welcome to all of you my name is akiles and I'm your facilitator for geography as we are going through this crash course for Mains examination so you all have this idea that the real exam for civil service is your Mains examination where your writing skill is going to be tested and writing skill comes to you once you have the better understanding of the concept so today we are going to start the geography part let's begin out of the entire syllabus because there will be less time so I have chosen some very important topic which can be a potential question in your examination so I will go in detail study apart from it I will give some uh question upon it so that you can write and I will also Ensure ke the questions looks alike but their demand is a little bit different because sometime upsc has a language in which you get stuck and you carried away by the keywords only but the real demand is not meant so in this session and uh five six classes will be there so I would like to give you some question which looks alike as if the demand is same but the requirement different so that will also be the part of my discussion further whatever the question I will provide you in the class after discussion please do WR and follow the discipline also because you are going to have almost 7 minute to write the answer so when I give you question go to home and stop that should not be exceeding 7 minut as in GS class I usually go for practicing map so many map I usually draw so that you have the ability to draw it within 10 second not more than that whether it is map of India or it is world map because presentation makes your question answer at next level you are going to have some extra marks for your presentation skill and especially for geography if you're putting certain map in your answer it is going to be helpful for always fine you all have this idea that answer include introduction there will be main body and then conclusion so it should always be followed there should be introduction again you face problem to write introduction what to write and you start writing whatever the keyword is there in question but I always suggest you should introduce the demand of the question okay so your introduction must suent with the demand it is not like a keyword is there some context uh statement is there you are writing uh you start writing with that your introduction the question is what is your name so your answer is if I ask what is the meaning of your name are you getting my point what I mean to say so your introduction part is going to be different when you start discussing what is the meaning of your name upsc and accordingly you start introducing so introduce the demand of the question because introduction must contain the glimpse of the entire demand mov important dialog so this is something for introduction is it okay so there should be introduction and your introduction should not be too long because sometime you happen to have 150 words are 200 words introduction conclusion and there will be main body so introduction must suent with the demand don't get carried away by certain keywords all the deserts are located at Western margin of the continent what are the condition prevailing over there then you start writing what is Desert now ke scy rainfall less than 25% rainfall and all it is not the demand if they have asked what is Desert then you introduce it it's okay desert what are the condition prevailing over there that is resulting desertification and you are putting the effort to describe the desert isn't it is it the trailer of the movie answer is no to is and bring all those answer we will discuss invited isn't it so they may put the question on interior of the Earth in the classroom we have discussed the interior of the earth is a deduced model based on certain observation so on the basis of observation we happen to construct the model of of interior of and for that we have direct sources direct sources and they are limited direct sources are very limited and then we have indirect sources indirect sources direct sources if you remember the class 12 km is the maximum depth up to which human have reached polar region deep ocean drilling project okay so we have very less direct source which is going to give some idea about the interior of Earth that's why we explore some indirect Source I usually say GS SP or we choose sismic waves sismic waves okay again the sismic wave itself is going to be important do remember it is also important you can get a potential question from sismic wave also okay sismic waves and on the basis of observation of these sismic wave recorded by various sismo graph that where the shadow zone of swave and Shadow Zone of P wve we are able to deduce the model deduced model of Earth's interior so basically our Focus will be here shadow zone so we must have the understanding in detail let's find out the sismic wave first their characteristics then we will go for shadow zone is there any confusion in front of you you have the idea of sismic wave okay let me give you some tidbits about sismic wave so sismic waves this is your Earth suppose that this is the point at which there is some sismic activity have taken place huge amount of energy released and it is called as it is called as hypo Center it is called as hypocenter are focus of the Earth and from here energy start traveling and it reaches it reaches onto the Earth's surface and the point the place is called as Epi Center Epi Center okay and the energy which is