Lecture Notes on Culture

Definition of Culture

Culture refers to a set of beliefs, practices, and symbols that are learned and shared.
These components form an integrated whole that binds people together and shapes their worldview and way of life.
Culture is not uniform; it varies based on age, gender, social status, etc.
People are born with the capacity to learn any culture through enculturation.
- Enculturation: Learning culture directly through instruction and indirectly by observing and imitating.

Dynamic Nature: Culture changes in response to internal and external factors.
- Technology in American culture changes rapidly.
- Core values like individualism and freedom change slowly.
Beliefs: Not just right or wrong but include norms, values, worldviews, and philosophies.
Practices: Actions and behaviors motivated by beliefs or part of routines.
Symbolic: Symbols represent something else, often without a natural connection.
- Example: In the U.S., a red octagonal sign signifies 'STOP'.

Symbols convey shared or conflicting meanings.
- Example: Confederate flag as a symbol of pride for some, but oppression for others.

Role in Social Order:
- Provides stability through a collective agreement to rules and norms.
- Influences society's ability to function in peace and harmony.
- Emile Durkheim emphasized culture's role in holding society together.
- Rituals and celebrations reaffirm shared culture and strengthen social ties.
Critical Approach (Karl Marx):
- Non-material culture allows a minority to maintain unjust power over the majority.
- Mainstream values uphold unequal social systems.
- Capitalist societies promote beliefs of hard work leading to success despite systemic challenges.

Culture can be oppressive or liberating.
It is a reflection of a community or nation, influencing reactions, responses, and growth.
Provides a sense of belonging and stability, akin to family.
Shapes personalities and expectations through norms and religious traditions.