all right now we're gonna start Chapter seven in this unit we have the male reproductive system and we'll move on to chapter eight the female reproductive system usually people are better with their own reproductive system than the opposite sex and also please just disclaimer there are some pictures and the chapters that might not be the most visually appealing but it is medical terminology and something you need to see so first we're just going to kind of go through functioning organs and pieces and then we'll put the medical terms to it so if you think about what the job of the male reproductive system is yes it is to reproduce so that's where produce sustain and transports sperm comes from because we think about you know males produce sperm all the time they have to then store them and transport them and so on but it also secretes the hormone testosterone which is another necessary part the hormone itself is part of the endocrine system but the secretion of it comes from the reproductive system all right so for the reproductive system there's both external and internal parts so externally we have the penis and the scrotum and the scrotum is the general term where the testes are located and it also has a little part of what we will learn as the vas deferens which is a little tube that goes down and connects to the testes those are all external mostly for temperature control because you don't want the sperm to get too hot otherwise they you know get messed up internally the number of parts is most of that tube the vas deferens and then we have something called the seminal vesicles that we'll learn about and then the prostate gland what's interesting to note here is that both the penis and the urethra are shared they are what you learned in chapter 6 is they're part of the urinary system as they are responsible for excreting urine from the bladder but they also excrete semen so therefore it kind of has a dual purpose so your testes are test assist singular testes are plural it doesn't matter if you call it a test ass or a testicle but that's the primary sex organ there's two of them and they're oval-shaped and their job is to make the sperm cells and they also make that hormone testosterone so they're a pretty big deal you can easily live without one if you lose both then you'll have to you know have that hormone replacement and you would then you know not be making sperm anymore the sperm itself is called also spermatozoon xoan however you want to pronounce it those are the individual germ cells that hopefully from biology class you know hooks up with an egg makes a zygote and then eventually could become an embryo fetus and baby testosterone as mentioned is that male sex hormone so as you'll learn when we get to chapter 16 hormones are part of that endocrine system but they're made here next we have what we call the epididymis epididymis as you can see kinda in the picture the test this looks like an egg and then right attached to that is the epididymis and it sits right on top of the testes and it's job is basically to store the mature sperm so once the sperm is made in the testes it goes for storage and the epididymis and then it will be transited from the epididymis through the vas deferens the vas deferens are a duct system which is why it's also called the seminal ducts but it connects to the epididymis and then goes up up up up up up and around the bladder you can see it rounds up on top of the bladder that big open hole there in the center of the picture is the bladder it goes up and around and it basically is just a giant tube that carries the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra and again it's interesting to note because you can kind of see as it wraps around the urethra connects to the bladder and carries urine so there is a little muscle whose job is to basically either close off the urethra from urine during times of excreting sperm so that you don't you know mix fluids so to speak the seminal vesicles it looks like a little peanut the two main glands are located next to the bladder and they secrete fluid that's in addition to the sperm so when a male does thing and has semen than we have sperm but then there's also other components as well so the seminal vesicles kind of complete that fluid the prostate gland is down here it encircles the top part of the urethra and it secretes again fluid that aids in sperm movement so you get the sperm from the testes and then you get additional fluid from the seminal vesicle and then the prostate gland but notice how for men as you get older if you have a prostate issue because it's encircling around the urethra oftentimes prostate issues equal in urination problems all right so other things you know what a penis is the glans penis is the medical term for the end prepuce is what we would normally think of as foreskin so it's that flap that goes over uncircumcised males the prepuce is what gets cut off in circumcised males and then semen we've all read okay so when we're thinking about where sperm originates from and gets transported you start in the you test us store and the epididymis go up and around and the vas deferens through the seminal vesicles through the urethra prostate gland and then eventually down in through the penis okay so now that we got that little anatomy lesson we