So in the last class what we have covered about the protestant right. So actually uh you guys are preparing for the UPSC right not for the state PS. So sometimes in the GS paper 3 GS paper 3 concerns the science and technology right so sometime it may ask the like human welfare the the term related with the microbes. Okay so the term related with your microbes and this concept is relating with your human welfare. So microbes human welfare. So microbes are also your bacterials because micro battery that is a very small thing. Okay. So bacteras also consist in your microbes. So after covering the fungi we'll just write it down about the benefits of the bacteras. Okay. So it's not like that we haven't we have left anything but because this point can be comes in your mains examination that's why we'll just mention make a heading fungi. Make a heading fungi. Have you mentioned uh show me copy that name one minute? Just mention one point in the protesta. The movement occurs just one point. Movement occurs through the through the flagula through the flagula. Celia. Celia. Telvol. Telvudocodas. Theocodas eta eta. Now make the heading fungi. Now make the heading fungi. First study down they are cosmopolitan in nature. First study down they are cosmopolitan in nature. Rashid problem. Okay. Cosmopolitan nature. The what? Why they are cosmopolitan nature? Yes. Found everywhere. But why they are cosmopolitan nature? What? What kind of organism can be found everywhere? What's your name? Right. If you are comfortable only then thank you so much. Yes. So why any animal can be cosmopolitan in nature? What can be the characteristic? What should be characteristic? If I'm saying the bacteria are the cosmopolitan nature and know what are the properties of the bacteras that is helpful in that cosmopolitan nature. Yes. evolving in nature. Good. Second have we talked about key suppose that if you are going to your friend place or if you're going as a guest you know exactly adaptability and that adaptability comes through suppose that if I'm saying a bacteria which can live near the volcanic region what should have that basic feature present in that bacteria good adaptation rashit and anushka But what kind of adaptation? What should be that feature of adaptation? I'm asking this particular point. If I'm saying the something some bacteras has adapted in that volcanic region, what should be that feature to live in that volcanic or that hot environment? Hot test environment. What should be the feature? Suppose that if I'll go in the volcanic region, what will happen? My skin will going to burn down burn down. So what kind of directly I have just done what kind of adaptation should be in that of organism who live near the very cold or very hot environment cell wall right when we talk about the bacteria we have right that there is a peptid cell first of the very simple structure so when when we are saying the adaptability concept so that means they can survive or adapt any kind of environment. First of this thing and the second thing when we are saying when we talk about the bacteras right we talk about that is your made up of gram negative bacteras you bacteras actually two type gram positive and gram negative so when then we talk about generally antibiotics they do not they can't work out they cannot make the animal die they cannot neutralize the archibacteris why because they have a very different cell wall right so cell So try to link the concept because UPSC will not going to ask UPSC statement form. So there one will be assertion and the one will be reason. Suppose the assertion would be the bacteras are cosmopolit and then the next statement will be there's a different kind of cell wall found in the bacteras. So again you assertion and reason are correct. Reason is explaining the correct assertion. Then that assertion is true and reason is false and the assertion is reason is true. Suppose that the question is that the question is that bacterias are cosmopolitan in nature. or better say because we are covering the fungi. So fungi are also your cosmopolitan in nature and know then this is your assertion. Then reason are there's a there's specific type of cell wall type of cell wall found in fungi. Okay. This is assertion reason you can see ask this type of question. So the first option, second, third and fourth. The first is A and R both are correct and R is explaining A correctly. Okay. First up, next up. Both A and R are correct. But R is not explaining not explaining A. Simple. A is correct. R is incorrect. A is incorrect. R is correct. What should be the answer? Everyone is knowing first because we have already explained. So generally what we occur option to generally we can eliminate right but suppose that if you don't know that adaptation or the cosmopolitan in nature that occurs with the help of that cell then of course you'll get to confuse I know the A and R correct but does R explaining the A or not right? So that's why try to connect or link the concept right you know the concept behind or not okay one more thing so suppose that if I'm saying write it down this question which of The following are cosmo politin in nature. Okay. Options