hi guys my name is rali and I'm here to teach you CA Foundation law for May 2024 examinations I'm associated with har Academy to teach you CA Foundation law here we are going to uh cover the entire syllabus of CA Foundation law and prepare for May 2024 examinations along with the chapters will be also discussing the questions given over there the concepts Provisions Writing Practice all the these things we are going to do for this subject and we are going to Target that we score maximum marks in this particular paper okay let's begin with the introduction of the subject and what chapters are there to be covered we'll be seeing now so this is our syllabus for today like which we are going to discuss CA Foundation law this is the content which we have in our CA Foundation law module we have seven chapters over here starting with the chapter Indian regulatory framework next we have Indian contract act 1872 and then we have sale of goods act 1930 Indian Partnership Act a chapter associated with it that is the limited liability partnership act 2008 and the company's act this the sixth chapter and the negotiable instruments act 1881 is our last chapter for this C these all seven chapters we'll be trying to cover in the maximum uh best possible way we'll be trying to cover all the questions given in the given by The Institute I'll try to give you more questions for practice and with that practice we are going to score the best marks in this particular subject okay with the uh chapters when we see Indian regulatory framework law this subject is new for CA Foundation students you're going to study it for the the first time law so we'll be seeing what are the regulatory what is the regulatory framework of India how things are going to work what is the judicial system we'll be learning about all these things in our first chapter let's not take much of your time and we'll start with the first chapter Indian regulatory framework okay now what is law we are studying the subject uh business laws are paper number two containing 100 marks where have to see what is law this is the first thing we need to learn right so Indian regulatory framework chapter number one of business law contains the first definition what is law law is a set of obligations and duties obligations and duties so we are obliged obliged means we have to do some particular task we are compulsorily going to perform the task right that is Our obligation and Duty these are our responsibilities imposed by the government for securing welfare these things law is imposed by the government for securing welfare so that we the uh citizens of India are going to benefit out of it are going to progress out of it and it is for providing Justice to the society it is going to provide the Justice to the society we see we hear this sentence every time I'll see you in the court why because the people Trust on our Judiciary System which provides Justice to the society that's why law is important on the basis of law the cases are filed the cases are presented in the court and warn Justice is provided on the basis of laws right so law is a set of obligation and duties imposed by the government for securing welfare and providing Justice to society this basic definition we all should keep in mind okay Indian legal framework reflects the social political economic we have the three words social political economic and cultural aspects of our was and diversified country knowing that India is a country where there are multiple languages we say that we have a diversified country right so this regulatory framework is reflecting the social life of the people political Affairs of the people economy of the country and including all the cultural aspects of our country right that is what they have said about Indian regulatory framework now this law you'll be thinking how is this law how did this law come in question who created what is the source of uh law who is going to write the laws so we are going to see the sources of law now now the main source of law in India are the Constitution the statutes or laws made by the Parliament and State assemblies precedents of the judicial decisions of various courts and some cases established by customs and usage they have said that our constitution is based on various our laws Source are various things Constitution as we have already heard constitution of India this is a basic of preparing the law in Constitution they have provided you the rights the responsibilities the roles of the citizens of India right this this is the first base this is the first source of creating the law then they have statutes or laws made by the parliament the laws which Parliament has made on the basis of this other laws can be formulated Parliament and state assembl is also prepared the law pred uh precs of the judicial decisions that means whatever judicial decisions were taken we have to take extracts from that and from this law is created suppose a supreme court passes a judgment that judgment will become a law right so that is what is mentioned over here precedence of the judicial decisions of various courts and some cases established by customs and uses by regular practices that is a custom followed everywhere so that also becomes a law okay I hope source of law is clear the constitution of India statutes or laws made by the Parliament and state assemblies presidents of the judicial decisions of various codes and some case and in some cases establish customs and usages suppose uh this is a custom that human Hindu bodies are uh given fired or they are burned when their person is dead and uh Muslims the body is uh kept into the ground like they are uh grounding them and in uh Christian religion also if they are going to follow the same custom so this is a custom this is a usage that has been done from ages that is going to be followed right it is uh the four points that you need to remember the Constitution then the statutes or laws made by the Parliament and state assemblies precedents of the judicial decision of various courts and the fifth one fourth one which you have to remember some laws are established on the basis of customs and usage like the Hindu succession act or the Muslim uh laws all these things are based on the customs and usages I hope we are clear till here okay let's proceed further and see what they have said now India is a parliamentary democracy we have democracy in our country and it is governed by the parliament right we have a Constitution which is the basis and source of all the laws Constitution as we read earlier also Constitution is the bases and sources of all the laws then we select our representatives of the parliament as well as the legislative assemblies by the elections we are going to uh elect the parliament legisl Parliament and legislative assembly's members who are the person who are going to belong over there then these representatives of people make the laws laws are made by representatives of the people in Parliament or in their lawmaking body if they are in the parliament they'll be making it over there or in the state assemblies okay so Parliament is the ultimate law maker body when a law is to be prepared a draft is taken which is passed in both the houses of Parliament and then that becomes a law law passed by parliament May apply throughout all all the portion throughout all or a portion of India if the parliament wants to make the law for the entire India they can make the law for the entire India if they want they can just make it for some portions suppose we consider as only for the north portion as only for the Jammu and Kashmir so this is also applicable that it can make the law for the entire nation or a part of the nation whereas the laws part by state assemblies or the state legislatures apply only within the borders so if the laws are prepared by SL State legislatures this is going to apply only to the concerned States not to the other states if any law is prepared in Tamil Nadu it is going to be followed in Tamil Nadu only right if anything is prepared in Gujarat so it is going to be followed in gu government of India 1935 passed by the parliament of the United Kingdom is the presure of the Constitution now we have to see what was the basis for constitution the government of India act that was passed by the UK Parliament uh of the UK parliament of the UK in 1935 that is a precursor of the Constitution of India the foundation or the base or you can say reference for Indian constitution to be prepared it defined the characteristics of the government from uh unitary or to federal powers were distributed between Center and state to avoid any disputes in 1937 now what they have said over here the government of India act 1935 passed by the parliament of the United Kingdom is the precusor of the Indian constitution of India so this government of India act 1935 passed by the parliament passed by the parliament of the United Kingdom is the precusor of the Constitution of India yeah government of India act 1935 was the basis or you could say this was the foundation for the constitution of India to be prepared it defined the characteristics of the government from unitary to Federal now it defined the characteristics of the government how the government should be it was unitary earlier now it became to federal powers were distributed between Center and state we see here also today even the powers have been distributed to Center and state because there should not be any dis uh discrimination or any disputes between the people so the powers have been distributed to Center and state some decisions are taken by the central government some are taken by the respective States because we do not want to pressurize or put a lot of burden on the center so on the state basis the governments have been set up in 1937 federal court was established and had the jurisdiction of appet original and advisory in 1937 this Judiciary uh federal court was established it had the power of where you can file the appeals where original cases can be filed and advises also can be given okay the power of the appelate jurisdiction extended to civil and criminal cases whereas The Advisory jurisdiction was extended with the powers to Federal Court to advise Governor General in matters of public opinion what they have said powers of the appelate jurisdiction now it had all the things to be here and this federal court was going to take care of all the things with the appellate jurisdiction what they had they will be dealing the cases or they will be uh they'll be addressing the appeals for the cases of civil and