are going to put some medical terms to it and there's already a typo that I just noticed right now the little slash should be after the are here for and row and row means male so anytime we're talking about diseases or things of the male we're gonna have Andrew Bally know is for the glans penis that enlarged tip epididymal is for the epididymis that storage area for the sperm testes has a ton of words that go with it and none of them sound like testes so we have orchid oh for Keo and Orko I guess it kind of looked like an orchid I don't know prostate o is for prostate gland sperm o and sperm at O are both first sperm vaisseau is a very general term so vaisseau means a vessel so if you're thinking about like blood vessels to but in this case you can use it in terms of talking about the vas deferens because it's a vessel or a duct in the male reproductive system and then vesicular is specific to the seminal vesicles that little peanut-shaped get so if you have a chance go ahead and add these to your diagram correctly writing down and row actually I'm going to fix that right now in real time all right there we go no I don't want to correct okay moving up so here's what a sperm looks like if you ever wanted to know you don't have to know that small pieces that go along with it just to know what it looks like it has a head it has nucleus this little battery pack the mitochondria if you remember a powerhouse of this out and then a long tail to swim in order to get to where it needs to go this is the same diagram that's in your book that I think I printed out for you so hopefully you have that labeled somewhere the ninth edition does have an extra combining form for testicles but otherwise everything else is the same okay there's only one suffix here and that ISM so that means a state of and in this case you get out a picture it is called crypt orchid ism so if we remember crypto means hidden and then we have orchid Oh which means testicle and ism it means seed up so in this case we have a state of hidden testicles and really what that means is you can see what it looks like in real life on the left but in in cartoon version what that means is you know as a male gets older their testicles descend down into the scrotum if one of them doesn't then that would be cryptorchidism it doesn't mean you don't have one it just means it hasn't descended where it's supposed to so here is a review question all of these mean Custis are testicle hopefully you're staying true okay so now we're going to get into defining the diseases and disorders that go along with the male reproductive system ok so here's all the words that are built from word parts again we have similar endings to what we seen before pretty much everything in the male reproductive system can become inflamed so we have itis at the end of everything an orc ism we had cryptorchidism before for hidden testicle an organism would be actually the state of no testicle so you can either be missing one or both RIA is discharged so this would be discharged through the glans penis whenever we're having prostate issues we can have for example benign prostatic hyperplasia remember way back when hyperplasia is excessive development you could also call it hypertrophy for excessive growth that's the same too but it just means that you have a non cancerous reason why your prostate is enlarged and then it can cause all kinds of problems because it really narrows you the urethra so then you get urination problems and bladder problems as a result let's see more inflammation if you have inflammation in multiple areas in this case the testes and the epididymis for the prostate if that's inflamed you can oftentimes put Sisto if it's both the prostate gland and the urinary bladder if you have a stone in your prostate you would use lip so prosthetic if you have discharge from the prostate and then this one prostate o vesiculosus would be both inflammation of the prostate and the seminal vesicles so it's mostly lots of inflamed but needing to remember some of those other parts as well go ahead and try exercise 7 it's on page 241 in your book just to get a little bit of practice before moving on to the list of not forward parts so here's an example of what that looks like if you have benign prostatic hyperplasia and it looks like in this case - the person has calculi or stones in the prostate but the prostate is look kind of like a giant neck pillow it's that you shaped that goes around that yuri through and then when it comes inflamed you can see that it narrow that Yuri through opening which makes emptying the bladder a problem this is the same picture we had before so hopefully you know it hidden testes would be crypt orchid ISM and you could technically use any of the other testicle combining forms they've just the one that's used in common practice all right not from word parts I feel like everyone has heard of erectile dysfunction thanks to enough of the viagra commercials Edie it's also called impotence same thing and then we have hydrocele if we remember a seal is kind of like a protrusion or hernia in this case a hydro seal has to do with water so that's where water or fluid is filling around the testicle so that means that that scrotum is gonna swell because the testicle is hanging around in the scrotum and then when fluid