, and I'm using air quote for people listening to audio. I'm making quotes in the air with my fingers as vigorously as I can. - Yep. - One side has all the certified experts. The other side just has a bunch of people who are like, they know that something is wrong and they don't quite know how to explain it. And what was so unusual about the Harvard UNC cases, by the way, in front of Supreme Court, is they actually had sophisticated lawyers for the first time in a long time, actually put all this evidence together and actually put it in the public record, they actually had experts, which is just really rare. Generally what you get is you get, 'cause if you don't have experts, what do you have? You know, something is wrong, but you have primarily an emotional response. You feel it, but can you put it, you know, can you put it in the words and tables and charts, you know, that a certified expert can? And no, you can't, like, you know, that's not who you are. That doesn't mean that you're wrong, and it also doesn't mean that you have less of a moral stance. Yeah, and so it's just like, all right, now, by the way, look, I think there are ways to square the circle, I think there's a way to have our cake and eat it too, like I think there'd be many ways to resolve this. I think, again, I think the way to do it is to look at these issues combined, look at DEI combined with high-skilled immigration. It so happens that DEI is under much more scrutiny today than it has been for probably 20 years, affirmative action is. The Supreme Court did just rule that it is not legal for universities to do that, they are still doing it, but they should stop. And then, there are more and more, you've seen more companies now also ditching their DEI programs, in part, that's happening for a bunch of reasons, but it's happening in part because a lot of corporate lawyers will tell you that the Supreme Court rulings in education either already apply to businesses, or it just as a clear foreshadowing the Supreme Court will rule on new cases that will ban in businesses. And so there is a moment here to be able to look at this on both sides. Let add one more nuance to it that makes it even more complicated. - Yeah. - So the cliche is we're gonna brain drain the world, right? You've heard that? We're gonna take all the smart people from all over the world, we're gonna bring them here, we're gonna educate them, and then we're gonna keep them, and then they're gonna raise their families here, create businesses here, create jobs here, right? - In the cliche, that's a super positive thing. - Yeah. Okay, so what happens to the rest of the world? - They lose? - Well, how fungible are people? How many highly ambitious, highly conscientious, highly energetic, high-achieving, high-IQ, super geniuses are there in the world? And if there's a lot, that's great, but if there just aren't that many and they all come here and they all aren't where they would be otherwise, what happens to all those other places? So it's almost impossible for us here to have that conversation, in part because we become incredibly uncomfortable as a society talking about the fact that people aren't just simply all the same, which is a whole thing we could talk about. But it also, we are purely the beneficiary of this effect, right? We are brain draining the world, not the other way around. There's only four. So if you look at the flow of high-skilled immigration over time, there's only four permanent sinks of high-skilled immigration places people go. It's the US, Canada, the UK and Australia. - Oh, Australia. - It's four of the five, five eyes. It's the major Anglosphere countries. And so for those countries, this seems like a no-lose proposition, it's all the other countries that, basically, what we four countries have been doing is draining all the smart people out. It's actually much easier for people in Europe to talk about this I've discovered because the Eurozone is, whatever, you know, 28 countries, and within the Eurozone, the high-skilled people over time have been migrating to originally the UK, but also specifically I think it's the Netherlands, Germany, and France. But specifically, they've been migrating out of the peripheral Eurozone countries. And the one where this really hit the fan was in Greece, right? So, you know, Greece falls into chaos, disaster, and then, you know, you're running the government in Greece and you're trying to figure out how to put an economic development plan together. All of your smart young kids have left. Like, what are you gonna do, right? By the way, this is a potential... I know you care a lot about Ukraine, this is a potential crisis for Ukraine. Not because, in part, because of this, 'cause we enthusiastically recruit Ukrainians, of course, and so we've been brain draining Ukraine for a long time. But also, of course, you know, war does tend to cause people to migrate out. And so, you know, when it comes time for Ukraine to rebuild as a peaceful country, is it gonna have the talent base even that it had five years ago is like a very big and important question. By the way, Russia, like we have brain drained a lot of really smart people outta Russia, a lot of them are here, right? Over the last, you know, 30 years. And so there's this thing, it's actually really funny if you think about it. Like, the one thing that we know to be the height of absolute evil that the West ever did was colonization and resource extraction, right? So we know the height of absolute evil was when the Portuguese and the English and you know, everybody else went and had these colonies and then went in and we, you know, took all the oil and we took all the diamonds, or we took all the whatever, lithium or whatever it is, right? Well, for some reason we realized that's a deeply evil thing to do when it's a physical resource, when it's a non-conscious physical matter. For some reason, we think it's completely morally acceptable to do it with human capital. In fact, we think it's glorious and beautiful and wonderful and you know, the great flowering of peace and harmony and moral justice of our time to do it. And we don't think for one second what we're doing to the countries that we're pulling all these people out of. And this is one of these things like, I don't know, like maybe we're just gonna live in this delusional state forever and we'll just keep doing it and it'll keep benefiting us and we just won't care what happens, but like, I think there may come, this is like one of these submarines 10 feet under the waterline. Like, I think it's just a matter of time until people suddenly realize, "Oh, my God, what are we doing?" 'Cause like, we need the rest of the world to succeed too, right? Like we need these other countries to like flourish. Like we don't wanna be the only successful country in the middle of just like complete chaos and disaster, and we just extract and we extract and we extract, and we don't think twice about it. - Well, this is so deeply profound, actually. So what is the cost "winning" quote, unquote, if these countries are drained in terms of human capital, on the level of geopolitics, what does that lead to? Even if we talk about wars and conflict and all of this, we actually want them to be strong in the way we understand strong, not just in every way. So that cooperation and competition can build a better world for all of humanity. - Yep. - It's interesting, this is one of those truths where you just speak and it resonates, and I didn't even think about it. - [Marc] Yeah, exactly. - So you were sitting during the holiday season, just boiling over. So all that said- - Yeah. - There's still to use some good to the H-1B? - Okay, so then you get this other... Okay, so then there's- - Come all the way around. (laughs) - There's another nuance. So there's another nuance, there's another nuance, which is mostly the valley, we don't use H-1Bs anymore, mostly we use O-1s. So there's a separate class of these, and the O-1 is like this, it turns out the O-1 is the super