in this video what I'm going to do is show you the specifics of the different endocrine organs that are in our lab book and then I'm going to give you a quiz on just the appearance and if you can get past the appearance quiz you're ready to at least attempt to the next part but if you can't get past the appearance just learn that first details second all right so for your lab you need to know the thymus pancreas pituitary adrenal gland and thyroid parathyroid so that's what I'll be going over so the thymus is very easy um these individual units are the follicles of the thymus and the follicles of the thymus all have an inner layer and an outer layer the cortex is the outer darker layer the medulla is the inner lighter layer you're going to want to remember those two words cortex and medulla because you're going to see them over and over again throughout the rest of amp2 the pituitary is also called the hypothesis it's important to know that it's called the hypothesis because there are different words related to pituitary they're going to have hypophaseal in it because the pituitary is the hypothesis so recall from amp1 the pituitary is a gland that hangs off of the brain and it's attached to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum also recall from amp1 that it is sitting in the hypoceal fossa of the Cella turcica of the sphenoid bone so if you did really well in your skeletal practical you probably remember what I'm talking about if not that's kind of okay I'm just mentioning it because it is indeed in our lab book and it is important that you realize where it is located so there are two regions of the pituitary there's the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary so the posterior pituitary is also called the neural hypothesis because it is made of neural tissue so this is the neural hypothesis um if you recall from histology neural tissue is like paler pink so think pale pink posterior pituitary that's the neural tissue it's actually kind of like the pituitary the posterior pituitary is almost an extension of the hypothalamus because nerves that begin in the hypothalamus come down through the infundibulum and create the posterior pituitary the dark pink is the anterior pituitary also called the adenohypophysis that is made of glandular epithelium most glands are made of glandular epithelium the only reason I'm specifically stating it here is to further highlight that yes the posterior and anterior pituitary are made of two completely different types of tissues and they originate from two totally different places like the posterior pituitary is coming down from the hypothalamus um the anterior pituitary like I think as a little embryo was originally cells that were like near the roof of your mouth that went upwards the thyroid has these structures so all these little circular structures are individual units of the thyroid um so they are called thyroid follicles thyroid follicles have two important components um there are these follicular cells along the outside they make the thyroglobulin which is essentially like incomplete thyroid hormone and that thyroglobulin gets stored in this pink jelly area that is colloid so colloid is a generic term for a type of a mixture like an np1 you were supposed to learn that there are solutions colloids and suspensions um like a solution would be like I don't know pretty much everything mineral water Gatorade that's a solution they have small solvents um a colloid is a mixture that has bigger solutes I think I just incorrectly said solvent Solutions have small solutes colloids have bigger solutes either way um that's just a generic word the colloid is made up of mostly thyroglobulin and the function of this is that the whole structure is going to make store and release T3 and T4 when we say thyroid hormone we're referring to T3 and T4 all right so also between the follicles so remember this is a follicle the cells between the follicles are called paraphobicular cells they release a hormone that has a function that is completely different from T3 and T4 they release calcitonin not going to go into physiology today but calcitonin has to do with regulating your blood calcium T3 and T4 is regulating the rate of your metabolism completely different hormones and they have completely different Pathways for release okay this is the pancreas um you can kind of tell the pancreas from everything else because it has these islands that are like highly cellular they are completely made of cells you can tell that they are made of cells because if you look inside you see a bunch of nuclei which is a hint that it is cellular whereas the thyroid follicles we are just looking at um the inside is filled with a smooth pink jelly because there's no cells in there so the pancreas is actually a mixed organ we call it a heterocrine gland because it contains endocrine tissue and exocrine tissue so remember endocrine tissue releases hormones to your blood exocrine tissue is going to release some kind of a product outside like your sweat glands are exocrine glands because they're producing sweat your sebaceous glands that are making your hair oily is exocrine digestive juices that would be exocrine endocrine is only hormones going into the blood so the exocrine portion of this is like everything that's not the islands so those are called acini and they release bicarbonate and digestive juices which you will learn more about when you get to the digestive system like what's actually happening but just kind of know for now like the pancreas has a little tube that leads right to your small intestine that's where those products are going the endocrine portion is the islands they're called pancreatic islets the older term is eyelids of langerhans um but we're trying to get away in anatomy like we're trying to stop naming things after like old dead guys and we're trying to make them like make sense pancreatic