builds up it makes it big and painful phimosis is when you get a tightening of the prepuce so if you remember that's that foreskin that comes out over the top of the penis so in uncircumcised meals if that tightens and doesn't open and retract like it's supposed to usually it's a congenital problem but if it doesn't open like it's supposed to it can cause problems so then usually what they do is give the person a circumcision and then it's not a problem anymore priapism is the persistent abnormal erection accompanied by pain so if you've ever seen those commercials of go to your doctor if you have an erection lasts for longer than four hours so imagine that without having to take a pill to do that that's called priapism prostate cancer pretty self-explanatory ahh sperm a toast eel again in this case we have a protrusion or distension in this case it's the epididymis so the epididymis is collecting fluid in we remember the epididymis is holding all of the sperm so that's kind of why and it can cause squirrel selling that way testicular cancer pretty self-explanatory of note it's interesting because testicular cancer is one that usually happens in 15 to 35 year olds so that's kind of your age bracket testicular torsion is when the sperm cords that go down to the testes get twisted and then that restricts blood flow and other problems and it's probably very very very painful but it can be corrected with emergency surgery the last one is a verrico seal so this would be enlarged or protruding veins in the spermatic cord and if those get enlarged enough it can cause swelling as well so there are pictures of most of these things in your exercise 10 so if you want to try exercise 10 you can also do the matching and exercise 11 to kind of get what those look like here's a couple of those same pictures on the left you have hydrocele so you have the fluid building up around the actual testicle so that you get all that kind of painful swelling the varicose seal has to do with the veins / treating so you can see these would normally carry blood and oxygen to the the testicles and when those getting enlarged it can cause a lot of me all right so which one means discharge from the prostate point if we remember discharges Rhea so then your correct answer would be C prostate or Rhea please remember to ours this brings us to the surgical terms there's all kinds of surgery you can do on the male reproductive system most of them is going to be just general surgical repair so anytime you see the plasti that's going to be repair you can remove things with the ectomy often times you need to instant make an incision into certain things like in or key atomy would be making an incision into the testes let's see what else do we have of note here an orchiectomy or removal of the testicle is also called castration because you're basically removing all of the sperm or key epoxy boring means surgical fixation so if you think remember the cryptorchidism where the testicle was undescended you can do an or key opec c to basically bring it down and fix it into the right spot you can surgically repair it you can remove the prostate you can make incisions so atomies again are incisions whether it's into the prostate and bladder you can do it with otta me to remove a stone a vasectomy I feel like everybody's maybe heard of that before it is built from word parts of vasectomy would be removal of a duct in this case it is the vas deferens docked so therefore sperm can no longer be transported so if you get a vasectomy you get the snip snip of the vas deferens that is technically surgically repairable so that would be a vase o vase ostomy so really they're creating an artificial opening between the two ducts meaning they try to basically stitch together the two ends where you cut in the vas deferens in the first place and then of acicular to me is excision of the seminal vesicles so go ahead try exercise 15 that's on page 2 47 and 48 of your textbook before we move on to the many different ones of not from workers so again here's the picture representation of really what they do in a vasectomy so they go in is the same day kind of procedure but they go in and they basically lasso the vast Efren and then they cut it and they stitch up both ends and you're done and then in a vase of a sauce to me they would try to then stitch these two back together and then hopefully most of the time then that would result in a restoration of sperm flow through the vas deferens so surgical terms not for more parts you'll notice at the end of the list there's a bunch of crazy long abbreviation ones but what start at the top ablation is just to destroy tissue and you can do it in a bunch of different ways you can freeze it you can mount it you can vaporize that you can erode it but it basically is just kind of a destruction of bad tissue circumcision we we've talked about before it's where you remove the prepuce or the foreskin and really other than that one medical condition phimosis where it doesn't retract correctly there's really no reason outside of personal belief that a person should be circumcised a nucleation we had this with the I chapter where we a removal of the I would be considered on nucleation again it's just generally removal of any whole organ without cutting it into pieces hydro select me this