released inside the Earth travel in form of which wave Body Waves Body Waves fine these are Body Waves why they have been called as body wave because they travel inside the body of the earth is it okay and this body wave is of two type one is primary wave and and another one is secondary W fine body wave is of two type one is primary wave another one is secondary wave these body wave bring the energy on the surface and this energy get redistributed and after redistribution there is Genesis of surface V so here what happened redistribution of energy redistribution of energy taking place okay and that's why what happened there is Genesis of Genesis of surface wave surface wave or that start traveling in the skin of the earth they are surface wave fine surface wave again it is of two type that is what L wve as well as Rave a love discovered this love wave and Rel discovered R wave surface wave are the disastrous wave they are inflicting most of the disaster due to earthquake fine interior of Earth perspective so surface wave is not going to give us some tidbits it is the body wave which is traveling inside the body that's why it has certain observation so in order to understand those observation we have to understand the characteristics of these Body Waves so let's find out the characteristics and which characteristic have given us the idea of interior of Earth let's find it out so first one is primary primary and I'm sure you will get something extra so primary wave primary wave they are also called as pwa my first question is why it is called as pwa first to arrive that's that is the reason of primary w why it is called as P huh you can't under answer okay fine uh why it is called as P wve this is the question question because of primary most of you have the perception P for primary hence it is p the answer is wrong why it is called as P wave I will discuss later but yes it is the fastest wave fastest wave first to reach at epicenter fastest that means how fastest 6 to 15 kilom per second per hour per second hour earthquake cycle so it is what per second fine so first to reach at epicenter first to reach at epicenter it is a mechanical mechanical longitudinal wave mechanical longitudinal wave that means what is mechanical waves mechanical waves are those wave they require medium particle that oscillate now and longitudinal mechan IAL waves in which the medium particle oscillate along the direction of wave propagation along the direction of wave propagation if this is the wave propagation Direction so medium particle oscillates like compression rare fraction compression rare fraction that means to and frow from its mid position so this is the oscillation okay so longitudinal wave the medium particle oscillates along the direction of wave propagation is it okay mechanical longitudinal wave just like sound wave for example sound okay just like sound wave so p waves are primary waves are just like the sound wave so have you heard earthquake earthquake you have heard the sound whenever any earthquake is there you will find rumbling sound inside the ground as if there is a huge motor is moving inside the ground below your legs and that is what the sound of rumbling sound is actually the arrival of PVE arrival of primary wave okay so the sound produced at the time of earthquake is because of arrival of P wve rumbling sound it is the arrival of p m is moving inside the Earth surface that is what primary wave have arrived over there bringing the energy that is going to generate second sorry surf W fine okay mechanical longitudinal wave further this primary wave primary wave are intrinsically their nature is to create pressure they are push weight push waves are pressure creating wave push waves are pressure creating W they are push W so my voice is going to create pressure on your tanum membrane then tanum membrane is going to vibrate according to the what you can say modulation of voice accordingly your tanum membrane is going to vibrate and that vibration is already fixed in your mind that in which language I'm talking and what I'm talking so the sound wave is what pressure creating wave that's why you heard similarly the primary waves are pressure creating wave that's why we hear the sound that's why it is bringing lot of energy and this is the reason why it is called as P wve so p wve is its intrinsic nature it is going to create push it is going to create pressure it is not the primary that's why P wve it is push creating wave pressure creating wave that's why we call it P W so do remember further this wave can travel it can travel in solid liquid and gas that means it can pass through all medium it can pass through all medium do remember this characteristics it can pass through all medium but the velocity of P wve get increased when there is increase in the medium density sound wave what is the speed of sound wave in air 332 m/s isn't it and what is the sound wave speed in steel 1150 m/s so what happen air density and steel density density has massively increased so what happened the sound wave speed is also increased is it okay so next point you can take down that density of if the density of medium increases velocity also get increased velocity of P wve also get veloc so when there is a increase in velocity the path of the the the P wve get deflected from its original path is it okay when there is increase in velocity when there is increase in velocity the p waves get deflected p waves get deflected Shadow Z is it okay so P wve