genius visa. So the O-1 is the basically our founder, like when we have somebody from anywhere in the world and they've like invented a breakthrough new technology, and they wanna come to the US to start a company, they come in through an O-1 visa. And that actually is like a, it's a fairly high bar. It's a high acceptance rate, but it's like a pretty high bar. And they do a lot of work and there's like a, you have to put real work into it and really prove your case. Mostly what's happened with the H-1B visa program is that it has gone to basically two categories of employers. One is the basically a small set of big tech companies that hire in volume, which is exactly the companies that you would think. And then the other is, it goes to these, they call kind of the mills, the consulting mills, right? And so there's these set of companies with names, I don't wanna pick on companies, but you know, names like Cognizant that, you know, hire, basically have their business model is bring in primarily Indians in large numbers, and you know, they often have, you know, offices next to company-owned housing. And they'll have, you know, organizations that are, you know, they'll have, you know, organizations that are literally thousands of Indians, you know, living and working in the US and they do basically call it mid-tier, like IT consulting. So you know, these folks, they're making good wages, but they're making 60 or 80 a year or $100,000 a year, not the, you know, 300,000 that you'd make in the Valley. And so, like in practice, the startups, basic like little tech as we call it, or the startup world, mainly doesn't use H-1Bs at this point and mainly can't, 'cause the system is kind of rigged in a way that we really can't. And then again, you get to the sort of underlying morality here, which is, it's like, well, you know, Amazon, like Amazon's a in like I love Amazon, but like they're a big powerful company. You know, they've got, you know, more money than God. They've got resources, they've got long-term planning horizon, they do big, you know, profound things over, you know, decades at a time. You know, they could, you know, or any of these other companies could launch massively effective programs to go recruit the best and brightest from all throughout the country. And you know, you'll notice they don't do that. You know, they bring in, you know, 10,000, 20,000 H1Bs a year. And so you've got a question there. And then these mills, like, there's lots of questions around them and whether they should, you know, whether that's even a ethical way to, you know, I don't wanna say they're unethical, but there's questions around like exactly what the trade-offs are there. Yeah, and this is like a Pandora's box that really, you know, nobody really wanted to be opened, you know, to play devil's advocate on all this in terms of like national immigration issues, you know, none of this is like a top end issue just 'cause the numbers are small, right? And so, you know, I don't think, you know, the administration has said like, this is not like a priority of theirs for right now. But I guess what I would say is like, there is actually a lot of complexity and nuance here. I have a lot of friends, like I said, I have a lot of friends and colleagues who are, you know, who came over on H-1Bs, or O-1s, green cards, many are now citizens and you know, every single one that one of them was not every single one, a lot of them were enthusiastic to, you know, defend the honor of immigrants throughout this whole period. And they said to me, it's like, "Well, Marc, you know, how can we more clearly express, you know, the importance of high-skilled immigration to the US?" And I was like, I think you can do it by advocating for also developing our native-born talent and be like, do you wanna inflame the issue or do you wanna diffuse the issue, right? And I think the answer is to diffuse the issue. Let me give you one more positive scenario, and then I'll also beat up on the university some more. Do you know about the National Merit Scholarship System? Have you heard about this? - Not really, can you explain? - So there's a system that was created during the Cold War called the National Merit Scholars. And it is a, basically, it was created, I forget, in the late '50s or '60s when... It was when people in government actually wanted to identify the best and the brightest, as heretical an ideas that sounds today. And so it's basically a national talent search for basically, IQ. Its goal is to identify basically the top 0.5% of the IQ in the country, by the way, completely regardless of other characteristics. So there's no race, gender, or any other aspect to it. It's just going for straight intelligence. It uses the first, the PSAT, which is the preparatory SAT that you take, and then the SAT. So it uses those scores, that is the scoring. It's a straight PSAT/SAT scoring system. So they use the SAT as a proxy for IQ, which it is. They run this every year, they identify, they get down to like 1% of the population of the kids, 18 year olds any given year who scored highest on the PSAT, and then they get down to like further qualify down to the 0.5% that also replicate on the SAT. And then it's like, the scholarship amount is like $2,500, right? So it was a lot of money 50 years ago, not as much today. But it's a national system being run, literally, to find the best and the brightest. How many of our great and powerful universities use this as a scouting system? Like our universities all have sports teams, they all have national scouting, they have full-time scouts who go out and they go to every high school and they try to find all the great basketball players and bring them into the NCAA, into all these leagues. How many of our great and powerful and enlightened universities use the National Merit system to go do a talent search for the smartest kids and just bring them in? - Let me guess, very few. Zero. - Zero. (laughs) - As you say it, that's brilliant, there should be that same level of scouting for talent internally. - Go get the smartest ones. I'll give you one more kicker on this topic if I haven't beaten it to death. You know, the SAT has changed. So the SAT used to be a highly accurate proxy for IQ that caused a bunch of problems. People really don't like the whole idea of IQ. And so the SAT has been actively managed over the last 50 years by the college board that runs it. And it has been essentially like everything else, it's been dumbed down. And so the in two ways, number one, it's been dumbed down where an 800 from 40 years ago does not mean what an 800 means today. And 40 years ago, it was almost impossible to get an 800. Today, there's so many 800s that you could stock the entire Ivy League with 800s, right? And so, it's been deliberately dumbed down. And then two is they have tried to pull out a lot of what's called the g-loading. And so they've tried to detach it from being an IQ proxy 'cause IQ is such an inflammatory concept. And the consequence of that is, and this is sort of perverse, they've made it more coachable, right? So the SAT 40 years ago, coaching didn't really work. And more recently, it has really started to work. And one of the things you see is the Asian spike, you see this like giant leap upward in Asian performance over the last decade. And I think looking at the data, I think a lot of that is because it's more coachable now. And the Asians do the most coaching. So there's a bunch of issues with this. And so the coaching thing is really difficult 'cause the coaching thing is a subsidy then to the kids whose parents can afford coaching, right? And I don't know about you, but where I grew up, there was no SAT coaching. So there's like an issue there. I didn't even know what the SAT was until the day I took it, much less that there was coaching, much less that it could work, so much less we could afford it. So, number one, there's issues there, but the other issue there is think about what's happened by the dumbing down, 800 no longer captures all the smart, 800 is too crude of a test. It's like the AI benchmarking problem. It's the same problem they have AI benchmarking right now. 800 is too low of a threshold. There are too many kids scoring 800. 