criminal only only civil and criminal cases appeals will be taken care of whereas they are going to give the advice to the governor general advisory system also was the Federal Court these advises will be given by the federal court so they'll be giving the advises to our governor general in in matters of public opinion suppose uh there's a dispute about construction of some building this is a public opinion thing where people are arguing and they want a decision in the favor of the public or the people are arguing on matters for construction of a temple or construction of some building then this becomes a public opinion question in such cases the advice will be given by the judicial Cod sorry federal court which is going to give the advice to governor general the federal court operated for 12 years this federal court operated for around 12 years this is something you should remember federal court operated for 12 years okay and heard roughly 151 cases in 12 years they heard 151 cases right the federal court was supplanted by India's epics Cod the Supreme Court federal court was replaced it was supplanted by India's current epex Court current highest court that is the Supreme Court of India right so Supreme Court of India became the federal court the federal court was replaced by the Supreme Court of India that is our epex court or the highest court in India I hope we are clear till here let's go ahead the constitution of India 1950 the foremost law that deals with frame work within which our democratic system works and our laws are made for the People by the people constitution of India is the foremost law this was the first law made after we got our independence this was the first law made for the nation and it was made for the people and by the people the Democracy which we have in our country came into effect when it was made for the people and by the people the Constitution also provides for and protects certain fundamental rights of Citizen Constitution gives you fundamental rights and it protects the fundamental rights of citizens it also lays down fundamental duties as well as the powers and duties of government both Central and the state it also lays down the duties of the normal Indian citizens and also the duties of the governments including your Central and the state government laws in India are interconnected with each other forming a hybrid legal system all the laws in India are going to be interconnected and this constitution is going to be the major one give how we have to frame the laws it is going to be the major source of making any law people who wrote Constitution decided to divide the lawmaking power between Center and state people who wrote the Constitution divided the lawmaking power between Center and the state now central government can make their own laws state governments can make the own laws now we saw there is have you heard about this word cgst sgst utgst now cgst is made by central government sgst is made by the state government and utgst is made by the union territory governments right so this Powers had been divided between Center and the state so the Indian constitution has three list now we Indian constit our Indian constitution has three list one is the central list then we have our state list and then we have our joint list now Central list State list and Joint list Central list is one where the laws will be made only by the central governments State list is something where state governments only can make the laws all the sections or all the things that they have provided on these things only state state government can make a law on these things only central government can make a law and there is one more list called as joint list in which uh the points mentioned over there or the places mentioned over there where the laws can be made by both Central and state there should be Union of both while making laws on Center and state on all the points given in the joint list central government and the state government will come together to make the laws I hope these points are clear we have three list in Indian Constitution which are Central State and Joint list Central State and Joint list okay Central list State list and Joint list depending on the list in which it figures a matter would become the subject for Central law or state law that's what we discussed that depending what matter it is if it is mentioned in the central list it will be made by the central government if it is mentioned in the state list uh uh state government will make the law for example they have said income tax is a central subject income tax is one law made by the center for the entire India so throughout India all the people are going to follow the income tax law which is implemented by Central govern through Ministry of Finance we are going to see what is Ministry of Finance and how it is what are all the contents of Ministry of Finance we are going to see here okay we also have matters for which both Central as well as state government can pass the laws and it is contained in the joint list Levy of stamp Duty we might have heard from her parents or from our uh Elder siblings who are working in something related to uh the registration of the flats or buildings or any of the land we might have heard of stamp Duty so Levy of stamp duty is an example which is in the union list on which Central and state government both can make the laws both can pass the laws I hope till here we are clear that the Central and state government how they function and what are uh what is the source of law right now let's see how the law is made I give you a brief idea that when a law is proposed it's passed for discussion and debate in both the houses in loksabha and rajas SAA first it goes to loksabha and then it pass is pass to rajas saaba they have to get the ascent of both of them and then it has been uh has to be sent to the ascent of president president is the final Authority who gives the ascent when approval is received by the president the law gets notified by the government in the official gazet of India the law will become applicable from the date mentioned in the notification as an effective date once it is notified and it's effective it becomes Act of parliament let's see official gazet I'll just show you official gazet of India give me one second okay here we can see this is the official gazet of India in this an act of parliament is published and the date which they mention that is it is effective from this date will be the date from which this law will be applicable for the India or any portion where they have given or for the state that they have mentioned so this is how the official gazet of India looks okay published by The Authority bhat Raj Patra the gazet of India this is how it looks published by the authority and theyve mentioned the authority which it h which has published this particular gaset it needs to be registered there's a specific registration number over here okay I hope official gazet of India is clear to you now we'll get to the content again now when a law is proposed in Parliament it is called as a bill when law is proposed in the house of parliament it is called as Bill that is not law when it is proposed now we are just uh taking out a proposal we are just asking the confirmation of everyone so it is a bill over here after discussion and debate after discussion and debate the law is passed by the Lo passed in the Lo saaba first it goes to the Lo saaba that is the first house of parliament then it is passed in rajas saaba that is the second house of parliament it then has to obtain the ascent of President of India I told you that it is going to be presented to the uh president of India after it has got the approval of both the houses of Parliament Lo SAA and rajas saaba when it has got the approval then it goes for the s ENT or approval of President of India now finally the law will be notified by the government in the uh in the publication called the official gazet of India we just saw what is official gazet of India law will become applicable the law will become applicable from the state me from the date mentioned date mentioned in the notification as the effective date whatever date is going to be mentioned in the notification from that date only the law will become applicable suppose they give 4th of February as the effective date so from 4th of February the law will be applicable once it is notified and effective it is called an act of Parliament when it gets notified and it becomes effective it is called as Act of parliament I hope the lawmaking process is clear they can ask you a question based on this and this is a very simple thing yet a very important question which they can ask you now moving ahead now law we have discussed now there can be end types of laws like what are laws how they are categorized this is a thing which you might be curious about let's see what are types of laws in our Indian legal system the laws in the Indian legal system can be broadly classified in this following particulars criminal law civil law common law and the principle of natural Justice let's see each one of them criminal law is concerned with laws pertaining to violation of rule what they have said violation of the rule of law or public wrongs which the people are doing that is going to be considered as the criminal law the laws made for this punishments for uh wrongdoing for public wrongs which one has done violating the law when you have violated the law for example doing a rape murder cheating or crime so all these things get covered under criminal laws criminal law is governed under the Indian Penal Code 1860 and the code of criminal procedure 1973 crpc these are some other laws under which criminal laws are covered here in this two particular laws the criminal laws are given Indian Penal Code 1860 defines the crime IPC you need to remember this IPC is going to define the crime this gives you crime Define the crime it's nature how what kind of Nature and Punishment whereas the criminal procedure code which is CPC defines exhaustive procedure for executing the punishment of the crime suppose there's a crime of murder what what is the definition of murder will be given in IPC punishment for murder if the murder has been done by a person he should be given five years of jail that is mentioned in IPC how this jail has to be executed is given in CPC in which jail this person is to be sent what are the procedures of sending them to the jail how this case is to be presented all these things are given under CBC so they have given one more uh they