are your bacteras, protesters, plants, your plant and fourth option is your fungi. Everyone answer this question. A B C D 1 2 3 4 online students you guys also answer with this question. You have to choose only one answer and this question if this question will come in your exam half of the student will say ma'am question is absolutely correct and you have to choose only one option that is not the option 1 and four 2 and 3 1 and three this is not the option two and four this is not the option this is the only option you have to choose 1 2 3 4 any one of them you have to choose Tanya Akansa is saying fourth and Anushka is saying no actually uh Akansa is saying fourth. Anushka is saying fourth and Rakshhat is saying first. Yes Rashid we have just mentioned that PI are also cosmopolitan in nature. H the first point we have mentioned it and in the bacteras when we were writing we have mentioned that that bacteras are cosmopolitanates right so now tell me which is the correct option over there bacteras okay 50/50 bacterias rashit Choose one quick. It's not difficult. Choose one. First or fourth? First online. Survi is saying first. Akasha. You are saying something again. Y one print whatever you have in mind it the the correct answer is one. Okay. So the correct answer is your one but anyone can tell me why the one is correct. So good actually very good. If we see the organ the um the body of bacteras and the fungi we will see comparatively fungi has a certain kind of specification while the bacteras has do not have any bacteria the cell of bacteria is very simple right so comparatively to your fungi the bacteria can be found in anywhere like we can see fungi bacteria are found in the volcanic region or at the bottom of the sea but we don't see but we but we don't see that fungi can found in the volcanic region or the polar region. Right? So when we when the option is when there is an option there's both bacteria and fungi. So at that time we opt we will take the option of bacteras type then you will choose one and four both and that scenario you will choose one and both because cosmopolitan is nature of both bacteria and fungi. But if there will be option of LG now, now the option will be fungi. Okay? Because compared to LG because compared Okay. Then in case fungi is written at one and bacteria is at four. No matter no matter what we don't care about it we have to choose the correct option that only matters it doesn't matter one number four pair second third pair if if there in the option bacteria and fungi both are mentioned you have to have to choose the bacteras only but other than the bacteras if any Other option is there you have to choose the fungi because if we see the comparative analysis of the aligy and fungi it's not about the question it's always about the answer options difficulty level is increasing question but there is change in the option level. Okay. You have question. No, sorry. That is bacteras. This is the thing we have explained in the last class. You were there, right? Cyobacterias are just plopplasma. They are known as the PPL. They are known as the joker of the plant kingdom. But they are not the joker. Right? So there is something called common name because they are comp they completely they are proariots. If we see the cell of the cyanobacteria this is the simplest proaryotic cell. They do not have the nuclear nucleus or the nuclear membrane. They are the procarots because they have the property of some of the ales that there's lepisma just for s only. when you keep your books for a really long time at a certain place you just remove that book in that isma okay but the common name because we are reading we are because we are studying the science but you know what what is the common name but that does not mean this fish. Okay. So, blue green algae that it's common because some kind of properties we structure is like this and this is silver in color. It is it appearance is like a fish only. Okay. So, that's why we are saying fish. But when we are saying the goldfish that is your true fish goldfish when you you have ever see the aquarium aquarium questionification when we'll cover so then we'll see which is one of the question which one of them is a true fish silver fish goldfish then there is your doc fish looks like it has certain kind of similarity with the dog. So I'm just telling real we take the option fungi on fungi cosmopolitan nature. The cell wall is made up of The wall is made up of kiten. Kiten the ultra structure of cell wall is the ultra structure of the cell wall can be seen can be seen in the microscope in the microscope. So generally they are So generally fungi are not always but generally they are microscopic in nature. microscopic in nature. Body has multisellularity. Body has multisellularity. The tissue level of organization. The tissue level of organization. Rash. Are you sure you are fine? You want some kind of painiller or something? Fine. Just listen then only. Just don't force your hand. Multisellularity you know body is made up of next body is made up of thread like structure. Body is made up of thread-l like structure known as hifa or hyi known as hyi which