Chapter 28 Section 1: Fighting Segregation
* Briggs v. Elliott: One of the first cases challenging school segregation, later combined into Brown v. Board.
* NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; played a major role in legal challenges against segregation.
* CORE: Congress of Racial Equality; promoted nonviolent protest for civil rights.
* Jackie Robinson: First African American to play Major League Baseball, breaking the color barrier.
* Thurgood Marshall: NAACP lawyer who argued Brown v. Board and later became the first Black Supreme Court Justice.
* Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Established the "separate but equal" doctrine, later overturned by Brown v. Board.
* Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Supreme Court case that ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
* Linda Brown & Oliver Brown: Plaintiffs in Brown v. Board; challenged segregation in Topeka, Kansas schools.
* Earl Warren: Supreme Court Chief Justice who presided over Brown v. Board decision.
* Integration: The process of ending racial segregation in public institutions.
* Senator Harry Byrd, Jr.: Led the "Massive Resistance" movement against school desegregation.
* Governor Orval Faubus: Arkansas governor who opposed desegregation of Little Rock Central High School.
* Little Rock Nine: Group of Black students who integrated Little Rock Central High in 1957.
* President Eisenhower: Sent federal troops to enforce desegregation in Little Rock.
* Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956): Protest against bus segregation sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest.
* Rosa Parks: Civil rights activist whose refusal to give up her bus seat led to the boycott.
* SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference; founded by MLK to coordinate civil rights activism.
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Chapter 28 Section 2: Freedom Now!
* Mohandas Gandhi: Indian leader whose nonviolent resistance inspired MLK.
* James Farmer: Founder of CORE, key figure in civil rights activism.
* CORE: Organized the Freedom Rides and sit-ins.
* James Lawson: Advocate for nonviolent protest, trained activists in direct action.
* Sit-in Movement: Protest method where Black students occupied segregated lunch counters.
* Greensboro, NC: Site of the first sit-in at a Woolworth's lunch counter (1960).
* SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; engaged in sit-ins and Freedom Rides.
* Freedom Riders: Activists who rode segregated buses to challenge segregation laws.
* Robert Kennedy: U.S. Attorney General who supported civil rights.
* James Meredith: First Black student at the University of Mississippi.
* Governor George Wallace: Alabama governor who opposed integration.
* Albany Movement: Civil rights campaign that faced opposition from local officials.
* Martin Luther King, Jr.: Leader of the civil rights movement and advocate for nonviolence.
* Birmingham, Alabama: Site of major protests, including the Children’s Crusade.
* "Letter from a Birmingham Jail": MLK’s response defending nonviolent protest.
* Eugene “Bull” Connor: Birmingham's police chief who used violence against protesters.
* Civil Rights Act of 1964: Outlawed segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination.
* Assassination of Medgar Evers: NAACP leader murdered in Mississippi.
* Byron de la Beckwith: White supremacist convicted for killing Evers.
* March on Washington (1963): Massive protest for jobs and freedom; MLK gave "I Have a Dream" speech.
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Chapter 28 Section 3: Voting Rights
* Voter Education Project (VEP): Encouraged Black voter registration.
* Robert Moses: SNCC leader who led voter registration drives.
* 24th Amendment: Banned poll taxes.
* Freedom Summer (1964): Civil rights campaign to increase Black voter registration in Mississippi.
* Andrew Goodman, James Chaney, and Michael Schwerner: Civil rights workers murdered by the KKK.
* KKK & the Murders of Goodman, Chaney & Schwerner: Example of violent opposition to civil rights activism.
* Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP): Challenged the legitimacy of Mississippi’s all-white delegation.
* Fannie Lou Hamer: MFDP activist who testified about racial discrimination.
* Selma Campaign (1965): Protest for voting rights, led to the Voting Rights Act.
* Edmund Pettus Bridge: Site of Bloody Sunday, where protesters were attacked.
* Voting Rights Act of 1965: Eliminated literacy tests and other barriers to Black voting.
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Chapter 28 Section 4: Changes and Challenges
* De jure segregation: Segregation by law.
* De facto segregation: Segregation by social conditions and customs.
* Watts & Detroit Riots: Major urban uprisings in response to racial injustice.
* Kerner Commission: Investigated causes of race riots, concluded the U.S. was moving toward "two societies."
* Stokely Carmichael: SNCC leader who popularized "Black Power."
* March Against Fear: Protest led by James Meredith, later taken over by MLK and Carmichael.
* Black Power: Movement advocating racial pride and self-sufficiency.
* Black Panther Party: Militant civil rights group advocating for self-defense.
* Black Muslims: Religious movement advocating for Black nationalism.
* Malcolm X: Leader in the Nation of Islam; later promoted Black unity and self-reliance.
* Dr. King’s Assassination (1968): Shot in Memphis, Tennessee while supporting striking sanitation workers.
* James Earl Ray: Convicted of MLK’s assassination.
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Key Themes to Study:
* Nonviolent vs. militant approaches to civil rights.
* Role of federal vs. state government in civil rights.
* Impact of major Supreme Court decisions.
* Influence of key leaders (MLK, Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Fannie Lou Hamer, etc.).
* Major protests and their outcomes (Montgomery Bus Boycott, Freedom Rides, Selma, March on Washington).