have given all the examples of criminal offic es which is murder rape theft fraud cheating and assault are some examples of criminal offenses there can be more uh examples of criminal offenses but they have mentioned over here few of them for you to remember okay I hope criminal law is clear when someone is doing wrong or violating the rules of the law that is said to be uh done under the criminal law and for this it is governed by Indian penal code and uh criminal procedure code 1973 Indian Penal Code 1860 defines what crime is then it gives us the nature of the crime the punishment that should be given to the person who is culprit and when we come to CPC that is the criminal procedure code they'll give you the procedure how you have to execute the punishment of the crime which jail is to be taken which laws are to be referred all these things are given in CPC that is Criminal procedure code we are going to be using the short forms Indian Al code can be used as IPC and for code of criminal procedure we are going to use crpc okay you'll find this word often in the context beware of it then this where some issues where violation has been done or public wrong has been done we'll be coming forward to civil laws matters of dispute between individuals or organizations are dealt under civil laws now there was an agreement or there was some contra contract between two people there was an agreement that this person will sell 5,000 rupees worth goods and he'll be giving 5,000 rupees they did not sell or this guy got the goods but did not pay the money so this is a dispute between individuals or there can be disputes between two companies or one company and an employee these all things are covered under the civil law when it is a dispute between individuals the human beings or organizations which can include company partnership or LLP it can use include your trust Etc all these things all these matters are covered under the civil law right I hope this one is clear till here civil courts enforce the violation of certain rights they enforce that one has if someone has violated certain rights and obligations through institution of a civil suit if someone has uh violated certain rights and obligations then they'll be uh liable for a civil suit or civil proced proceeding will be taken against them civil law primarily focuses on dispute resolution it primarily focuses on dispute resolution how these disputes are to be resolved how solution is to be given rather than punishment there is going to be punishment but how this things can be settled by mere talking or giving the compensatory money that is covered in civil law the act of process and the administration of civil law are governed by the code of uh civil procedure CPC now there we learned about code of criminal procedure crpc here we are going to learn about code of civil procedure CPC right so the laws that are given the act of process and how we have to administer a civil law all these are governed under CPC code of civil procedure 1908 civil law can be further classified into law of contract which we are going to study family law for all types of families Hindu family Muslim families there are laws given property law and law of T property law and law of T we'll be seeing them in detail further property law relating to properties relating to house building land or any of the values which are property of other people they are covered under the property law law of thought where they are protecting you from doing something wrong this is called as law of thought where Motor Vehicles act also is covered over here there can be a dispute between you and the policemen the traffic policemen so this is covered under the civil law some examples they have given of civil offenses we'll be seeing them breach of contract as I told you there was an agreement or contract made between two people one of them did not uh fulfill the contract there was breach of contract it is going to be dealt under civil law non- delivery of goods as I told you there were goods sold for 5,000 but this person person did not deliver the goods he got the payment but he did not deliver the goods that is also covered under civil law non-payment of dues to lender or seller defin or seller defamation as I told you that someone had an agreement A and B had an agreement a was going to sell goods for 5,000 he sold the goods he sent the goods but B did not pay the money that is nonpayment due to lender non-p payment of dues to lender or seller deformation seller defamation if someone spoils the name of the seller that also comes under the civil law breach of contract and dispute between landlord and Tain we have seen some people have uh their houses on rent so when there is a dispute between the landlord the person who gives the place on rent and the Tenant who is the person residing in that house as a tenant or as someone who is renting the apartment or flat that is called as Stant there is a dispute between this landlord and maintainment that gets covered under civil laws right so for summing up the Civil laws we can see that when disputes are between individuals or organizations these are dealt under civil law civil courts inforce violation of certain rights and obligations if the person is obligating or he is not following the laws he someone is violating the laws then it comes under your civil uh court and civil suit is filed over there civil law primar focuses on dispute resolution punishments are not the major thing or it is not the primary focus of civil law major Focus or primary focus is to give solution to uh resolve the dispute to make the people come on the same page where they have one solution for the problem then we know which law governs them civil law gos them code of civil procedure CPC 1908 then we know we see the we saw the laws that are covered under civil law which is law of contract family law property law and law of to these are the four classifications of the laws under civil law some civil offenses are breach of contract non-p payment for the goods that they have purchased non-p payment to the banks non- delivery of the goods seller deformation dispute between landlord and tant all these things get covered under civil law only I hope criminal and civil both the things are different and are very much clear to you people in criminal some wrong has been done or rules have been broken the laws have not been followed and there is punishment also that becomes criminal law civil law dispute between individuals or organizations where the major uh primary focus is on giving the resolution that is your civil law okay I hope the first two types of the laws are clear let's go ahead and see the next two common law a Judicial precedent or a case law is a common law suppose a judgment was passed by the Supreme Court of India as I mentioned you earlier also that a judgment was given by Supreme Court of India that is going to be binding on the entire territory of India if a judgment is given by Supreme Court it is binding on the entire of India that becomes your common law judicial president that is a judicial statement judgment passed by the authorities of India legal system of India right as they have mentioned over here a judgment delivered by the Supreme Court will be binding upon the courts within the territory of India all the courts in India will have to follow the Judgment given by the Supreme Court under article 141 of the Indian constitution doctrine of State decisis is the principal supporting common law there's a doctrine of State decisis which supports principle of common law that if a judgment has been given all people have to stand by it it is a Latin phrase stare decises is a Latin phrase which means to stand by that what is decided that which is decided if Supreme Court has decided that uh the citizens of India will have to follow this particular law then Supreme Court has given this judgment and all the uh courts which are below the Supreme Court which don't have that higher authority will have to follow which is the high court and district courts special courts Magistrate Courts Metropolitan courts we'll be learning all these courts further all the courses and all the people of India have to follow the Judgment passed by the Supreme Court that becomes a common law the doctrine of stair decises reinforces the obligation of Courts to follow the same principle all the courts have to follow the same principle or judgment established by previous decisions while ruling a case where the facts are similar or on all four legs with the earlier decision that means all the contents are same in that case then they have to follow let's take an example for common law if Supreme Court has given a statement that if someone uh rapes a woman or murders uh if someone rapes a woman uh in a public transport vehicle then this there is a punishment of seven years to that person listen carefully Supreme Court has passed an order that if someone has raped a woman in a public transport vehicle then they have to face the punishment of imprisonment for S years now this was passed by Supreme Court in high court of Bombay the Mumbai High Court same thing same kind of case was there where a man has raped a woman in a public transport vehicle in the Mumbai local bus right this person is going to be given the same treatment he is also going to be enforced with the seven uh years of imprisonment because it was passed by the Supreme Court Supreme Court is the highest Authority whatever they give the Judgment becomes the law it becomes the common law it is going to be followed by all the cases uh by all the people on all the courts that are there if the facts are similar the things which are mentioned or the case that has been mentioned is similar or on all four legs all four legs means that all the situations are same to it right then it becomes a common law when all the uh lower courts and all the uh people of India are going to follow it it becomes a common law judgment passed by Supreme Court will become a common law that's the common law that's the third type of Le legal third type of law which we have learned now last type of law which we will be learning is principles of natural Justice natural Justice often known as just natural deals with fundamental principles of Justice going bit beyond written law it is not written but this is natural Justice we know that if some dog is there stray dog is there on the road we do not harm it that is natural Justice towards the dog we do not throw stones towards it if they're not doing anything to us they're not harming us or barking