Lecture Notes: Techniques for Winning Arguments

Introduction

• Philosophers often focus on truth, logic, and open inquiry.
• However, there's interest in dominating debates and appearing clever, regardless of truth.
• Arthur Schopenhauer's essay "On the Art of Being Right" offers techniques to win arguments.

Techniques for Winning Arguments

1. Misrepresentation and Exaggeration

• Use exaggeration to distort opponent's views.
• Example: "Freedom of speech" misrepresented as endorsing extreme scenarios.
• Interpret opponent's words in bizarre ways to create a straw man argument.

2. Mott and Bailey Argument

• Present a reasonable position publicly, and a more extreme one privately.
• Retreat to the strong position when challenged.
• Confuses opponents and audiences by associating extreme ideas with moderate statements.

3. Endless Assault of Questions

• Use questions to overwhelm and confuse opponents.
• Questions should distract and undermine, not seek understanding.
• Ignore sensible responses and focus on any mistakes or contradictions.

4. Control the Metaphors

• Frame discussions to influence judgments.
• Give positive names to positions; use metaphors to manipulate perception.
• Influence the audience's view by associating opponents with negative traits or groups.

5. The Strength of Common Sense

• Argue using seemingly obvious "common sense" ideas.
• Complicate true arguments to make them seem less appealing.
• Simple, incorrect arguments can appear more convincing.

6. Interruptions

• Interrupt opponents to disrupt their argument flow.
• Makes it difficult for them to present complex or reasoned arguments.

7. Provoking Anger

• Make opponents angry to reduce their ability to argue rationally.
• Use condescending tone or personal attacks.

8. Word Salad

• Use complex language and jargon to appear intelligent.
• Confuse the audience with incomprehensible speech.

9. Miscellaneous Tricks

• Use personal insults, change subjects, and conflate terms.
• Avoid conceding points; use exaggeration and obfuscation.

Lessons on Deceit and Truth

• Schopenhauer's essay is both a guide and a warning.
• Recognizes the need to defend against sophistry in debates.
• Highlights the importance of distinguishing honest discourse from deceptive tactics.
• Emphasizes the value of critical thinking and honest debate.

Conclusion

• Understanding these techniques helps identify dishonest debaters.
• Essential to discern between education and indoctrination in a world of abundant information.