arranged in the form of crisscrossed hi-fi which arranged in the form of crissross network crisscross network which is known as which is known as mycelium which is known as mycelium. Okay, one more thing I just want to tell here. I know you guys are for for the NCRT batch but this does not mean if we are covering the science we are actually covering the science that doesn't basic of course NCRT I don't need to mention this but if I know the question has been asked from the high and the myelium I need to mention in the news okay the study of the fungi next the study of the fungi is known as micro ology. Micology. Yes, please. last Friday. What happened? New student. Okay. Standard study of the fungi is known as mycelium micology. How many online students right? Micology the study of look micology the term has been already asked there there has two term actually we when we cover the when we cover the algy we'll cover the we will mention that psychology psychology and micology two terms has been asked simultaneously so how we connect how we just remember that because the body structure or the network of that body is known as the mycelium to m for myelium and m for micology okay that's how we'll remember later on this shows mainly mainly next they shows mainly hetroropic mode of nutrition. They show mainly hetropic mode of nutrition. That means they also that means they also shows the decomposition activities. decomposition activities and help in the and help in the cleaning of environment. Cleaning of environment next point. So if the question is microbes in the human welfare you can mention them in this one also right generally they are multisellular generally they are multisellular but some of the fungi but some of the fungi also exist in a unisellular form in a unisellular form. Name sacromyis cervesi. Name sacchromyis cervesi or the bread fungi. Now we'll relate it right that is your example of fungi are your top mushrooms right one of one of your is your mushroom then there is your uh rusting uh rusting in the rye rusting in the rye rusting in the rye or the mustard. Better write it. Mustard know caused due to caused due to fungal infection. Fungal connected. Have you ever gone in the rerist that is also known as a powdery mildeer grow in the moisten our parents. So that moist contain will be dried up because if there will be moisture or the rusting in the rice that is also caused due to the fungal infection. fungal infection. Last point is they generally grow in the moist habitat or the presence of moisture. They generally grow in the moist habitat or in the presence of moisture up to the up to your fungi. Most of the organism consist from the microbes like they're very small. So generally microbes consist plants or animals suppose that if the question has been asked that what are the benefits for from the microbes or the what are the benefits from the microbes in human welfare suppose that this question will ask in the mains examination. Okay. So up not only the bacteras but also you can write the fungi and we'll write the some of the benefits of the fungi we can write up then plants may start with the algy don't write it alge there are also some of the unicellular that even also have you seen some of the algent of nutrition like proteins which is used directly for the nutrition I'll provide the dictate next virus on viruses. They are generally they are generally non-living non-living and outside of the body in outside of the body but living when they entered when they entered in the living organisms in the living organisms. Therefore, therefore they considered as therefore they considered as connecting link between connecting link between non-living and living organisms because they are not living either neither they are living nor they are non-living you know therefore they are considered as connecting link between living and non-living organisms. The outer covering of viruses, write it down. The outer covering of viruses is made up of protein. Is made up of protein lipids. They possess they possess the genetic material. They possess the genetic material both in a form of DNA and RNA. Now we know the concept of the genetic material we do right. Suppose that when there is viruses so many viruses are forming from the one virus. So what would be the common suppose that this is your HIV coverage okay and this is your influenza virus right? So both have a both have a genetic material as a RNA. How will you recognize that this suppose that this separation or this division has occurred. So RNA will have the resemblance with its parent HIV influ. But what is different RNA coding that A U G C A suppose that HIV virus the coding will be like that. Okay. But influenza virus that start with the G U C A like that. So what is the difference in that? coding okay we when we cover the genetics portion we'll cover this thing so all over the organism have only two gener either it can be DNA either it can be RNA but your DNA is different from my DNA so how what is difference the difference in that coding know in all the organism there are only mainly three coding all the RNA has eug but the arrangement you know what how many base