on us we do not have to disturb them that is the natural Justice P let's see what they have given natural Justice often known as just natural deals with certain fundamental principles of Justice going Beyond written law something which is beyond the written law are dealed with principles of natural Justice neemo judex in kasasa literally meaning no one should May uh should be be made a judge in his own cause if I have done something wrong I cannot be the judge of my own wrong someone else is going to judge me that is what they have mentioned as Nemo judix in quasa literally meaning no one should be made a judge in his own cause no one will be made a judge of their own cause if I have done some wrong if I have done a murder I cannot be the person who is going to judge me there should be someone else there should be another judge who is going to judge me and it's a rule against Prejudice someone can't do this it's a rule that if you have done something wrong you cannot be the one who is going to judge you a Alum partum literally meaning hear the other party or give the other party a fair hearing if I have done a murder and someone files a case against me if uh a has done the murder of B let's take an example over here now a murdered B and C is the family of b c is the family of B right C files a case C has filed a case now c will have to give and the court will have to give equal opportunity of hearing to a a has to uh has to be given a chance to presented site hear the other party or give the other party a fair hearing a fair Choice should be given to see you can off to a a cannot be taken directly to the jail to the imprisonment he cannot be given directly the law of imprisonment or the verdict of imprisonment the facts and why a has murdered B all these things should be heard from a and reason decisions are rules of natural Justice if a had the reason that b had uh done something wrong and B was trying to attack a and a in self-defense killed B then this reason has to be heard and all these reasons should be mentioned should be written down while taking the case right these are the rules of natural Justice that a reason should be given and any person cannot fight their own case cannot uh be the judge of their own case right and they have to give the other party a fair chance of hearing they should be given a fair chance of speaking for themselves opportunity should be given to be heard a judgment can override or alter a common law but it cannot override or change the statute a judgment that is passed can overwrite or alter the common law suppose Supreme Court gave the Judgment that in rape cases there has to be seven years of imprison but they saw another rape case which was worsen than this and they changed this seven years to 10 years right so they can change or alter the Judgment can override or alter the common law if a judgment is pass that can override that can uh subseed the earlier passed law and it can change that uh statement or change that judgment but it cannot change the statute if in Constitution it is said that you cannot punish someone Beyond 8 years you cannot give 10 years of punishment you have to give maximum of eight years you cannot go Beyond 8 years right if they have mentioned that 8 years is the maximum number of imprisonment you cannot give someone more than 8 years right you cannot override or change the statute judgment can be changed seven years was the punishment it became to 10 years but uh it came out to be 10 years but it cannot exceed 8 years because in the Indian constitution in the statute it has been written that imprisonment for rape cases is maximum 8 years right so it cannot exceed 8 years you cannot override or change the statute I hope we are clear till types of laws there are four types of laws which we discussed here in detail which were uh criminal law civil law common law and principle of natural Justice I hope we are clear till here right we are clear till types of laws sources of laws and uh we further saw how the process is there of making us law right I hope we are all clear till this point enfor enforcing the law now after a law is passed in the parliament it has to be enforced like we saw that it has to be published in the official gazet bill becomes a law when it has been uh given the ascent by the president it has been approved by both the houses of Parliament now how this law will enforce come into Force how it is going to be applied this is the job of the executive department or the executive uh system of our nation right let's see what they have mentioned after a law is passed in Parliament it has to be enforced somebody should monitor monitor the important word here is monitoring the law it is being followed law is made to avoid the wastage of water so such law should be followed and if people are following or not this should be monitored so monitoring this system is the responsibility of the executive department this is a job of the executive department depending on the WEA on whether the law is Central or state law the central government or state government will be enforcing Authority they'll be appointing The Authority who are going to check who are going to monitor whether these laws made by the central or state government are being applied are being followed this is to be checked right now for this purpose government functions are distributed into various Ministries for this what they do is they distribute the government functions into various Ministries Ministries are Ministry of Finance Ministry of corporate Affairs home Affairs Law And Justice right these are some of the Ministries and there are many more Ministries coming your way right Ministry of Finance Ministry of corporate Affairs Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Law and Justice and there are many more Ministries right these Ministries are headed by Minister a minister is the head of the Ministries and run by officers officers are going to run this ministries of the Indian administrative and other services now government of India exercises its executive powers executive Authority through a number of government Ministries or Department of states there are n number of government Ministries for uh setting up the Water Resources there is going to be a Ministry then for uh the waste management there is is going to be a Ministry and for the laws to be followed there will be another Ministry for checking on the finances there is Ministry of Finance right there are n number of Ministries available government of India exercises its executive powers through a number of government Ministries or Departments of State like uh States will have their separate departments Revenue Department recovery department collection department then their expense departments they have various departments in the state Ministry is composed of employed officials there are civil servants civil servants or government uh servants you might have heard this word earlier civil servants or government servants police is a department so the people who are working as a police or as a havalar over there as IPs over there these are all under civil servants they are all under the police department and these are all civil servants right and they're politically accountable through a minister a minister is there about them through which they are accountable through which they are answerable most major Ministries are headed by a cabinet minister cabinet minister is one who sits in the Union Council of ministers he is the head of the Ministries majorly cabinet minister is the one who is the head of ministry and is typically supported by a team of Junior ministers there are State ministers below him cabinet minister and then we have state ministers or Junior ministers okay for example the income tax act is implemented and enforced by a Ministry of Finance Income Tax Act comes under it act comes under Ministry of Finance right through the central Board of direct uh Central board for direct taxes Central board for direct taxes coming under the Department of Revenue now they are under the Department of Revenue and it is administered by officers of Indian Revenue Services see how the hierarchy works is there is they are under the Ministry of Finance right they are under Ministry of Finance right below this uh this uh Income Tax Act is governed under the Ministry of Finance through cbdt Central Board of direct taxes this board contains various departments and their revenue department is there and in the revenue department there will be number of officers who are going to collect the revenue from the general public whose income is liable to tax okay we'll be seeing all the major Ministries and the laws which are enforced by them let's go further and see Ministry of Finance now talking about Ministry of Finance or you might have heard this word with mantr with mantal that is the finance ministry okay okay Ministry of Finance with manal they have said it's a Ministry within the government of India concerned with economy of India what is the major thing over here economy of India serving as The Treasure of Treasury of India where all the money of India comes in it is under the Ministry of Finance in particular it concerns itself with taxation Financial legislation taxation Financial Financial instituts your Banks your uh loan providing facilities Capital markets Stock Market Center and state finances and the union budget there is taxation then you have your financial legislation then you have your financial institution you have your Capital Market that is your share Market Center and state finances all the money that is given to Center and state and the union budget budget presented on 1 of February each year right as a ched accountant many of you uh many of your day-to-day work life will be impacted by Ministry of Finance and its Proclamation we being the chartered account we when we'll be chartered accountant we have to see that what are changes in Ministry of Finance how it is going to impact our functioning all is dependent on ministry right whatever changes reforms they bring in it is important for us to know this ministry is so important that many ministers have preferred to hold the portfolio of Finance Minister also one of the important functions of finance ministry is the presentation of the Union Budget on 1 of February each year Union budget is presented so major function or the most important function of Ministry of finances to present the union budget annual event is eagerly waited by professionals and Common Man as it provides for rates of taxes and budget allocations