get deflected because of increase in density increase in density increase the velocity hence the original path of p wve is not going to be followed it will start executing some other path that's why there is deviations I will tell you the deviation let's come to the secondary waves secondary waves why they have been given the name secondary because they are second to reach at epicenter up Q second ey they are slow movers so they are they have lower speed lower speed they are second fastest second fastest sismic wave they have a speed of 527 km per second this much speed they are going to have that's why they are second to reach at epicenter is it okay they are also called as what S Wave again my question why they are called as swaave obviously you are not going to tell now the same story so anyone who can tell me why it is called as second swaave secondary wave is called as swaave no idea it can pass two medium only solid medium that's why it is called as swaave solid S no not like that intrinsic nature the nature of the wave I'm just explaining it please do remember and Mark it important because it is not given in your ncrt so you will also get the answer why secondary waves are not able to cross liquid medium from their virtue wait for it it is mechanical mechanical transverse way it is mechanical transverse way okay just like mechanical transverse mechanical transverse wave oscillation of medium particle takes place perpendicular in the direction of propagation of w this is the wave propagating and the medium particles are oscillating like up and down so perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation this is direction of wave propagation and you will find that part this medium particle is oscillating perpendicular to it such mechanical waves are termed as transverse wave for example if you take the general example the surface wave in the water if you throw a stone inside the water ripples will be created and ripples start traveling towards the coast on the surface if you wash the water at the surface me if this is going to be water and you are throwing the stone over here and then what happened ripples created and it start moving towards the coast this is the Ripple so once you see the surface you'll find that the medium particle is oscillating perpendicular to the direction of propagation so this is what s surface wave so it is just like the ripples water moving towards poast when you throw a stone over here so surface but there is a circular motion complete circular motion is taking place but at the surface if you see the water it is just moving at same place and the wave is moving the energy is moving in form of transverse wave is it okay fine further secondary wave secondary waves can travel can travel only in solid medium only in solid medium the secondary wave said we are sheer producing wave our intrinsic property is to produce Shear that means a force which is tangentially acting upon the body and creating some deformity just like needed Flor and you just punch inside it what happen there will be deformity that is going to be created isn't it if you punch on this wall what happen happen there will be deformity created in your punch no are you getting my point so what is the meaning of Shear a force which is tangentially acting upon the body and intended to create deformity this is called as Shear so secondary waves are sheer producing wave secondary waves secondary waves please note it down secondary waves are Shear producing stear producing weight that means it try to produce it try to produce Shear uh this is solid medium and this secondary wave is coming over here like this here it is secondary wave and if this solid medium is there what happen it will try to produce Shear but Shear is not results deformity that means energy is conserved then energy conserved that's why this wave travel through solid median this is solid Medi it is a sheer producing wave Shear producing we and this is going to be solid medium Shear is not going to result deformity so what happened whatever the energy is here it is going to be conserved so wave travel through solid medium is it okay fine now suppose that there is a liquid medium this is the liquid medium okay and this is the secondary wave that is coming over here as you know it is a sheer producing wave so it will try to produce shear and the liquid medium get displaced isn't it liquid medium get displaced under the influence of the force exerted by the wave that means in liquid medium Shear can create deformity and if deformity is created so what happened to the energy of this wave it is going to be deated dissipated to create deformity so when it strike to the to the liquid medium what happen there is a deformity created this is a kind of displacement this is what deformity deformity so this sheer producing wave intended to produce she liquid medium get displaced to create deformity so what happened to this energy the energy which is associated with it is going to be dissipated in creating deformity to they seize to travel this is the reason why secondary waves are not able to travel in liquid medium because they are Shear producing wave and they intended to produce shear and that turn into deformity you just punch me here you punch me I will be in hospital isn't it and if I say let me put that very Doug ashirvad and I keep it here and then I say to Mike Tyson come on punch me so what will be the impact he will punch me there will be deformity and I will say ha