I'm just trying to connect The concept this is known as nucleotide. You know what all the 8 billion population can believe on this concept 140 population will not have a complete 100% resemblance why this is not complete resemblance because the arrangement of this codons are different. Okay. So your topic is huh viruses they consist both genetic material in the form of DNA and RNA. Example single standard RNA example single standard genetic material is a single standard RNA genetic material as a single standard RNA. Write it down. HIV example HIV influenza virus single stranded RNA. Next double standard RNA. This is the genetic material. This is your genetic material. This example invenus the example has been asked then write it down single stranded DNA single strandard DNA M13phase RNA M13 phase virus sorry M13phase virus double single standard DNA then write it down double standard DNA then write it down double standard DNA 53 phase your question actually the most of the time question has been asked from the single standard or double standard okay tell me which of that virus will be more adaptable in the all suppose that it's single stranded DNA and this is your double stranded DNA one of 1 2 3 4 which of the virus will be more adaptable and cause more number of diseases everyone is answering true because this RNA first of this is RNA and this is your single strand so it can modify into any kind of form that's why HIV whenever we take any medicine for the HIV it just transform into another one right now. Next heading will be prons. P R I O N S. Pons virus. Pons viruses are very rare. Bacteras are some of the bacteras good for us like probiotics when we take that means the bacteras live in our gut also. But viruses generally cause the diseases only. So they are not good for us. They are generally good for us in the in the kind of technique vaccines. They're only helpful in the preparation of vaccine. They are not naturally helpful for us like E.oli or the bacteras are naturally helpful for us. It's not like they actually which of the gas will emerge from that or the cattle which of the gas will emerge methane. So that methane after exactly not only human they are helpful in the digestion of whatever they are eating. This is smelling. This is not smelling. Right. But do they smell first? They do smell. But generally they're not very that kind of thing which is not very good. So that's why number of bacteria which helpful in the digestion. Okay, try on pronounce proteinious covering proteinious proteinious protein covering C E O U S and C E O U S that means simple that is made up of protein simple made up of protein Okay. Infection particles, infection particles. They also pronunciate they also identify as they also identify as misfolded protein. Misfolded proteins without the genetic material. Without the genetic materials, but they cause But they cause some kind of disease. But they cause some kind of disease or disorder. Specifically in the human in the brain. specifically in the brain. Next heading should be vyroids. V I R O I DF. Voids. V I R O I DF. The organism uh the organism without covering organisms without covering without covering but only the genetic material is present but only the genetic material is present. Simply simply can identify as simply can identify as infectious infectious RNA partic RNA molecule. Infectious RNA molecule generally smaller than the viruses generally smaller than the viruses. Or the smallest known pathogens methane was the right answer. Or smallest known pathogens. Pathogens are those organism which cause the disease only. Simple. Okay. Pathogens both in the plants and animals. Both in the plants. Plants mainly they mainly cause problem in the plants and animals lack outer covering lack outer covering understand what is the virus what are the pions and what are the vibroids simple when we talk about the viruses okay when we talk about the viruses what are the viruses viruses has kind of genetic material H and the outer covering also. Okay, this is your viruses. Okay, then we talk about the prons generally. Okay, which which one of the organal found in both proarots and the ukariots? Ribosome. Good. And ribosome helps in the core concept. Ribosome is help in the protein synthesis. So when we are saying pions are only outer covering they do not have any kind of genetic material. Even when the scientists studied about the pions some of the scientist scientists do not agree that these are some kind of organism they simply said misfolded protein right it's the structure if we if we study about the prim are only the protein they are not lipid they are not the carbohydrate they do not have any other thing because only proteins neuroenerative disease cause because ultimately Which of the thing has been formed earlier can suppose that there's a component known as ceramide ceramide protein for that one of the protein the very common protein is your hemoglobin have you heard about the hemoglobin h what is the hemoglobin hemoglobin is a protein found in your blood h So every kind of protein has a specific kind of a structure. Okay. Suppose that hemoglobin protein two alpha or two beta chain