'Cause what you want is you want, whatever, if it's gonna be 100,000 kids, I don't know what it is, it's gonna be 50,000 kids a year scoring 800. You also then want kids to be able to score 900 and 1,000, and 1,100, and 1,200, and you wanna ultimately get to, you know, you'd like to ultimately identify the top 100 kids and make sure that you get them in MIT. And the resolution of the test has been reduced, so that it actually is not useful for doing that. And again, I would say this is like part of the generalized corruption that's taken place throughout this entire system where we have been heading in the reverse direction from wanting to actually go get the best and brightest and actually put them in the places where they should be. And then just the final comment would be, the great thing about standardized testing and the National Merit System is it's comp, like I said, it's completely race blind, it's gender blind, it's blind on every other characteristic. It's only done on test scores. You know, and you can make an argument about whether that's good or bad, but it is, you know, for sure, you know, it's the closest thing that we had to get to merit. It was the thing that they did when they thought they needed merit to win the Cold War. And of course, we could choose to do that anytime we want. And I just say, I find it like incredibly striking and an enormous moral indictment of the current system that there are no universities that do this today. So back to the immigration thing, just real quick. It's like, okay, we aren't even trying to go get the smart kids out of the center of- - Yeah. - And even if they think that they can get into these places, they get turned down. And the same thing for the smart Asians and the same thing for the smart Jews, and the same thing for the smart Black people. And like, it's just like, I don't know how, like, I don't know how that's moral. Like I don't get it at all. - As you said about the 800, so I took the SAT and the ACT many times and I've always gotten perfect on math, 800. And I'm not that I'm not special like, it doesn't identify genius. I think you wanna search for genius and you wanna create measures that find genius of all different kinds, speaking of diversity. And I guess we should reiterate and say over and over and over, defend immigrants. Yes. But say we should hire more and more native-born. - Well, you asked me in the beginning like what's the most optimistic forecast, right, that we could have? And the most optimistic forecast would be, my God, what if we did both? (laughs) - So that's the reasonable, the rational, the smart thing to say here. In fact, we don't have to have a war. - Well, it would diffuse the entire issue. - [Lex] Yeah. - If everybody in the center in the South of the country and every Jewish family, Asian family, Black family knew they were getting a fair shake, like it would diffuse the issue. Like how about diffusing the issue? Like what a crazy radical... Sorry, I don't mean to really get out over my skis here, but- - I think your profile on X states, "It's time to build." It feels like 2025 is a good year to build. So I wanted to ask your advice, and maybe for advice for anybody who's trying to build, who's trying to build something useful in the world or maybe launch a startup or maybe just launch apps, services, whatever, ship software products. So maybe, by way of advice, how do you actually get to shipping? - So I mean, a big part of the answer I think is we're in the middle of a legit revolution. And I know you've been talking about this on your show, but like AI coding, I mean, this is the biggest earthquake to hit software in certainly my life, maybe since the investment of software. And I'm sure you, and you know, we're involved in various of these companies, but you know, these tools, you know, from a variety of companies are just like absolutely revolutionary and they're getting better by leaps and bounds every day. And you know, all this, but like the thing with coding, like there's like open questions of whether AI can get better at like, I don't know, understanding philosophy or whatever, creative writing or whatever. But like for sure, we can make it much better at coding, right? Because you can validate the results of coding. And so, you know, there's all these methods of, you know, synthetic data and self-training and reinforcement learning that, for sure, you can do with coding. And so everybody I know who works in the field says AI coding is gonna get to be phenomenally good. And it's already great. And you can, I mean anybody wants to see this, just go on YouTube and look at AI coding demos, you know, little kids making apps in 10 minutes, working with an AI coding system. And so I think it's the golden age. I mean I think this is an area where it's clearly the golden age, the tool set is extraordinary. You know, in a day as a coder, for sure, in a day you can retrain yourself, you know, start using these things, get a huge boost in productivity, as a non-coder, you can learn much more quickly than you could before. - That's actually a tricky one in terms of learning as a non-coder to build stuff. It's still, I feel like you still need to learn how to code, it becomes a superpower. It helps you be much more productive. Like you could legitimately be a one person company and get quite far. - I agree with that, up to a point. So I think, for sure, for quite a long time, the people who are good at coding are gonna be the best at actually having AI's code things, 'cause they're gonna understand what I mean, very basic. They're gonna understand what's happening, right? And they're gonna be able be able to evaluate the work and they're gonna be able to, you know, literally like manage AIs better. Like even if they're not literally handwriting the code, they're just gonna have a much better sense of what's going on. So I definitely think like 100% my nine-year-old is like doing all kinds of coding classes, and he'll keep doing that for certainly through 18. We'll see after that. And so like for sure that's the case. But look, having said that, one of the things you can do with an AI is say, teach me how to code, right? And you know, there's a whole bunch of, you know, I'll name names, you know, Khan Academy, like there's a whole bunch of work that they're doing at Khan Academy for free. And then we, you know, we have this company, Replit, which is was originally specifically built for kids for coding, that has AI built in, that's just absolutely extraordinary now. And then, you know, there's a variety of other systems like this and yeah, that, I mean, the AI's gonna be able to teach you to code, AI, by the way, is as you know, spectacularly good at explaining code, right? And so, you know, the tools have these features now where you can talk to the code base and so you can like literally like ask the code base questions about itself. And you can also just do the simple form, which is you can copy and paste code into ChatGPT and just ask it to explain it what's going on, rewrite it, improve it, make recommendations. And so yeah, there's dozens of ways to do this. By the way, you can also, I mean even more broadly than code. Like, okay, you wanna make a video game, okay, now you can do AI, art generation, sound generation, dialogue generation, voice generation, right? And so all of a sudden, like, you don't need designers, you know, you don't need, you know, voice actors, you know, so yeah. So there's just like unlimited and then, you know, a big is, you know, a big part of coding is so-called glue, you know, it's interfacing into other systems. So it's interfacing into, you know, Stripe to take payments or something like that. And, you know, AI's fantastic at writing glue code. So, you know, really, really good at making sure that you