for the insuring Year all the people on 1st of February are glued to the TV screens to see what all things are given under the budget what are the benefits given to the common man what all things now us started accountants have to keep in mind while performing the things while filing the returns while doing the proceedings helping the clients all these things we need to keep in mind what are changes in tax rates slab rate changes all these things we be seeing and how much money is allocated to which type of Department suppose for electricity or solar they have given 50,000 ,000 cror so how much amount is being invested what are the expected results for Education if they spending for cleaning their spending cleaning the ganga uh River if they're spending how it is allocated all these things are to be taken care of and Ministry of Finance has this important task is assigned with this important task of presentation of Union budget okay I hope we are clear with Ministry of Finance it is the treasury of India it is concerned with economy of India and and it includes taxation Financial legislation financial institution Capital markets Center and state finances and Union budget these are all the key points you need to remember we have underlined over here I hope you guys are underlining along with me now there's one question for us who presented the maximum number of Union budgets as the Finance Minister SRI moraji Desai during his stint as Finance Minister between 1962 and 1969 has presented 10 Union budgets 1962 to 1969 was their term and they presented 10 Union budget making it highest the next on the list is Shri P chamaram we might have heard this name very commonly and they presented nine followed by SRI pranam mukarji who presented eight Union budgets and Sh yashan sin and Dr Manmohan Singh have presented eight and six budgets respectively they can ask you in any of the mcqs you need to remember highest was presented by SRI moraji Desai that is 10 Union budgets followed by SRI pamam who presented around nine budgets okay I hope Ministry of Finance is clear to you people let's move ahead to the next Ministry now let's see constitution of Ministry of Finance we need to know who are the people in the Ministry of Finance also now Ministry of Finance is the upex controlling authority of four Central civil services Apex that is the highest it is controlling four civil services one is Indian Revenue system Indian audit and accounts Indian audit and account services then we have Indian audit and account services then we have Indian economic services and the last one we have Indian civil account services these are all the four civil Central civil services which are controlled by Ministry of Finance also it's the Apex controlling authority of central Commerce Services namely Indian cost and management account services Central Commerce all the trade and commerce services are under the Ministry of Finance we need to just remember this four civil services Indian Revenue Services Indian audit and account service Indian economic service and Indian civil accounts service how much amount is allocated in all what is the revenue generated audits done of the government of the all the authorities all the organizations companies small llps individuals present in the India all these come under the Ministry of Finance okay now departments under Ministry of Finance there are various departments under Ministry of Finance let's just take a look at Ministry of Finance for once this is how the uh Ministry of Finance website looks like Department of Financial Services they give an overview about how they are meet the ministers the Finance Minister of India we all are well aware Shati Nala sitaraman is our uh Finance Minister we can see that from here we see the uh organizational chart what are the organ uh how is the structure of the Ministry of Finance we can see the banking insurance pension reform Services laws made acts and rules given all these things you can see Financial inclusions public Financial inclusions Indian infrastructure export import wherever revenue and the development money related all the things come under Ministry of Finance that they have set you can anytime check this website and you'll get to know about how the department of uh how the Departments are divided in Ministry of Finance right now you can you can see this is a chart given by a organizational chart that they have given directors then subd directors how the things function then they have given you welfare reservation banking operations Insurance media industrial finances all these departments have been given organization chart has been given by them okay now who's who here also you can see uh the names of the people private secretary to financial Minister additional private secretary then uh under secretary PPS all these things you can get to know you have their contact numbers given over here all these things are mentioned in the on the website any designation you want to see you can see Office of the joint secretaries if you want to see here we can get the details of joint secretary so joint Secretary of India Samir Shukla sir and then if you want to check uh any of the national uh services like you want to see the advisers or under secretary join directors Finance ministers all these departments you can have the access over here right related to Ministry of Finance I hope this one is clear the page is clear for you people right let's get back to our study Department of Ministry of Finance Department of Economic Affairs all the changes in the economy what are the uh changes in demand Supply these things are dealt by Department of Economic Affairs Department of economic Affair deals with what all things are changing in the economy requirements of Indian economy how the people are responsive and uh to the changes that we have done what are all policies regulations to be formulated for uh the E better economy Indian economy are given under Department of Economic Affairs right then Department of expenditure in the budget they give us some amount which is distributed to various departments suppose uh Road construction Department right road construction department they are given the revenue of 10,000 CR they are given an expenditure they are given the amount how these 10,000 crores are spent by them in what areas in what duration they have spent all these things are checked by Department of expenditure right then we have Department of Revenue in Department of Revenue comes your goods and service department your GST and income tax stamp Duty well uh wealth tax all these things come under Department of Revenue Your Entertainment tax comes under Department of Revenue right W is being levied at certain places that comes under this excise is being levied on certain Goods that comes under this Customs when goods are exported or imported that is also taken care under Department of Revenue export import all these things also come under Department of Revenue how the department how the money is being collected from the people that comes under Department of Revenue then Department of Financial Services for the banks and all regulations have been provided RBI is there RBI comes under Department of Revenue uh the department of Indian Department of Financial Services right then your stock market your sebi where the stocks are exchanged that also comes under Department of Financial Services then comes Department of investment and public Asset Management here you see how the money of the people is there RBI SEI impacts of it and wherever the people are saving the money is also taken care under Department of investment and public Asset Management you might have heard about government bonds Sovereign bonds gold bonds all these things are investment by the people and how the other government uh companies how they're investing how the assets are being managed by the public public that also comes under the Ministry of Finance under the department of investment and public Asset Management then we have Department of Public Enterprises all the issues dealt by the public Enterprises are dealt under Department of Public Enterprises like public company you might have uh read about this earlier public company and private company so the companies where government is having the major stakeholding if there are any issues there are any resolutions or if the money is to be located it is done under Department of Public Enterprises I hope the Departments of Ministry of Finance are clear Department of Economic Affairs Department of expenditure Department of Revenue Department of Financial Services Department of investment and public Asset Management Department of Public Enterprises I hope all these departments are clear what their roles are in short I have explained you this we have also seen the department uh sorry Ministry of Finance website how things work over there we have also seen that right now let me take you to the next Ministry which is Ministry of corporate Affairs okay give me one second I'll just take you to Ministry of corporate Affairs I hope it is yeah let's go to Ministry yes there you go this is the website of MCA commonly known and companies use this because all the corporate services company services are being provided through you right about NCA we'll see a little what they have given roles and responsibilities what MCA does all the filings of the company's proceedings are done on the MCA website my workspace here you can see you can enter the company's login ID password and all the uh Services related to the company are given over what all things the MCA website offers is given you can check any company's name you can find their cim you can see the incorporation when the company was incorporated how much they are complying are they filing their Returns on time or not all these things you can see what approvals are there changing the company information someone wants to do they can do it from here charge management how much loans they have taken all these things are visible from here D is something which is the directors we'll be learning in the company's chapter then is a number allocated for director as you people who are registered under ICI you have your uh W number sorry me student registration number W number that is your uh registration number same way directors have their D director identification number then things are now uploaded through DSC so how you acquire a DSC update a DSC all these things are there filing of the returns forms are given on the website documents related all these services are given how