problem. So that can cause your disease. So prior if you say about the viruses, virus has the outer covering outer covering plus genetic material plus genetic material. Right? What are the prior? Only outer covering only outer protein covering. Write it down. Write it down as it is. only outer protein covering and what are the vides. What are the voids? Vides are simply simply genetic material genetic material without outer copy without outer. Now the concept is clear or videos there are so many videos but this is that simple concept okay we can relate with the virus there is there is only genetic material then there is vyroids P for protein and P for pions you need to you don't need to forget h so when there's only protein covering that are your pions v for viruses and viruses has a genetic material h so when there is only genetic material that is your void Now write it down plant. The next classification plant is living. Simplest cell is something living thing but they are not even living. If suppose virus is living thereus we do not even consider we can consider okay this is bacteria and this is a living virus everywhereus. So we do not even talk about voids and pons separately. When we whenever we talk talking about the voids and the prons that means simple some something is very infectious something which is causing disease only. But can we say the bacteria also disease only? No bacterial are the are the good for also good thing also. So viruses are the exception of every biological rules. They're not even living. When we count the population, we do not count the virus. So they are the exception. Simple. They are not the cell. They are not even a proper cellar or ukareot. We don't know because we cannot define that what it is. So that's why we have just mentioned that the connect grow. We have mentioned some of the some of the feature of living organism earlier that there's a growth of any bacteria here. If that bacteria do not come inside the human butus increase that bacteria can increase the population can sustain envirment but viruses cannot that's why viruses for the different no mention any characteristic we simply mention okay this is something kind of genetic material which is transferring from that HIV We are not talking about the growth, reproduction, we're not talking about anything about the virus. They are just connecting link between the living and non. Even the living and living feature do not apply on the viruses. Okay. Red on plants. What are the feature of plants? Tell me two or three points about the plants from that chart only. Very good. Auto trough presence of cell wall and very multisellular plus organ level of development. Write it down in your own language. Plants are you multisellular ukareotic organism. Ukarotic plants are multisellular ukareotic have or generally have generally look again we are writing generally not always. Okay. Have generally organ level of development. Organ level of development. The cell wall or the outer covering. The cell wall or outer covering is usually made up of is usually made up of cellulose. is usually made up of cellulose but they always show the autorophic mode of nutrition. They show the autorophic mode of nutrition. Think about the exception. I know I know this. Yes. Yes. Yes, we do. Is there any exception? Yes, they have leggy. Huh? You saying something when we when we particular when we talk about the plants then we talk about the types of plants that is also plant mango tree eucalyptus that is also plant and even simple I'll just make that short next class. So when we talk about that also comes in the plants but it is plant the plants when when we talk about the plants we do not differentiate on the basis of organ level or not we simply say one of the point is multisellularity even some of the animals I think we have discussed it some of the animals also shows The tissue level of organization what it is you have you have you have answered deli fishes right so misinformation so that's why when we cover the science when we cover when we study the different classes we studial form baby after the baby forms Do you think this has all the complication which do I have? Which do a complete organism have? No. Right. So when we talking about any classification just relate that concept with the evolution. So they do have multisellular right but they do not have organ level human monkey after one to two month. So all all will have a similar kind of structure. This is your human. This is your chick. But actually because we science so we can differentiate other student. This is evolution. That's how we talk about the evolution. Again the statement form is this that plants have organ level of organization. Yes, that is true. All the or every plant have that organ organization. No, that is false. Okay. But generally because that doesn't mention in the chart organ organization right? Yes. Okay. Nutrition. We talking about the nutrition. Tell me any nutrition. Any kind of plant which are dependent on other think about brainstorming online students you also tell me some of the plants who take the nutrition from other things. Think wheats wheats depend they make