can plug everything together, really good at helping you figure out how to deploy, you know, it'll even write a business plan for you. So it's just this, it's like everything happening with AI right now, it's just, it's like this latent superpower and there's this incredible spectrum of people who have really figured out massive performance increases, productivity increases with it already. There's other people who aren't even aware it's happening. And there's some gearing to whether you're a coder or not, but I think there are lots of non-coders that are off to the races. And I think there are lots of professional coders who are still like, eh... You know, the blacksmiths were not necessarily in favor of, you know, the car business. So yeah, there's the old William Gibson quote, "The future is here, it's just not evenly distributed yet." And this is maybe the most potent version of that that I've ever seen. - Yeah, there's, you know, the old meme with the bell curve, the people on both extremes say, "AI coding is the future." - Right. - It is very common. The programmers to say, you know, if you're any good of a programmer, you're not going to be using it, that's just not true. I consider myself reasonably good programmer, and my productivity has been just skyrocketed, and the joy of programming skyrocketed, every aspect of programming is more efficient, more productive, more fun, all that kind of stuff. - I would also say code is, you know, code has of anything in like industrial society, code has the highest elasticity, which is to say the easier it is to make it, the more of it gets made. Like I think effectively there's unlimited demand for code. Like, in other words, like there's always some other idea for a thing that you can do, a feature that you can add or a thing that you can optimize. And so, like overwhelmingly, you know, the amount of code that exists in the world is a fraction of even the ideas we have today. And then we come up with new ideas all the time. And so I think that like, (laughs) you know, I was in the late '80s, early '90s, when sort of automated coding systems started to come out, expert systems, a big deal in those days, and there was a famous book called the "Decline and Fall of the American Programmer," you know, that predicted that these new coding systems were gonna mean we wouldn't have programmers in the future. And of course, the number of programming jobs exploded by like a factor of 100. Like, my guess is we'll have more coding jobs probably by like an order magnitude 10 years from now. That will be different, they'll be different jobs. They'll involve orchestrating AI, but there will be, we will be creating so much more software that the whole industry will just explode in size. - Are you seeing the size of companies decrease in terms of startups? What's the landscapes of little tech? - All we're seeing right now is the AI hiring boom of all time. - [Lex] Oh, for the big tech? - And little tech. - And little tech. - Everybody's trying to hire as many engineers as they can to build AI systems, it's 100%. I mean, there's a handful of company, you know, there's a little bit, there's customer service, you know, we have some companies and others 'cause I think it's Klarna that's publicizing a lot of this in Europe where, you know, there are jobs that can be optimized and jobs that can be automated. But like for engineering jobs, like, it's just an explosion of hiring that at least, so far, there's no trace of any sort of diminishing effect. Now, having said that, I am looking forward to the day, I am waiting for the first company to walk in saying, yes, like the more radical form of it. So basically, the companies that we see are basically one of two kinds. We see the companies that are basically sometimes use weak form, strong form. So the weak form companies, I sometimes use the term, it's call it the sixth bullet point. AI is the sixth bullet point on whatever they're doing. - (laughs) Sure. - Right? And it's on the slide, right? - Yeah. - So they've got the, you know, whatever, da, da, da, da, da, and then AI is the sixth thing. And the reason AI is the sixth thing is, 'cause they had already previously written the slide before the AI revolution started, and so they just added the six bullet point in the slide, which is how you're getting all these products that have like the AI button up in the corner, right? The little sparkly button. - Yep. - Right? And all of a sudden Gmail is offering to summarize your email, which I'm like, I don't need that. Like, I need you to answer my email, not summarize it. Like what the hell? Okay, so we see those and that's fine. That's like, I don't know, putting sugar on the cake or something. But then we see the strong form, which is the companies that are building from scratch for AI, right? And they're building it. I actually just met with a company that is building literally an AI email system, as an example, so just- - Oh, nice. I can't wait. - Yeah, they're gonna completely. So the very obvious idea, very smart team, you know, it's gonna be great. And then, you know, Notion, just, you know, another, not one of our companies, but just came out with a product. And so now companies are gonna basically come through, sweep through, and they're gonna do basically AI-first versions of basically everything. And those are like companies built, you know, AI is the first bullet point. It's the strong form of the argument. - Yeah, Cursor is an example of that. They basically said, okay, we're gonna rebuild the thing with AI as the first citizen. - What if we knew from scratch that we could build on this? And again, this is like, this is part of the Full Employment Act for startups and VCs is, it just like if a technology transformation is sufficiently powerful, then you actually need to start the product development process over from scratch, 'cause you need to reconceptualize the product, and then usually what that means is you need a new company 'cause most incumbents just won't do that. And so, yeah. So that's underway across many categories. What I'm waiting for is the company where it's like, no, our org chart is redesigned as a result of AI, right? So I'm looking at, I'm waiting for the company where it's like, no, we're gonna have, like, you know, and the cliche, here's a thought experiment, right? The cliche would be we're gonna have like the human executive team, and then we're gonna have the theis be the workers, right? So we'll have a VP of engineering supervising 100 instances of coding agents, right? Okay, maybe, right by the way, or maybe the VP of engineering should be the AI, maybe supervising human coders who are supervising AIs, right? 'Cause one of the things that AI should be pretty good at is managing 'cause it's like not, you know, it's like a process-driven, it's the kind of thing that AI's actually pretty good at, right? Performance evaluation, coaching. And so should it be an AI executive team? You know, and then, of course, the ultimate question, which is AI CEO, right? You know, and then maybe the most futuristic version of it would be an actual AI agent that actually goes fully autonomous. Yeah, what if you really set one of these things loose and let it basically build itself a business? And so I will say like we're not yet seeing those, and I think there's a little bit of, the systems aren't quite ready for that yet. And then I think it's a little bit of, you really do need, at that point, like a founder who's really willing to break all the rules and really willing to take the swing. And those people exist, and so I'm sure we'll see that. - And some of it is, as you know, with all the startups, this is the execution. The idea that you have a AI-first email client, seems like an obvious idea, but actually creating one, executing it, and then taking on Gmail is really difficult. I mean, Gmail, it's fascinating to see Google can't do it, because why? Because of momentum, because it's hard to re-engineer the entirety of the system. 