would be removal of basically the hydrocele so it's kind of four more parts but not really but it's removing that hydrocele that fluid filled area next to the testes laser surgery so it's exactly how it sounds they basically use a high beam laser to get rid of extra tissue moore's elation is the cutting or grinding of tissue into smaller pieces so it basically means that they're chopping whatever they need to remove down into tiny tiny little bits so that they can remove it and really it's so that they can make a smaller cut into you and remove the pieces and smaller chunks rather than make a giant cut into you to remove it in bigger chunks MRI ultrasound fusion biopsy ooh another long one but basically this uses both MRI and ultrasound to get prostate tissue so they can test it to see if it's cancerous got a little announcements there but if we remember biopsy is whenever you are it means view of life but you're testing tissues to see if they're cancerous so it's kind of that combination of both to get a piece of the prostate to determine if it's cancerous robotic surgery exactly how it sounds very general term and can fit in many many different chapters in this case it's going to be helpful for the next three super long vocab words which is why they have abbreviations and really all of these are for addressing the prostate and it's just a function of how they get to the prostate and what they're doing with it so anytime you see transurethral that means through the urethra so transurethral incision of the prostate gland means that they are basically cutting into the bladder and the prostate gland should try to open up the urethra so it's been constricted it can't do its job as well so they basically go in and try to cut a little piece of the prostate gland and possibly the bladder to open up fluid nothing is removed there if you're doing a trans cereal microwave thermal therapy again transurethral and in this case it's using microwave heat to try to destroy excess tissue so you're basically trying to burn the excess tissue away using a trans your throw approach and then the last one is trans urethral resection of the prostate gland so this is where you're actually removing pieces of the prostate gland so you insert a little grabber through the urethra sorry guys that sounds fantastic and then they go through and they take small chunks out and usually again this is when the prostate has gotten to the point of interfering with urination and sometimes it's kind of that second defense for whatever reason if the TU IP doesn't work okay so if you are curious cartoon version this is what a circumcision looks like so you can see the prepuce here they cut that off and then they basically stitch it together and voila that all heals this is why they do it when you're a baby and then you're fine here's what a prostate ectomy looks like you can see the prostate gland here and then there's a whole bunch of veins and then here's where it kind of connected to the bladder in this case they're doing laparoscopic prostatectomy so they're going in through the abdomen most likely they would go right through your belly button to here here's another not-so-fond low q1 this is another kind of prostatectomy but you can see that here's the bladder so in this prostate ectomy again they mostly go in through the abdomen in this case it's suprapubic so above the knee pubis and then they basically cut into you and retract and go straight in kind of through the bladder and here's the prostate gland here so then this would be like removing a stone in some form still does not look pleasant and here's that transurethral approach most likely because you don't want to have to cut into the person so this is one way to do it without having to cut into the person so you're going through the urethra and then the little probe makes its way up to the prostate gland and then they would have like some kind of grabber or cutter at the end of this and then basically pull out chunks of the prostate gland if they're going to resect okay so this gets us to the diagnostic terms in this case there are none that are from work parts all of them are going to not be form or parts but there aren't a ton so it's not too bad in terms of Diagnostics one of the functions that they use is an MRI in this case a multi parametric MRI so an MRI is magnetic resonance imaging which is basically the giant doughnut of magnets that goes around and gets an image that way and the idea behind this one is that it gives you a good image and structure of what's going on in someone's prostate cancer and you can kind of get an idea of size and shape and extent of someone's tumor using this approach transrectal ultrasound is when they are trying to diagnose prostate cancer they basically send a little probe in through the rectum that transmits ultrasounds and then they can kind of see that so that's why it's transrectal just because the prostate is so close to the rectum that they can make that happen laboratory wise there is a blood test you can do that's called the prostate specific antigen or PSA it does not stand for a public service announcement in this case but it basically measures the amount of prostate specific antigen and if you have it too high or without siding on the limits that can be an indicator for prostate cancer