their food themselves. They do not depend unnecessary grow that is just sweet think every everyone knows here. Tell me any plants any example who do not make food themselves. Actually I this is not a statement. Tell me example who take the nutrition not by making the food but also from other sense also but also from other modes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Very good. Very good. Some of the plants such as Have you heard about the insectivorous plant? Have you heard about this concept? What is that? Do we know this concept or not? Do we know this concept? Yes or no? Simply say, it's fine. Okay. Fine. There are some kinds of plants which make their food themselves. That is true because they are green, they have chlorophyll, they have everything by which they can do the auto dropping nutrition. But mangroves. What? What is mangroves? Huh? Brackish water plant that is mangro. So what is the one of the specific quality of mangoes? Do do you don't have problem like I'm ask telling you right? Do you don't have problem with it? Yes. No. Whatever the mangrove plants, mangrove plants, there's one of the roots opposite. They look like a very horrific but they do not brackish, right? This is very brackish. That means that area is very salty. Water or soil combination that is very although this is very highly biodiversity. So what we see the change in that particular respiration is not only occur through your nose. So the same thing happen with the plants. But for that thing they just grow outside of that soil. Force this question has been asked. Don't worry when we when we talk about the plants modification in the plants we'll mention all kind of quantification. Okay. So what I just I just mentioned this point here there are certain kind of requirement which is not fulfilling in that natural scenario. Okay. So the insectivorous plants they make their food themselves. No doubt they make their food themselves but they require specific material for their growth that is your nitrogen. Okay. Example, Venus fly. Everyone knows what is trapping. You know what? Like that. So it is looking like a insect, didn't it? It is looking like a insect. Right. So insect they just come they just open themselves they just close their leaves that's why they are known as Venus fly trap but that does not mean they are hetros they just take a certain kind of nutrition that nitrogen from that insect simple if you are taking So doctor have that green vegetables in your food because that is required for a body grows they required for such of kind of growth. So in nitrogen so that's why we do not say plants or hrophic they are always autorophic no doubt you exception now write it down plants are classified into plants are classified into two types What difficult? Oh, ma'am. How stupid, huh? You know what this is best thing about the difficult terms is like crypto gamers. Have you heard any earlier about the crypto? What is crypto? Good. Very nice. So what does that mean? Cryptocurrency distin crypto means hide simple crypto means hidden don't mention it crypto simple simple meaning that is height and have you heard about gamers in any sense Gamcam. That is known as cryptogamer. marriage. So they just hide their marriage. So that's why we try to understand if some plant is just hiding the marriage that means they are not showing after marriage or after we know this concept that You have to recognize that flowering. So you don't plants are two types or games showing their marriage. Showing the their marriage. Okay. Crypto hiding the marriage. Showing the marriage. Now it is differentiated into Bryophita teridop don't worry if the words are difficult I'll just try to very very simple only two things gym no sperm simple the term ang. Now make the heading aligies after writing this. Huh? Simple. Third one is fighter. P T E R I. Terido. P silent. Have you ever pronunciated knife? Can I start learning about the English? Some of the words which have a first word is sal write it on algy multisellular multisellular shows thalis like appearance t h a l l u s shows thalis-like appearance generally do not have generally do not have specific organ level of differentiation in their body. generally do not have specific organ level of differentiation in their body. Mostly aquatic. Next point. Mostly aquatic. Just look for and mostly that means water because that start from the we can't do anything but we don't need to move fishes don't need to move proper locomotific Why? Of course they need a certain kind of stability. H they need a strong stem. They need a strong roots. They they must have a proper so we cannot say but if you talk about the animals animals can can move. So they must have a kind of locomot development. So from that no locomot development to the locomot of development complexity. So same thing occurs when we talk when whenever we talk about the animal classification. The first animal classification will be in the aquatic habitat or the water living is your water man. So they are generally aquatic in nature. Write it down. They are generally aquatic in habitat. The higher class of elig. The higher class of algae may show may show the