'Cause feels like Google's perfectly positioned to do it. Same with like, you have Perplexity, which I love, like Google could technically take on Perplexity and do it much better, but they haven't, not yet. So it's fascinating why that is for large companies. I mean that is an advantage for little tech, they could be agile. - Yeah, that's right. - They can move fast. - Yeah. Little companies can break glass in a way big companies can't- - Right. - This is sort of the big breakthrough that Clay Christensen had in "The Innovator's Dilemma," which is sometimes when big companies don't do things, it's because they're screwing up. And that certainly happens. But a lot of times they don't do things because it would break too much glass. It would specifically, it would interfere with their existing customers and their existing businesses. And they just simply won't do that. And by the way, responsibly, they shouldn't do that, right? And so they just get, this is Clay Christensen's big thing is they often don't adapt because they're well-run, not because they're poorly run. But they're optimizing machines. They're optimizing against the existing business. And as you kind of just said, this is like a permanent state of affairs for large organizations. Like every once in a while, one breaks the pattern and actually does it. But for the most part, like this is a very predictable form of human behavior, and this fundamentally is why startups exist. - It feels like 2025 is when the race for dominance in AI will see some winners. Like, it's a big year. So who do you think wins the race? OpenAI, Meta, Google, xAI. Who do you think wins the AI race? - I would say, I'm not gonna predict, I'm gonna say there's questions all over the place. And then we have this category question we call the trillion-dollar question, which is like, literally depending on how it's answered, people make or lose a trillion dollars, and I think there's like, I don't know, 5 or $6 trillion questions right now that are hanging out there, which is an unusually large number. - [Lex] Yeah. - And I'll just hit a few of them and we can talk about them. So one is big models versus small models. Another is open models versus closed models. Another is whether you can use synthetic data or not. Another is chain of thought. How far can you push that? And reinforcement learning. And then another one is political trillion-dollar questions. You know, policy questions, which, you know, the US and the EU have both been flunking dramatically and the US hopefully is about to really succeed at. Yeah, and then there's probably another, you know, half dozen big important questions after that. And so these are all just like, say, this is an industry that's in flux in a way that I even more dramatic, I think, than the ones I've seen before. And look, the most obvious example of the flux is you know, sitting here less than three years ago, sitting here in December of '22, we would've said that OpenAI is just running away with everything. And sitting here today, it's like, you know, there's at least six, you know, world-class God model companies and teams that are, by the way, generating remarkably similar results. That's actually been one of the most shocking things to me, is like, it turns out that once you know that it's possible to build one incredibly smart Turning-test-passing large language model, which was a complete shock and surprise to the world, it turns out within, you know, a year, you can have five more. There's also a money component thing to it, which is to get the money to scale one of these things into the billions of dollars. There's basically right now only two sources of money that will do that for you. One is the hyperscalers giving you the money, which you turn around and roundtrip back to them. Or, you know, foreign sovereigns, other, you know, country sovereign wealth funds, which can be, you know, difficult in some cases, for companies to access. So there's maybe another trillion-dollar question is the financing question. Here's one. So Sam Altman has been public about the fact that he wants to transition OpenAI from being a nonprofit, being a for-profit. The way that is legally done is that, and there is a way to do it. There is a way in US law to do it. The IRS and and other legal entities, government entities, scrutinizes very carefully, 'cause the US takes foundation nonprofit law very seriously because of the tax exemption. And so the way that historically, the way that you do it is you start a for-profit and then you raise money with the for-profit to buy the assets of the nonprofit at fair market value. And, you know, the last financing round at OpenAI was, you know, 150 some billion dollars. And so logically, if the flip is going to happen, the for-profit has to go raise $150 billion out of the chute to buy the assets. You know, raising 150 billion is a challenge. So, you know, is that even possible? If that is possible, then OpenAI maybe is off to the races as a for-profit company. If not, you know, I don't know. And then, you know, obviously the Elon lawsuit. So just because they're the market leader today, you know, there's big important questions there. You know, Microsoft has this kind of love-hate relationship with them. Where does that go? Apple's, you know, lagging badly behind, but you know, they're very good at catching up. Amazon, you know, is primarily hyperscaler, but they now have their own models. - And then there's the other questions, like you laid out brilliantly, briefly and brilliantly, open versus closed, big versus little models, synthetic data. That's a huge, huge question. And then test on compute with chain of thought. They're all of that. And it's just fascinating. And these are, I think it's fair to say, trillion-dollar questions. - Yeah, these are big, like look, you know, it's like, okay, here's a trillion-dollar question, which is kind of embedded in that, which is just hallucinations, right? Like, so if you are trying to use these tools creatively, you're thrilled because they can draw new images and they can make new music and they can do all this incredible stuff, right? They're creative. The flip side of that is if you need them to be correct, they can't be creative. And that's, you know, the term hallucination. And these things do hallucinate. And you know, there have been, you know, court cases already where lawyers have submitted legal briefs that contain made-up court citations, case citations. The judge is like, "Wait a minute, this doesn't exist." And the very next is, "Did you write this yourself?" And the lawyer goes, "Er-" (laughs) - I mean that's why with Elon, with Grok- - Yes. - Looking for truth. I mean, that's an open technical question. How close can you get to truth with LLMs? - Yeah, that's right. And my sense is this very contentious topic at the industry, my sense is if to the extent that there is a domain in which there is a definitive and checkable provable answer, and you might say, math satisfies that, coding satisfies that, and maybe some other fields, then you should be able to generate synthetic data. You should be able to do chain of thought reasoning. You should be able to do reinforcement learning, and you should be able to ultimately, you know, eliminate hallucinations. But by the way, that's a trillion-dollar question right there as to whether that's true. But then there's question of like, okay, is that gonna work in the more general domain? Like, so for example, one possibility is these things are gonna get truly superhuman like math and coding. But at like discussing philosophy, they're gonna just, they're basically as smart as they're ever gonna be. And they're gonna be kind of, you know, say mid-wit grad student level. And the theory there would just be they're already outta training data. Like they literally, if, you know, you talk to these people, like literally the big models, the big models are like within a factor of 2X of consuming all the human-generated training data to the point that some of these big