semen analysis is also called a sperm count again that's where you put the semen in a cup and they look at size structure and movement of the sperm to see if you might have infertility issues or to confirm that a vasectomy actually did work which is also another important thing I guess and then lastly the prostate exam also known as the digital rectal exam so this is the one that you know middle-aged men start to get the doctor inserts his finger into the rectum and kind of feels around for the prostate to get an overall idea of size and shape so now we're to the complementary terms and these are going to be the ones that are related to the reproductive system but don't actually reference anatomy of the reproductive system okay so we have and row path II which is the generic term for any disease of males if you don't have any sperm then it would be a sperm iya so a condition of no sperm if you have a little sperm then you would have oligo sperm iya so again you're not at a total lack of sperm but it's in a diminished amount so that might cause infertility issues or key algea or tests algae is basically the fancy word to say your testicles hurt because algae I mean if we remember means pain sperm a toll Isis lysis means disillusion or to break up sperm if you think of like spermicides and things like that those are meant to do spur battle Isis and then trans arethe role we've been talking about with those different surgical procedures of going in through the urethra there is an exercise for these words on page 255 if you want to give it a go there's a ton more not forward parts and I don't know why but they this sided to lump all of the sexually transmitted diseases in the male reproductive chapter so the first one is what we know as AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome so it's an infectious virus obviously but it's considered a sexually transmitted disease so they put it in here as well artificial insemination is in the male reproductive chapter because they take the washed and concentrated sperm and inject it into the female reproductive tract and hopefully can use that as a way to solve infertility issues and get pregnant Bezos / Nia azoospermia means you have sperm but they are all dead so you don't have any live sperm in the semen chlamydia I feel like all of you have learned about your STDs at one point in time but this is called the silent STD and it is caused by the bacteria see trick amount made us let's see coitus is the fancy word for sex condom you know what that is the Jack Y elation you know what that is genital herpes is an again another virus caused by this case the herpes simplex virus type 2 there is a type one and there's many different kinds gonorrhea another STD this one is caused by another bacterial organism there's more HIV so HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus that is that STD that can't eventually lead to acquired immunodeficiency order disorder or AIDS human papilloma virus is HPV so this is the one that's thought to cause cervical cancer and it also can cause Jenna warts and guys which is why everyone is supposed to get the HPV vaccine now you guys are in that target age group infertility you know what that is orgasm you know what that is puberty pretty sure you know what that is STD is for sexually transmitted disease you could also call it an STI for a sexually transmitted infection sterilization is just the general term to prevent pregnancy so you can do male sterilization by doing like a vasectomy for example or as you'll see in the next chapter female sterilization by you know tying tubes for example um syphilis yet another STD this one is caused by a bacterium trêpa Nia palladium see that one can be treated with antibiotics so that's good and the last one trick ammonia this is another STD this one is called spide trichomonas not to be confused with chlamydia by trachomatis they look and sound very very similar I'm not gonna lie keeping the different STDs straight is rather difficult because you know that they're all STDs and you know they're all bad for you and they cause bad gross things but it's hard to keep the specificity of each one separate so please go ahead and try to exercise 2829 it's matching to kind of get you in line with what we'll be looking for in terms of exact definitions alright so here's just the compiled list of STDs but that was on the previous list as well if you didn't know these are examples of what syphilis looks like those are the same ones from your book on page 258 alright and then to round out the chapter there are all of the abbreviations there are a lot here some of them we didn't specifically go into so please look in depth about what those are and where you would find them most of them are pretty general and were used throughout the chapter but I know Bo o was in hol EP was in LUT s was it so just make sure that you go through and look at them specifically and you can try exercise 31 to get some practice with that all right which of these is an STD hopefully you're saying D chlamydia the abbreviation for this procedure hopefully transurethral might don't microwave thermal therapy alright last at the end please make sure you go through and do the context because it's very very helpful and ties it all together for you you've made it to the end