terrestrial adaptation. The terrestrial adaptation with the association of fungi with the association of fungi multi generally multisellular association of fungi that is Then we'll write generally multisellular but some of them are unisellular but some of them are unisellular. Example, clamidomas. Example clomidonas because now they are plants. So they will show autorophic or hetro or both always. Write it down. Next point that meanas is your unisellular ele. So many that's why this word is important. Okay. Shows autorophic mode of nutrition. Shows autorophic mode of nutrition. That means light absorbing pigment. That means light absorbing pigment found with the help of them. With the help of them, they do the photosynthesis. They do the photosynthesis. Their body have their body have cellulosic cell wall found. Cellulosic cell wall found. They are also used. They're also used in the dietary habit and the dietary food of human. They're also used in the dietary food of human because they are rich in nutrient because they are rich in nutrient. Next, there are mainly three types. There are mainly three types red alge brown algae and green algae red alge and green alge if I'm saying redee brown and green alge that mean simply the one of the will be redment have we have you heard about generally Red sea. You know what? Why the name is Red Sea? Yes. Red not discoveren that become red. So there's a growth of certain kind of pH there is growth certain kind of sarasum. Saraso C. Have you heard about the Saraso Sea? Atlantic Ocean there's a portion that is a water body and you know brown alge Brown. Wait a minute. Brown elies are generally largest in shape. Brown algaes are generally largest in shape found in the marine areas. Up aquatic may there are two types of aquatic. The first is fresh water and the second is marine. Fresh water example of the fresh water is rivers, ponds, lakes and marine is your ocean. Brown water they generally live in a ocean. They're largest in structure and shows the marine habitat. For example, Sarasum pink the sudden lake is appearing dark blue in color. So generally generally most of the time 99.99% time the reason behind is bacteria or LED either the bacteria can show different colors dark brown whitish we not talking skin color but can we show the red color can we show the blue color no right because we don't have such kind of pigment but bacteras and the algish have different kind of pigment so whenever question asked very frequently any any lake is in the 80% of the time grow because have different kind of color red and green bacterally showerally do not show that kind of variation in the color compared to simply body there's a question this lake is converted suddenly into pink in color then it is different but if we don't know anything about it we simply take the question the the answer the growth Okay. Write it down. The name of that sea in the Atlantic Ocean. So we can understand. Now whenever we read in the Atlantic Ocean in the geography portion we just connected Saras. Okay. Now simple examples. One more line. These three LEDs, These three LEDs have different colors. Different colors based on their different pigment. Based on their different pigment in their body. In their body. Heading grass area. Think about it. Suppose that question agriculture. Agriculture is one of the very common topic in your GSV agriculture problem. What are the problems in agriculture? Tanya, what are the problems? Current problems in the agriculture field in India. Okay. Scarcity of water first. Good. Low 40. Very nice. Rashid because it's your right hand don't touch it again otherwise it will create more problem okay tell me the what are the problems in the agriculture in India think more points h what are the problems in the agriculture in India Good and seasonal rain. Yes. Okay. Next. Good. So, we can think of it. H. Khan tell me one of the point at least overuse of chemical attack of insects. Yes, good Rakshhat and Anushka. One of the points I really want to listen of course I really hope and I really wish all of you will attend the interview. So when the interview question already knows you have cleared the that's why you are there. So justify satisfy you're good to go. So whenever any question has been asked think about the so many dimensions that so so I have already that answer you have just need to answer me so I say okay yes yes this I was talking about so tell me the frag okay I just said it fragmentation problem as the population is increasing there's a problem of fragmentation what is the fragmentation fragmentation agriculture land fragmentation What is the fragmentation of land? I just want to tell you how you can connect this score science with your with your answers science that will make the difference. What is a fragmentation even agulture the concept is related with your society also society problemoverty nutrition actually malnutrition India is agriculture major country more than 50% of your pollution start like answer whatever we are just discussing in the class it's not a Every words are very important. society question so you can simply mutation problem you can simply start writing