companies are literally hiring people like doctors and lawyers to sit and write new training data by hand. And so does this mean that like you have to, if you want your model to better philosophy, you have to go hire like a thousand philosophers and have them write new content, and is anybody gonna do that? And so, you know, maybe these things are topping out in certain ways and they're gonna leap way ahead in other ways. And so anyway, so we just don't, you know, this is... Actually, maybe my main main conclusion is, anybody telling, you know, anybody telling you these big sweeping conclusions, you know, this whole super, you know, all of these abstract generalized super intelligence AGI stuff like, you know, maybe it's the engineer in me, but like, no, like, that's to abstract like, it's gotta actually work. And then by the way, it has to actually have to be able to pay for it. I mean, this is a problem right now with the, you know, the big models that are like really good at coding and math, they're like actually very expensive to run, you know, they're quite slow. Another trillion-dollar question, future chips, which I know you've talked a lot about. Another trillion-dollar question, yeah, I mean, all the global issue. Oh, another trillion-dollar question censorship, right? Like, and all the, as they say, all the human feedback training process. Exactly, what are you training these things to do? What are they allowed to talk about? How long did they give you these... How often do they give you these incredibly preaching moral lectures? Here's a trillion-dollar question. How many other countries want their country to run its education system, healthcare system, new system, political system, on the basis of an AI that's been trained according to the most extreme left-wing California politics, right? 'Cause that's kind of what they have on offer right now. And I think the answer to that is not very many. So there's like massive open questions there about like what, you know, and by the way, like what morality of these things are gonna get trained on as a- - And that one we're cracking wide open with what's been happening over the past few months. Censorship on every level of these companies, and just the very idea what truth means and what it means to be expand the Overton window of LLMs or the Overton window of human discourse. - So what I experienced, you know, going back to how we started, what I experienced was, all right, social media censorship regime from hell, debanking at like large scale, and then the war on the crypto industry, trying to kill it. And then basically declared intent to do the same thing to AI and to put AI under the same kind of censorship and control regime as social media and the banks. And I think this election tipped, in America, I think this election tipped us from a timeline in which things were going to get really bad on that front to a timeline in which I think things are gonna be quite good. But look, those same questions also apply outside the US and you know, the EU is doing their thing, they're being extremely draconian and they're trying to lock in a political censorship regime on AI right now that's so harsh that even American AI companies are not even willing to launch new products in the EU right now. Like, that's not gonna last, but like, what happens there, right? And what are the trade-offs? You know, what levels of censorship are American companies gonna have to sign up for if they wanna operate in the EU? Or is the EU still capable of generating its own AI companies or have we brain drained them, (laughs) so that they can't? So big questions. - Quick questions. So you're very active on X. A very unique character, flamboyant, exciting, bold. You post a lot. I think there's a meme, I don't remember it exactly, but that Elon posted something like inside Elon, there are two wolves. One is please be kind or more positive. And the other one is, I think, you know, doing the, I take a big step back and fuck yourself in the face guy. How many wolves are inside your mind when you're tweeting? - To be clear, a reference from the comedy classic "Tropic Thunder." - "Tropic Thunder," yeah. Legendary movie. - Yes. (Lex laughing) Any Zoomers listening to this who haven't seen that movie, go watch it immediately. - Yeah, there's nothing offensive about it. - Nothing offensive about it at all. So Tom Cruise's greatest performance. (Lex laughing) So- - Yeah. - Yeah, no, look, I should start by saying like, I'm not supposed to be tweeting at all, so- - Yeah. - Yes, yes, yes. So, but, you know. - So how do you approach that? Like how do you approach what to tweet? - I mean, I don't. I don't well enough. It's mostly an exercise in frustration. Look, there's a glory to it and there's an issue with it, and the glory of it is like, you know, instantaneous global communication, you know, X in particular is, you know, the town square on all these, you know, social issues, political issues, everything else, current events. But I mean, look, there's no question of the format. The format of at least the original tweet is, you know, prone to be inflammatory. You know, I'm the guy who at one point, the entire nation of India hated me because I was tweeted something. It turned out that it's still politically sensitive in the entire continent. I stayed up all night that night as I became front page headline and leading television news in each time zone in India for a single tweet. So like, the single tweet outta context is a very dangerous thing. Obviously, X now has the middle ground where they, you know, they now have the longer form essays. And so, you know, probably the most productive thing I can do is longer form things. - You're not gonna do it though, are you? - [Marc] I do, I do, from time-to-time. I do. - Sometimes. - I should do more of them. And then, yeah, I mean, look, but, and yeah, and obviously, X is doing great. And then, like I said, like Substack, you know, has become the center for a lot, you know, a lot of the, I think the best kind of, you know, deeply thought through, you know, certainly intellectual content, you know, tons of current events stuff there as well. And then, yeah, so, and then there's a bunch of other, you know, a bunch of new systems that are very exciting. So I think one of the things we can look forward to in the next four years is number one, just like a massive reinvigoration of social media as a consequence of the changes that are happening right now. I'm very excited to see what's gonna happen with that. And it's happened on X, but it's now gonna happen on other platforms. And then the other is crypto's gonna come right back to life. And actually that's very exciting, actually, that's worth noting is that's another trillion-dollar question on AI, which is in a world of pervasive AI, and especially in a world of AI agents, and imagine a world of billions or trillions of AI agents running around, they need an economy. And crypto, in our view, happens to be the ideal economic system for that, right? 