we can get the certified documents public documents if are some open documents are there how you can view them all these things are given if you want to raise a complaint you can raise a complaint also over here I hope we are clear with Ministry of corporate Affairs website here data and reports are there if you want annual report of any company you can check over here right right you need to mention the company LLP information and uh then you can get the data from here now companies and llps registered in January 2024 if you want you can see what all companies and uh what all uh llps have registered you can check them from this website let's just check one of them so that you get an idea how data on MCA is uploaded and how we can view them now these are some of the companies which have been Incorporated in January 2024 right in January 2024 these are the foreign Companies Incorporated copel Corporation rers OSF uh danich and then Shera water and posum then LLP companies these are the LLP companies which have opened in 2024 so you can see the list is long on 1 of January only we can see n number of companies registering 5,276 companies have registered entirely in the month of January right then we see the Indian companies how many Indian companies have registered and there are 14,327 Indian companies registered in the entire month of January and this count goes on right all these uh information you can get from the website MCA website I hope we are clear with how the ministry of corporate Affairs website looks and how it is functional right now let's see what it is actually we just saw how the website is but we need to know what is Ministry of corporate Affairs how it works and what all things it does right now let's just zoom in a little now Ministry of corporate Affairs is an Indian government Ministry primarily concerned with administration of the company act as I told you companies act 2013 we are going to learn it is governed by MCA MCA is the governing body now and the LLP act which is something which we are also going to learn in our CA Foundation course LLP act and there is one one one more insolvency and bankruptcy code 2016 this is also taken under mcf this you're going to learn in your ca final right it is responsible mainly for regulation of Indian Enterprises Industries and service sectors all the Indian organizations also the foreign companies are under this so all the Enterprises registered in India under the companies act under the LLP act and under the insolvency bankruptcy code what all proceedings are there all these are dealt by Ministry of corporate Affairs mostly run by civil servants the I LS cadar these officers are elected to Civil Service examinations you might have heard upsc right these examinations or and from Maharashtra so we hear mpsc over here all these type of company sorry civil services examinations are given where you can see these officers are elect the highest post is director general of corporate Affairs dgca and he is the aex scale right this is the aex scale fixed for them this is the highest officer director general of corporate Affair corporate Affairs okay I hope Ministry of corporate Affairs is clear to you people then coming to Ministry of Home Affairs now not our homes this is not related to our home Affairs right it is a Ministry of government of India as an interior Ministry of India it is mainly responsible for the maintainance of internal security it is responsible for the maintainance of Indian security and domestic policies you might have heard the Indian army the Navy the Air Force all these comes in the ministry of Home Affairs gram mantal security inside the nation is taken care by Ministry of Home Affairs home Ministry is headed by Union minister of Home Affairs Union minister of Home Affairs is the one who is going to head the home ministry right Ministry of Home Affairs let's see the mha website that will help us yes there you go these are all the internal security related and internal domestic policies now see Departments of M right Departments of Border management Departments of internal security Jammu Kashmir Department all these various types of departments are there for internal security and Department of States Departments of home all these come under Department of uh Ministry of Home Affairs okay I hope Department's picture is clear from here we'll be seeing all of their division of M now it is divided into categories Administration division people who are going to see the everyday functioning of the India that come under Administration division border management division one and two border related Services all those uh changes that are to be done all the policies that are to be done what all decisions are to be taken goes under B Management Center State Division which things are to be given to Center which things are given to be uh to the state this division is done under Ministry of Home Affairs and all these divisions are given finance division is there Northeast division foreign divisions foreign companies coming security of the uh people of India how uh the policies are to be secured people are to be secure women's safety all these divisions are given under MH right now what all things it does it answers the questions to Parliament settles the dispute gives uh arms license to the people over there now the police officers they are given the license through Ministry of Home Affairs Indian citizenship if someone wants to apply for the citizenship they have to apply through the in uh Ministry of Home Affairs portal only online ID card is generated through this Padma Awards if are to be given this is also done through Ministry of Home Affairs right I hope these all things are clear to to you people the website how it functions we have just seen a examp now as we already saw the names of Department of ministry Affairs we'll just take a quick look into this department of Border Management Department of States Department of internal security department of Jammu Kashmir and ladak Affairs Department of Home Department of official language and Department of States these are few departments of Ministry of Home Affairs border management we discussed internal security the police and Etc departments come under this department of Jammu Kashmir and ladak all the fights or uh Wars that are going to be taken care of the people who are there the soldiers that are there come under this department Department of home all the home Ministry Affairs the decisions to be taken for the nation are under Department of Department of official language What official language the documents are to be published how it is going going to work all these is taken care under Department of official language and the states have their different departments so that is one Department of States I hope Ministry of Affairs this is also very clear to you people right let's proceed further now Department of official language they have further given few more things to be discussed over here central translation Bureau there will be a central translation Bureau where the things will be translated into the regional language for the people living over there right Central Hindi training institute people who have come from outside and they are not aware or some officers specifically living in a state but they do not know Hindi language training is provided to them and directorate of census operation the counting and the people population census operation Etc is also done over here how many languages are there and what is the number of population speaking those languages all these things are taken care by director of census operation I hope we are clear till here okay now we'll see the next Department next Ministry that is Ministry of Law and Justice it is govern uh Ministry of Law and Justice in the government of India is a cabinet Ministry it deals with management of legal Affairs they have to follow all the laws rules and regulation the people are following or not all this is checked by Ministry of Law and right let's see what they have given is in the uh Ministry of Law and Justice in the Indian government of India is a cabinet Ministry deals with management of legal Affairs through legislative Department all the legal Affairs should be managed so legislative Department are the people who are going to do the Law related things the courts Etc legislative activities through Department of legal Affairs if you have followed the rules and regulations you have filed the Returns on time all these things are taken care of administration of justice in India through Department of Justice right these are the three departments how they are divided then Department of legal Affairs is concerned with advising various Ministry of central government this department Department of legal Affairs which we are going to discuss further it is concerned with advising the various ministries of the central government with legislative manners while the legislative department is concerned with drafting of principal legisl for the central government what all laws are going to be implemented by the central government are drafted by the Legislative department and uh Department of legal Affairs are going to give the advice to the central government and then we have Department of Justice which is going to look for what all uh judgments have been given by the people uh by the judges for the people are they correct or not and are they uh after considering all the facts of the case all the proceedings that have been done are rightfully done all these is taken care by Department of Justice okay let's also visit the website of Ministry of Law and Justice so that we are clear about it this is how Ministry of Law and Justice looks you see we always have the SWAT Bharat symbol we are promoting this we are always striving on the principle that we should be keeping our cities clean and our society clean right now about the ministry let's see few of it composition of the ministry as I told you Department of legal Affairs the courts Etc come under here legislative Department the parliament Etc and Department of Justice your Supreme Court comes over here right Ministry of law and Justice uh consist of three departments namely legislative Department Department of legal Affairs and Us justice we saw this is concerned with advising the Ministries with the while the legislative department is concerned with drafting the principal legislation India code which consist of laws enacted from the previous century and which are in force in the territory of India are available on the net so you can see