islet is an easier name to remember if you like lying your hands um a lots of professors would accept that so the pancreatic eyelets um have alpha cells and beta cells um in this picture you cannot differentiate them at our school you do not need to differentiate them it's more important that you know what they all produce um I just remember bigger beta releases insulin glucagon Alpha so beta cells release insulin alpha cells release glucagon what we're looking at here this is the adrenal gland um the adrenal gland remember the posterior pituitary or not the posterior pituitary the whole pituitary had two very distinct layers the adrenal gland also has layers um but it has more layers it's not just two and sometimes they're also a gentler gradient this one is pretty distinct but sometimes like this middle layer oftentimes Blends right into the lower layers right into the upper layer like it's hard to pick them apart um so the adrenal gland has a lot going on with it um like I said I recommend like learning things in layers so the first layer of information here is the outermost layer is the capsule that is connective tissue that's not doing anything with hormones that's just a little wrapper so it doesn't fall apart inside the capsule the outer layer is the cortex so that is glandular tissue like these three layers here are all part of the adrenal cortex which is a true endocrine gland so it's made of glandular tissue and it releases a bunch of different hormones there's a lot of terminology but as a group every hormone coming from there could be called a corticosteroid because it's coming from the cortex and it has the shape of a steroid um if you've gotten to endocrine physiology you'll know that steroids are fat soluble molecules the inner layer is okay so if the outer layer is the cortex what's the inner layer going to be called and if the outer layer is the core um it's glandular tissue then what is the inner layer going to be so if the outer layer is the cortex the inner layers the medulla outer layers glandular tissue this inner layer is nervous tissue so as a group um what is released from the medulla are called catecholamines those are your stress hormones those are your I just saw a bear hormones when people say adrenaline they mean the catecholamines more you might be more familiar with the terms epinephrine and norepinephrine epinephrine and norepinephrine are catecholamines all right so the struggle of putting a presentation together really quickly in one day and not knowing what you set to come up next the surprise of it okay so there are three layers of the cortex um the Zona glomerulosa the Zona fasciculata and the zone of reticularis um so those are that's just the name of the region if they want the region you have to say one of those things um and look at the initials it's G f r um today I was really struggling to come up with an acronym that had an F in it that wasn't the f word because I'm from New Jersey and we say that word like we need it to breathe I really can't come up with anything so that's what we're getting you can remember this by thinking when you're done with this class you're going to think good effing riddance g f r so that will help you remember the order of the layers and to help you remember the types of hormones from each you're going to remember salt sugar sex salt sugar sex for the first three short-term stress for the medulla because like I said those are your fight or flight hormones adrenaline more common the more proper term is epinephrine norepinephrine all right so the reason you need to remember salt sugar sex is because each region secretes a different class of hormones the first region secretes mineralocorticoids so the mineralo is why you have salt so we say like that is the family um the specific example of a specific hormone in that family like the most famous of them would be aldosterone so that is going to be the pattern for the other two and take note that they all all the families end in corticoid so we have mineralocorticoids for salt glucocorticoids for sugar and the specific example of a glucocorticoid is cortisol more on that in just a second and the Zona reticularis is gonato corticoids um so think like what are your gonadal arteries go to what are gonads gonads are ovaries or testes so that's why it's sex is what you're going to use to remember it um or a specific example would be androgens I actually need to look into that because I'm not even sure like that's a specific hormone or if that is also a class of hormones for now let's just like live with the uncertainty and when I figure it out I'll put a pinned comment in the description all right so the reason I said um that short-term stress is the medulla is because cortisol is a long-term stress hormone like it does raise your blood sugar but it raises your blood sugar because you are under stress and your body kind of thinks like it's go time um it wants you to be ready to physically deal with all of the stress you're encountering it's just your body cannot differentiate from psychological stress and actual like a physical threat so it's all the same to your body um so if you're stressed out like you probably are from this class you will have higher levels of cortisol all right so I believe that's the end of what everything looks like and um the specific parts so now I just want to give you a second to like look at the most look at them all side by side um try to recall what they are and then we'll look at them individually and see if you can at least identify what organ it is 10 seconds from now answers are coming up all right so remember pituitary two distinct regions thyroid you have the thyroid follicles with the smooth Islands surrounded by a necklace of follicular cells um you see those smooth Islands next to a big Clump well you know it's your thyroid and parathyroid the thymus has the like individual