'Cause it's a programmable money, it's a very easy way to plug in and do that. And there's this transaction processing system that can do that. And so I think the crypto AI intersection, you know, is potentially a very, very big deal. And so that was gonna be impossible under the prior regime, and I think under the new regime, hopefully, it'll be something we can do. - Almost for fun. Let me ask a friend of yours, Yann LeCun, what are your top 10 favorite things about Yann LeCun? (Marc laughing) I think he's a brilliant guy. I think he's important to the world. I think you guys disagree on a lot of things, but I personally like vigorous disagreement. I, as a person in the stands, like to watch the gladiators go at it, and- - No, he's a super genius. I mean, look, I wouldn't say we're super close, but you know, casual friends. I worked with him at Meta, you know, he is the chief scientist at Meta for a long time and is still, you know, works with us. And obviously is a legendary figure in the field and one of the main people responsible for what's happening. My serious observation would be that it's the thing I keep, I've talked to him about for a long time, and I keep trying to read and follow everything he does is he's probably, he is the, I think, see if you agree with this, he is the smartest and most credible critic of LLMs is the path for AI. - [Lex] Yeah. - And he's not, you know, there's certain, I would say troll-like characters who are just like crapping everything. But like Yann has like very deeply thought through, basically, theories as to why LLMs are an evolutionary dead end. And I actually, like, I try to do this thing where I try to model, you know, I try to have a mental model of like the two different sides of a serious argument. And so I've tried to like internalize that argument as much as I can, which is difficult 'cause like we're investing it behind LLMs as aggressively as we can. And so if he's right, like that could be a big problem. But like, we should also know that. And then I sort of use his ideas to challenge all the bullish people, you know, to really kind of test their level of knowledge. So I like to kind of grill people. Like, you know, I was got my CS degree 35 years ago, so I'm not like deep in the technology, but like to the extent I can understand Yann's points, I can use them to, you know, to really surface a lot of the questions for the people who are more bullish. And that's been, I think, very, very productive. Yeah, just, and it's very striking that you have somebody who is like that central in the space, who is actually like a full-on skeptic. And again, this could go different ways. He could end up being very wrong. He could end up being totally right, or it could be that he will provoke the evolution of these systems to be much better than they would've been. - Yeah, he could be both right and wrong. First of all, I do agree with that. He's one of the most legit and rigorous and deep critics of the LLM path to AGI, you know, his basic notions that there needs AI needs to have some physical understanding of the physical world, and that's very difficult to achieve with LLMs. And that is a really good way to challenge the limitations of LLMs and so on. He's also been a vocal and a huge proponent of open source. - Yes. - Which is a whole nother- - Yes. - Which you have been as well. - [Marc] Which is very useful. Yeah. - And that's been just fascinating to watch. - [Marc] And anti-doomer. - Anti-doomer? - Yeah. - Yeah, he's- - He's very anti-doomer. - He embodies... He also has many wolves inside. - [Marc] Yes, he does. Yes, does. Yes, he does. Yes, does. - So it's been really, really fun to watch. - The other two. Okay, here's my other wolf coming out. - [Lex] Yeah. - The other two of the three godfathers of AI are like radicals, like full-on left, you know, far left, you know, like, I would say like either Marxists or borderline Marxists. And they're like, I think, quite extreme in their social political views. And I think that feeds into their doomerism, and I think, you know, they are lobbying for like draconian government, I think what would be ruinously destructive government legislation and regulation. And so it's actually super helpful, super, super helpful to have Yann as a counterpoint to those two. - Another fun question, our mutual friend Andrew Huberman. - [Marc] Yes. - First maybe, what do you love most about Andrew? And second, what score on a scale of 1 to 10 do you think he would give you on your approach to health? - Oh, three. - Physical three. You think you'd score that high, huh? Okay. - (laughs) Exactly. - That's good. (laughs) - Exactly. Well, so he convinced me to stop drinking alcohol, which was a big- - Successfully? - Well, it was like other than my family, it was my favorite thing in the world. - Yeah. - And so it was a major, major reduction. Like having like a glass of scotch at night, it was like a major, like, it was like the thing I would do to relax. And so he has profoundly negatively impacted my emotional health. (Lex laughing) I blame him- - Yeah. - For making me much less happy as a person. But much, much, much healthier. - Yeah. - Physically healthier. So that I credit him with that. I'm glad I did that. But then his sleep stuff like, yeah, I'm not doing any of that. - [Lex] Yeah. - I have no interest in his sleep shit. Like, no. This whole light, natural light, no, we're not doing it. - You're too hardcore for this? - I don't see any natural light in here. - [Lex] It's all covered. It's all horrible. - And I'm very happy. I would be very happy living and working here 'cause I'm totally happy without natural light. - In darkness. - Yes. - It must be a metaphor for something. - Yes, it's a test. Look, it's a test of manhood as to whether you can have a blue screen in your face for three hours and then go right to sleep. Like, I don't understand why you should wanna take shortcuts. - I now understand what they mean by toxic masculinity. All right. (both laughing) So let's see. You're exceptionally successful by most measures, but what to you is the definition of success? - I would probably say it is a combination of two things, I think it is contribution. So, you know, have you done something that mattered ultimately, you know, and specifically it mattered to people? And then the other thing is, I think happiness is either overrated or almost a complete myth. And in fact, interesting, Thomas Jefferson did not mean happiness the way that we understand it. When he said, "Pursuit of happiness" in the "Declaration of Independence," he meant it more of the Greek meaning, which is closer to satisfaction or fulfillment. And so I think about happiness as the first ice cream cone makes you super happy. The first mile of the walk in the park during sunset makes you super happy. The first kiss makes you super happy. The thousandth ice cream cone, not so much. The thousandth mile of the walk through the park. The thousandth kiss can still be good, but maybe just not right in a row. Right, and so happiness is this very fleeting concept, and the people who anchor on happiness seem to go off the rails pretty often. So did the deep sense of having been, I dunno how to put it useful. - So that's a good place to arrive at in life. - Yeah, I think so. Yeah, I mean, like, can you sit, yeah. You know, who was it who said, the source of all the ills in the world is man's inability to sit in a room by himself doing nothing. But like, if you're sitting in a room by yourself and you're like, all right. Or you know, four in the morning, it's like, all right, have I lived up to my expectation of myself? Like if you have, you know, the people I know who feel that way are pretty centered and, you know, generally seem very, I dunno how to put it, pleased with, you know, proud, calm, at peace. The people who are, you know, sensation seekers, you know, some of the sensations by the way, some sense, you know, there's certain entrepreneurs, for example, who are like into every form of extreme sport and they get, you know, huge satisfaction out of that. Or, you know, there's sensation seeking in sort of useful and productive ways. You know, Larry Ellison was always like that. Zuckerberg is like that. And then, you know, there's a lot of entrepreneurs who end up, you know, drugs, (laughs) you know, like you know, sexual escapades that seem like they'll be fun at first and then backfire. - Yeah, but at the end of the day, if you're able to be at peace by yourself in a room at 4:00 AM- - [Marc] Yeah. - And I would even say happy, but I know, I understand Thomas Jefferson didn't mean it the way, maybe I mean it, but I can be happy by myself at 4:00 AM- - Yeah. - With a blue screen. - That's good. Exactly. - Staring at cursor. - Exactly. - As a small tangent, a quick shout out to an amazing interview you did with Bari Weiss and just to her in general, Bari Weiss of the Free Press. She has a podcast called, "Honestly, with Bari Weiss." She's great. People should go listen. You were