India is your agriculture major country you know more than 50% of population is involved in that agriculture activities still India is is facing the problem of malnutrition like one of the population is not having a regular nutrition in their dieting There are so many problem fragmentation that 100 child. Ultimately, prod Simple 100 breaking of land into smaller pieces. Very good Anushka. Right. This is the answer. So when when you are mentioning that fragmentation make the simplest diagram you can also just make that simple fragmentation. Okay. This is the fragmentation. This dark line you are showing that you know the concept and you have the ability to manage so many things in a specific particular everyone is getting the three hours only. So how you'll get the brownie points by making such presentations right That's why updated scheme so many points we are we are studying science but we can relate so many point for your mains program mains answering so problem nutrition question how can you solve one of the method avoid possible. Second, how can you avoid the malnutrition problem? Thanks, so many points. We live in that kind of society and we know there's a problem of malnutrition. What can be the solution? Think about the solution. with the questions the question are coming in the mains today they are they are just want to know your solution approach so tell me what can be the solution of that malnutrition tell me at least two or three points one of the houses should be much better infrastructure should be improved one of these thing is there Second fertiliz organic farming. Yes. Yes. One of that are that's why I mentioned it. Are the rich source of nutrition. Think about that out of the box. Okay. Giving supplements. Okay. Fine. Giving supplements. Supplement in the form of what? But simply if you if you tell the farmers you have this water pond but ponds natural lakes are the natural water collect that water in the kind of digging or the pond. We can do that. But when we talk about the renewable source of energy then we talk about the solar energy. Solar plates cover. problem. Take give that in that supplements. Why we are not providing good source of nutritions? That can be one of the points that definitely would be different. Think out of the box. human welfare we cover everything. Next heading bryophita. Next make the heading algita sufficient. Okay. Bryopha. They are known as They are known as amphibia. Amphibia of the plant kingdom. Amphibia of the plant kingdom. What are the amphibians? Frog. And frog. What What does that mean of amphibia? Amphibia. What does that mean of amphibia? Good. Very good. Very nice. Actually, when we are saying the amphibia that means gradually they come into that land part the such kind of organism which live in both water and the land. Okay. So if you talk about the frog frog that is your larva or better say tadpole larva that lives in the cannot survive in the land area because that to if you see the tadpole larvana the structure of tadpole larva is this they do not have the locomotri floating just like the fishes. Okay. That means simply they are not completely surviving on the land. The some of the life stages are also have the survival of the land. Why we are not keeping the complete developed frog into that water? We are the highest evolved person. That means babies. as if I'm saying the bacteria. So when we are saying that they live in both water and land that means simple that means stages you write it down they can survive they can survive in the moist area in the moist area and gamts and gamts or the fertilization gamts or the fertilization takes place takes place in the aquatic habitat. in the aquatic habitat generally. Now where we see the brow uh biophide next point down they we can see them we can see them as a green carpet. We can see them as a green carpet in the moist areas. Green carpet in the moist areas on the soil on the soil. Rocks. Rocks. Walls. Walls. Tree trunk. Tree trunk. During the rainy season. during the rainy season. Next point you go. They do not have Next point. They do not have well-developed well-developed vascular tissues. Vascular tissues bracket xyllem and phium. Xylum and Flu, but they consist But they consist stem but they cons but but they do not consist also but also do not consist also do not consist. True stem leaf roots like a structure. Now that but they show but they show organ level of development. Organ level of development. Importance. Importance. Prevention of soil erosion. Prevention of soil erosion. Important link. They are important link in the succession. In the succession, they have the water holding capacity because they grow in a moist area. So they have water holding capacity. They have the water holding capacity. the example post stop I'm sorry comma they also used they also used as a fuel as a fuel for burning for burning in its dried form Then it's dried form sample mention some of the example. example we're not going to ask but because we are making the note anthoseros anthoseros rxia sure thank you we'll describe elaborate of course I also So it is better and easy to explain. Thank you everyone. Thank you, Anushka.