sections called follicles with the cortex medulla adrenal glands has the more subtle layers and more numerous layers compared to the pituitary and the pancreas has cellular Islands don't confuse them with the thyroid which has these smooth pink Islands all right so the upcoming quiz is just name if you can name the structures to yourself great I'm not going to name them so I'll do 10 seconds then the answer so this is the pituitary two distinct regions sometimes a third color region will be present um kind of dividing the two if you go to my school don't worry about that third color region just ignore it thank you so this is the thyroid because you have those smooth pink ponds with a necklace of cells on the outside so this is the adrenal gland um once again like you see multiple layers it's more subtle than the pituitary layers um and more numerous just to show you compared to the original we looked at that's what we looked at before and this kind of shows you like this is why you don't rely on color too much because it could look very different depending on how it was stained um I think as long as you know like okay we see a little fat out here that tells us like okay this is the capsule I feel like the connective tissue capsule is always very obviously the connective tissue capsule and then if you also look for the medulla this is the medulla in here it is a darker region or to use like a very it's very distinct compared to the other regions like it's always not the same shade of red or purple apologies to anybody that is colorblind you're out of luck on this one um but if you can find the capsule and you can find the medulla then you know somewhere in there there are three layers um and this one the first layer is like right here I only kind of know it's the first layer because I've looked at enough of these and because like that's the capsule I know right underneath it must be the first layer um then kind of in the middle I just like say okay that's the second layer and then this third layer actually is pretty distinct from the other two and is also right next to the medulla so sometimes it's not always like picture perfect you just kind of have to guess so this is the pancreas you can tell because you have cellular Islands um the island is like very different from what's around it and it's chock full of nuclei nuclei that's how you know it's full of cells the thymus this is Island in an island so this is the first picture I showed you was from farther away this one's just closer up but you can still see like the distinct separations between the thymus follicles um and remember I feel like these are so easy we can just review them with the names the inner layer medulla outer layer cortex all right this is just an adrenal gland this is just a bigger section than what you've seen so this is either like a transverse side to side cut or like a top and bottom cut so like let's just say it is a top and bottom let's go with that so this is the top of the adrenal gland this is the bottom so they cut straight through and what you have seen before they just go top to Middle so this is the picture I showed you before see this hole here it matches up with this hole here um the smaller picture is just a cropped of this larger picture so this whole thing is the Adrenal medulla that whole inner area and then you know from here to there is the adrenal cortex or if we're going this direction from here to here is also the adrenal cortex all right so here's the ones where I specifically have the questions about the structures um and do 15 seconds per slide then change it so pause if you need answers in three two one so this is just a closer of the same picture um this is the pituitary you saw those two distinct regions this is what I meant when I said sometimes like there's a third color region uh it's called the pars intermedia if you go to my school you don't need to know that term that's just what it is um remember think pale pink posterior it's pale pink because it is neural tissue the darker region is darker um partly because like there's so many nuclei and because it's mostly cell like there's like more organelle type things and it just stains darker than nervous tissue um and so for the school I go to and so just a safe idea to know at least two hormones from each um region of the pituitary and at least one hormone from each endocrine gland for the posterior only releases two things ADH oxytocin the anterior pituitary you can remember all the hormones it releases by remembering flat PG if I was smarter I would have done it in order here but that's FSH LH ACTH TSH prolactin growth hormone that's all new to you that's for another day at the pointer is a pancreatic eyelet remember Biga beta insulin glucagon Alpha and remember it's a heteroclin heterocrine gland because it has endocrine tissue and exocrine tissue so this is a really ugly picture I'll give you a hint there are multiple very subtle layers in here answers in three two one or not all right so this is the adrenal gland um this is the zone of fasciculata once again like even though this is a terrible picture this is like the guessing game of like okay like I see like a darker area in there that must be the medulla I see capsule over here uh I'm kind of in the center next to neither of them let's just say Zona fasciculata because that's as close as we can get to accurate answers in three two one all right so this is the thyroid um because you see those big smooth ponds the cells around the pons are follicular cells remember those were these teeth T3 T4 the big clump of cells that's not near that is in between the thyroid follicles that is the that is your para follicular cells it releases calcitonin all right guys that's all the questions I have for today I've been doing anatomy for 12 straight hours and I can't see straight um I hope that was helpful have a great day and have fun learning