that whenever you want all the codes or laws if you want to read you can check them on the internet right they have given this is the oldest limb of the Indian government dating from 1833 right when we were under the British rule from that time ministry of Law and Justice is in force I hope we are clear this with the website yes so Department of Ministry of Law and Justice consist of the Department of legal Affairs depart legislative department and Department of Justice legal Affairs giving the advices to the central government and the principal legislation drafting is done for the central government by the Legislative Department okay I hope we are clear till here legislative department and Department of legal Affairs we are very clear with the three departments of Ministry of Law and Justice then we'll be seeing SE Securities and Exchange Board of India we might have heard this word many of times right now it is the regulatory body for Securities and commodity Market in India when you want to trade the shares the Securities mutual funds Etc all these comes under Security and Exchange Board of India under the ownership of Ministry of Finance within within the government of India this is also under Ministry of Finance established on 12 April 1988 this is to be remembered sebi was established on on 12th April 1988 and Stat as an executive body and was given statutory Powers statutory Powers were given on 30th of January 30th of January 19292 through sebbi act 1992 then they formulated their act and that was called as Seb act 1992 right sebi is clear one who regulates uh the Securities and commodity Market in India your stock exchanges these markets are regulated through sebi RBI Reserve Bank of India the major or the Apex bank for India is RBI right all the banks that you see come under rbii your Central Bank State Bank of India Central Bank of India kotak Bank of India kotak Bank HDFC Bank all these Banks come under Reserve Bank of India right it is India's Central and Regulatory body responsible for regulation of Indian banking system it is the one responsible for regulating the Indian banking system and it is also under the ownership of Ministry of Finance responsible to control and issue maintaining supply of Indian rupe how much money is to be issued what uh number of currencies are to be printed how we are going to maintain the supply which banks are to be given the money all these is the responsibility of RBI it also manages the country's main payment system and works to promote its Economic Development main payment system all the payments that are to be done to the respective departments Banks Etc is taken care by the RBI btia Reserve Bank node mudran is a specialized division of RBI through which it prints and mints Indian currency in two of its currency printing presses located in nask Western India and they was Central India uh RBI has formulated bbnm that is Bara Reserve Bank note Mudan where the printing and minting printing and supply of the Indian currency happens and the presses the printing presses of the currency are located in two places in nask in the western of India and dasas that is the central of India arbi established the national payments Corporation of India as one of its special division to regulate the payment RBI has one more Department that is National payments Corporation Deposit Insurance and credit guarantee Corporation was established by rbii as one of its specialized division for the purpose of providing Insurance of deposits and guaranteeing of credit facilities to all Indian Banks now if you want to take the loans if you want to take the insurance you want to invest your money in the insurance all this is taken care by Deposit Insurance and credit guarantee Corporation the banks uh provide you the credits they give you the loans Etc so this is is all done by the credit guarantee of India okay I hope we are clear with RBI also right yeah then we have insolvency and bankruptcy Board of India as we dealt earlier that Ministry of corporate Affairs looks into matters of the companies act 2013 limited liability partnership act and insolvency and bankruptcy code so similar term uh similar one insolvency and bankruptcy code this law is governed under the insolvency and bankruptcy Board of India right now let's see what is insolvency and bankruptcy board it is the regulator for overseeing insolvency proceeding some company or some person does not have money to pay to the government or to pay to the person from whom he has borrowed the money then that person when the business does not have any money the business is facing losses this comes under insolvency for this insolvency and bankruptcy Board of India is made where there are professionals and there are agencies which are going to get the amount recovered from whatever business is left whatever assets of the company are left they going to get the amount and pay it to the people in a sequence right all these things are given to you in C final we'll be just discussing about insolvency and bankruptcy Board of India this regulator of overseeing insolvency proceedings whatever proceedings are to be done when a person becomes insolvent insolvent means when the amount of money that is there which one has to repay is not available or is insufficient with a person that is by we can say loss is greater loss is greater than the amount you want to pay right you have heard liability and assets liability is greater than asset then that person becomes insolvent right that is when a person becomes insolvent when he does not have enough assets to pay off the liabilities to pay off the debts person becomes insol so all these insolvency proceedings how the money is to be recovered who is going to be paid the first all these things are taken care in the insolvency and bankruptcy Board of India right now for this they have insolvency professional agencies insolvency professionals we Chartered Accountants also become insolvency professionals after clear clearing their examination that they have and you can also become an insolvency professional and information utilities IU in India there are some information utilities which are set up for Gathering all the information of the uh companies that are governed under Ministry of Finance it was established on 1st of October 2016 and given statutory Powers through insolvency and bankruptcy Cod code which was passed by Lok SAA on 5th of May 2016 so they got the statutory powers on 5th of May 2016 right it covers individuals companies and limited liability partner limited liability Partnerships and partnership firms new code will speed up the resolution process for stressed Assets in the country those people who are uh facing the problems of insolvent people so these all things will be speeded up and it will be given better or faster resolution it attempts to simplify the process of insolvency and bankruptcy code ibbi this insolvency and bankruptcy Board of India was set up to simplify the process to make the process easy for them and this proceedings should get completed fast that's why it was said it handles the cases using tribunals like NT and debt recovery triple there are tribunal setup where we have seen the code setups similar way tribunals have been set up for ibbi or the insolvency cases there are two tribunal set up which is NT National company law tribunal and debt recovery tribunal these are the tribunals which will be handling all the cases giving the resolution and providing the people with money I hope we are clear with RBI and ibbi also okay now let's see what is the structure of our judicial system when there is a dispute between citizens or between citizens and the government these disputes are resolved by the Judiciary as I told you when someone gets into dispute they just say I'll see you in the court why the court is our Judicial System whenever there's a dispute between citizens of the India or citizens and the government of India they say I'll take you to the court I'll sue you right all these things we have heard because they are Believing on our Judiciary System now our Judiciary System has certain functions which is regulation of the interpretation of the acts and codes whatever acts and codes have been prepared laws have been prepared these are all being followed regulated this comes under the Indian Judiciary systems functions dispute resolution when there are disputes they have to give the solution promotion of fairness among the citizens of the land they have to promote the fairness that means all the people are being treated equally all these points are to be taken care by the Indian Judiciary System now as I told you earlier also our Apex court is the Supreme Court right Supreme Court is our Apex Court followed by the high court high Courts are there in each state then under high courts we have Metropolitan courts including civil Metropolitan courts and criminal Metropolitan cours there civil City civil courts courts of smaller causes when the small disputes are there they have smaller C Cod criminal uh codes then they'll have session codes and below this they have Chief Metropolitan court and below this they have Metropolitan magistrat courts so these magistrat courts are the first uh one which we resolve which we go for the solution Metropolitan Magistrate Courts if the case is not satisfied in the metropolitan Magistrate Courts you can go ahead to Chief Metropolitan CTS and if there also the things don't work out then you can go to session courts then if session courts don't work out you can go to Metropolitan courts and there you'll go to high court right district and session courts under high courts there are district and session courts also district and session courts are again divided into civil and criminal then District Court are there under the civil and under criminal again we have session courts under District Court we have sub courts or the senior civil judges senior civil judges hear your proceedings and give you the Judgment that is under sub courts principal Junior civil judge Court principal Junior civil judge will hear your uh problems and give you solution then we have munip courts District mun or Junior civil judge Junior civil judges are over here the proceedings will be taken from Junior civil judge it will go to principal Junior civil judge then it will go to senior the as we used to hear in 11 12th college or in the school times junior senior so Junior civil judge then principal Junior that is higher than the junior 11th standard 12th standard that way you can understand senior civil judge district judge and