asked if you believe in God. One of the joys... See, we talked about happiness. One of the things that makes me happy is making you uncomfortable. - [Marc] Thank you. - So this question is designed for many of the questions today were designed for that. You were asked if you believe in God, and you said after a pause that you're not sure. So it felt like the pause, the uncertainty, there was some kind of ongoing search for wisdom and meaning. Are you, in fact, searching for wisdom and meaning? - I guess I'd put it this way. There's a lot to just understand about people that I feel like I'm only starting to understand. And that's certainly a simpler concept than God. (laughs) So that's what I've spent a lot of the last, you know, 15 years trying to figure out. I feel like I spent my first like whatever, 30 years figuring out machines, and then now I'm spending 30 years figuring out people, which turns out to be quite a bit more complicated. And then, I don't know, maybe God's the last 30 years or something. And then, you know, look, I mean just, you know, like Elon, it's just like, okay, the known universe is like very, you know, complicated and, you know, mystifying. I mean, every time I, you know, pull up an astronomy, my kid super in astronomy, and it's like, you know, "Daddy, how many galaxies are there in the universe?" And you know, how many galaxies are there in the universe? - 100 billion? - Okay. Like how? (Lex laughing) - Yeah. - Like- - Yeah. - Like how that freaking possible? Like it's such a staggering concept that I- - I actually wanted to show you a tweet that blew my mind from Elon from a while back. Elon, said, "As a friend called it, this is the ultimate skill tree. This is a wall of galaxies, a billion light years across." - Yeah. - So these are all galaxies. - Yeah. Like how was it that big? Like how the hell, and like, you know, I can read the textbook and the this and the that and the whatever, 8 billion years and the Big Bang and the whole thing. And then it's just like, all right, wow. And then it's like, all rights, the Big Bang. All right, like what was before the Big Bang? (laughs) - Do you think we humans will ever colonize like a galaxy and maybe even go beyond? - Sure. Yeah, I mean, in the fullness of time. Yeah. - So you have that kind of optimism. You have that kind of hope that extends across a thousand of- - In the fullness of time. I mean, yeah, you know, all the problem, all the challenges with it that I do, but like, yeah, why not? I mean, again, in the fullness of time, it'll take a long time. - You don't think we'll destroy ourselves? - No, I doubt it. I doubt it. And you know, fortunately we have Elon giving us, (Lex laughing) giving us the backup plan. So I don't know, like, I grew up, you know, real Midwest, sort of just like conventionally kind of Protestant Christian. It never made that much sense to me. Got trained as an engineer and a scientist. I'm like, "Oh, that definitely doesn't make sense." I'm like, "I know I'll spend my life as an empirical, you know, rationalist and I'll figure everything out." And then, you know, and then again, you walk up against these things, you know, you bump up against these things and you're just like, "All right," I like, "Okay, I guess there's a scientific explanation for this, but like, wow." And then there's like, "All right, where did that come from?" Right, and then how far back can you go on the causality chain? Yeah. And then, yeah, I mean, and even just, you know, experiences that we all have on earth, it's hard to rationally explain it all. And then, you know, so yeah, I guess I just say I'm kind of radically open-minded, at peace with the fact that I'll probably never know. The other thing though, that's happened, and maybe the more practical answer to the question is I think I have a much better understanding now of the role that religion plays in society that I didn't have when I was younger. And my partner, Ben has a great... I think he quotes his father on this. He's like, "If a man does not have a real religion, he makes up a fake one, and the fake ones go very, very badly." And so there's this class, it's actually really funny. There's this class of intellectual that has what appears to be a very patronizing point of view, which is, "Yes, I'm an atheist, but it's very important that the people believe in something." Right? And Marx had like the negative view on that, which is religions the opiate of the masses. But there's a lot of like right-wing intellectuals who are themselves, I think, pretty atheist or agnostic, that are like, it's deeply important that the people be Christian or something like that. And on the one hand it's like, wow, that's arrogant and presumptive. But on the other hand, you know, maybe it's right because, you know, what have we learned in the last 100 years is in the absence of a real religion, people will make up fake ones. There's this writer, there's this political philosopher who's super interesting on this named Eric Voegelin. And he wrote in the sort of mid-part of the century, mid-late-part of the 20th century, he was like born in, I think, like 1900, and like died in like '85. So he saw the complete run of communism and Nazism and himself, you know, I think he fled Europe and you know, the whole thing. And you know, his sort of big conclusion was basically that both communism and Nazism, fascism, were basically religions, but like in the deep way of religions. Like, you know, we call 'em political religions, but they were like actual religions. And you know, they were what Nietzsche forecasted when he said, you know, "God is dead. We've killed him, and we won't wash the blood off our hands for 1,000 years," right? Is we will come up with new religions that will just cause just mass murder and death. And like, you read his stuff now and you're like, "Yep, (laughs) that happened." Right? And then, of course, as fully, you know, elite moderates, of course, we couldn't possibly be doing that for ourselves right now, but of course, we are. And you know, I would argue that Eric Voegelin, for sure, would argue that the last 10 years, you know, we have been in a religious frenzy, you know, that woke has been a full scale religious frenzy and has had all of the characteristics of a religion, including everything from patron saints to holy texts, to, you know, sin. Wokeness has said, every, I think, has said every single aspect of an actual religion other than redemption, right? Which is maybe like the most dangerous religion you could ever come up with, is the one where there's no forgiveness, right? And so I think if Voegelin were alive, I think he would've zeroed right in on that, would've said that. And, you know, we just like sailed right off. I mentioned earlier like we somehow rediscovered the religions of the Indo-Europeans. We're all into identity politics and environmentalism. Like, I don't think that's an accident. So anyway, like there is something very deep going on in the human psyche, on religion, that is not dismissible and needs to be taken seriously. Even if one struggles with the specifics of it. - I think I speak for a lot of people that it's been a real joy and for me, an honor to get to watch you seek to understand the human psyche as you described. You're in that 30-year part of your life, and it's been an honor to talk with you today. Thank you, Marc. - Thank you, Lex. Is that it? That's only, how long is that? - Four hours with Marc Andreessen is like 40 hours of actual content so- - I'll accept being one of the short ones. (both laughing) - For the listener. Marc looks like he's ready to go for 20 more hours, and I need a nap. (laughs) Thank you, Marc. - Thank you, Lex. - Thanks for listening to this conversation with Marc Andreessen. To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description. And now, let me leave you with some words from Thomas Sowell. "It takes considerable knowledge just to realize the extent of your own ignorance." Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.