if that also didn't work you can go to the high court right coming in the Civil this was in the civil now coming back to criminal we can see we have session courts as it was in the metropolitan codes similar way in the districts also we have the session codes then we have judicial meist istate court that is the first class court or the chief judicial magistration and below this we have judicial magistrate second class judicial magistrate second class courts so these are the this is the structure of the Indian judicial system this is a hierarchy of Courts right there are many courts over here and this is the hierarchy which is followed right and Supreme Court is the topmost court or the epex court of India let's see each one of them in the hierarchy of Courts the Supreme Court is at the top followed by the high courts and district courts decisions of a high court are binding in the respective state if a decision is taken in Tamil Nadu High Court it is going to be binding only on the Tamil Nadu state but are only persuasive in other states if other states want to follow they can follow but it is not compuls but if a decision is given by the Supreme Court it is binding on all the high courts all the district courts and all the Metropolitan courts right it is binding on all high courts under article 141 we also learned this right and if a word has been given by the Supreme Court the F it becomes the final word if decision has been given that is final no changes can be done to the decision given by the Supreme Court right Supreme Court is the epex body of the Judiciary the highest body established on 26 January 1950 Chief Justice of India is the highest Authority appointed under article 126 Chief Justice of India is the one who is going to lead the Supreme Court appointed under article 126 they can ask you just mark it down principal bench of the Supreme Court consist of seven members there are seven members in the bench including Chief Justice of India presently the number has increased to 34 including the Chief Justice of India due to rise in number of cases we see in India the people say I'll see you in court and the cases rise every day the workload is too much so the the number of bench members have been increased from 7 to 34 an individual can seek relief in the Supreme Court by writing a Brit petition under article 32 you have to remember this under article 32 you can file a RIT petition in uh under the Supreme Court okay then we have the high court the highest court of appeal in each state in each state you can highest apply to high court and if High Court resolution you don't don't like it you can appeal against it in the Supreme Court and the union territory also have the high court article 214 of Indian Constitution states that there must be a high court in each state for each state there must be one high court high court has appealant original jurisdiction and supervisory jurisdiction high court has appealant you can appeal in the high court original cases the cases which are directly of the high court level you can take it to high court and it has to supervise what what all decisions what all judgment judgments are given in the other courts the lower courts district courts state courts session courts the Metropolitan courts all these is to be supervised also however article 227 of the Indian Constitution limits High Court supervisory Powers they don't have all the powers but they have limited powers in India there are 25 High courts how many high Courts are there 25 High Courts are there in India one for each state and union territory and one for uh and six states share a single High Court there are six states Six States which share one single high court okay six states share the one single high court they don't have their separate High courts right they have only one high court an individual can seek remedies against violation of fundamental human rights if some of your fundamental rights have been violated right to live right to freedom of speech all these things have been violated you can file an appeal uh file a RIT petition under article 226 to the high court okay now District Court District Court below the high courts are district court in whichever District you are living you see there is a district court the courts of District uh the courts of District Judge deal with civil law matters they don't deal with criminal they deal with only civil uh law matters and the court of sessions deal with the criminal matters criminal matters we have session courts we saw in the chart and for this District of District judges deal with the Civil laws right that is contractual disputes claim for damages if someone has damaged your car or anything you can claim for damages under Court of District judges under pecary jurisdiction a civil judge can try suits valuing not more than rupees 2 CR if the amount exceeds 2 CR you cannot file appeal or you cannot file your uh case under District Court you have to go to the high court then okay jurisdiction means the power to control it has only the power of controlling two cases up to 2 CR rupes courts get the territorial jurisdiction based on the areas covered by them if uh you are living in your particular District so the jurisdiction has been given for the cases that are covered only in your District if the neighboring district has any dispute they can't come to your district and file the case in the district court they have to file it in their own District right cases are decided based on local limits within which the parties reside or the property under dispute is situated as I explained you if you are citizen of one district there only you can file the appeal or you can uh get your case registered in the other District you can't get it registered right Metropolitan courts are established in metropolitan cities in consultation with high court high court is the one who is going to guide them present them where the population is 10 lakh or more where the population is 10 lakh or more there only Metropolitan courts have been set up Chief Metropolitan magistrate has the power as Chief judicial magistrate and Metropolitan magistrate has the powers as the court of magistrate of first class they have said Chief magistra uh Metropolitan magistrate has the same Powers as the chief judicial magistrate and Metropolitan magistrate has the same Powers as the court of magistrate of first class we have seen this in the structure I hope you have recalled that right one fun fact they have told us that which is one of the oldest uh high court in India which was Kolkata High Court established on second July 1862 way too back this was established Kolkata high court on 2nd July 1862 right so we covered the judicial system District Court uh High Court uh Supreme Court Metropolitan courts we have covered that and then we saw the RBI ibbi Ministry of corporate Affairs home Affairs Ministry of Department of official language Ministry of Law and Justice Ministry of uh Finance all these things we saw then we saw how the things are governed how the law is enforced we saw that we covered that in the session right I hope this is clear to you all let's see some questions these are for your practice and uh we'll be discussing them now in the class a chartered accountant should be aware of law because he has to be an expert in law he has to argue in high court and Supreme Court he has to advise management and clients on legal matters what do you think should be the answer for this we have to be expert in law to advise management and clients on legal matters at a basic or threshold we should just be able to explain them right now which of the following is not a main source of law so we saw Parliament is the main source of law State Assembly is main sources of of law and the Constitution is so which is not legal text legal textbooks in India we follow the federal system of government this means all the power is with the president powers are distributed with the Central and state all the powers is between Center and there are no restrictions to the power of state so we have learned that the power is distributed between Center and States Constitution of India when was it adopted 195 1550 income tax is a part of central list State list joint list or none of the above we have learned this it is the part of central list right it is the part of central list the law concerned with violation of rule of law and Punishment of the same is called as violation of rule of law and Punishment punishment is only given in criminal law civil law there is no punishment given right which of these is not an example of civil law breach of contract example of civil law non- delivery of goods example of civil law non-payment of dues example of civil law traffic offenses this is not an example of civil law okay so our option is Seven's answer is C right for seven it is C when a law is proposed in Parliament it is called it is proposed only it has not been come into Force so it is only Bill eight is also C right I hope we are clear till here8 is C and seven is C now which of the following is not a department of Ministry of Finance we saw economic Affairs is expenditure is Department of Economic Affairs expenditure States and revenue which one is not Department of Revenue is there Department of States comes under this or Department of States comes under Ministry of Home Affairs so this is not a department of Ministry of Finance nine is also SE right then courts get territorial limits based on territorial limits means how much territory only they can see the local limits within which the party resides the local limits within which the property under dispute is located we saw in the last one only here that both should be there right we saw over here the courts cases are decided based on local limits within which the parties reide or the properties under dispute are situated there is or let's see when option with or is given yes we have option number c where or is given either A or B and is not the correct answer they can confuse you by giving you an option of either a uh sorry A and B but we have to be careful it should be or we have read the provisions it is or okay I hope chapter number one is very clear to you people and uh you are well aware of how this things are to be uh considered you will go through it the chapter you'll take a thorough reading from your uh material and you'll be able to understand it better okay that's it for today's class I hope you have uh understood all the concepts taught and to revise all the concepts that were taught today in the class thank you bye