are you getting my point this is the meaning that sheer producing wave if producing deformity then entire energy is going to be seized dissipated this is the reason why they are not able to travel in liquid why it is called as swaave why sheer producing wave so swave swaave this S stand for here producing wave so now we have the understanding of the characteristics of our our gemes bond and let's find out the story what the Jes Bond have given to us and the story is what swave shadow zone as well as p-wave shadow zone why it was chosen because this is the only thing which is traveling inside the interior of the earth and we are knowing the characteristics how much density is going to change how much velocity and we have the time traveled and the distance traveled on the very basis of so many computation calculation data analysis obtained from lacks of earthquakes every year we zero in that how the interior will look like then the observations by the sesor graph was pivotal to understand the interior of the earth and what were the major observation GS that is Shadow Zone let's come to the shadow zone Shadow Zone okay so two Shadow Zone were discovered let me explain it this is the hypocenter what is the meaning of hypocenter focus of the earthquake from where the sismic energy is being released and here it is the center of the earth just this is this is a line this give you 90° angle isn't it okay there is an angle of 103° and 143° 103 and 143 so this angle is with respect to center of the earth and hyper Center do remember this is what hypo Center okay so for each and every sismic event p wve and swaave start traveling in all site and it is being recorded on the surface of the Earth by the cograph is it okay to everyone by cograph meterological stations airports and there are in built so so these cograph is going to record the p wve and swave over here and they start traveling to all sides so let's take up this I'm talking about p waves now p waves were recorded everywhere everywhere it was it were recorded but strikingly these p waves were not recorded Beyond 103° on entire Globe it is not recorded on Beyond 103° but again they are being recorded Beyond 143° that means this zone is not Shadow Zone only 103 to 143 is going to be p-wave Shadow Zone p-wave Shadow Zone this is the part which is what p wave shadow zone between 103 to 143° in your book it may be 105 there will be 145 hardly matter but the P wve shadow zone is have a deviation of almost 40° is it okay so this is earthquake event E1 suppose that there is another earthquake event that is taking place and that is E2 and the place hypo Center is here is it okay this is hypo Center so here it is Center this is going to be 90° what about 103 this is 103 here it is 143 and this way it is 103 143 op it is not the longitude it is an angle with respect to the hypo Center do remember okay so in this case again P wve start travel to all sight it is traveling like this but beyond 103° again the same result were there and it is not observed between 103 to 143° again Beyond 143° p waves were recorded So we are again getting this p-wave Shadow Zone which is showing the deviation of almost 40° and this p-wave Shadow Zone was consistent consistent in deviation it is consistent in all the cmic event isn't it consistent results there is something when P were analyzed why you are deviating this much so they have a characteristic that they can travel in all the medium but they have also a characteristic on increasing the density their velocity is on increase and this much 40° deviation was concluded that there is something at 2900 kilm from the Earth's surface K there is something 2900 kilometer from the Earth's surface there is enormous change in density change in density there is enormous change in density and due to change in density what happened there is change in velocity and the velocity changes rapid velocity change and due to this change what happened there was deviation and this deviation always going to be 40° so there is something present below 2900 km is it okay so what was the thing which is present below 2900 kilm over here like this and it is so dense that that the p waves get deviated p waves get deviated p waves they try to come like this and they want to reach over over there but they get deviated they get deviated so they are not being recorded between this Zone and they are being recorded Beyond it that means the p-wave shadow zone is giving you the idea that below 2900 kilm there is very high density and they have given you the idea of core foure which is made up of iron and nickel is it okay I will tell you the change in density if you see the mantle mantle you have the density of 3.5 to 5.5 G per CC this is the density change while we are moving inment as you reach to outer core the density is 10.5 G to 11.5 G per CC this is a change try to see if you take the upper limit there is a double change in the density are you getting my point and due to this what is their deviation of P wve by 40° so the this p-wave shadow zone is decisive in understanding that the core is of very high density is it okay try to understand the concept if you go for this making the P wve sh shadow zone and uh making these points over there certainly you will get good marks you can see that I'm just putting lot of figure to make you understand the things if you reciprocate in your examination certainly you will get good marks is it okay further and this is how here also we have the idea of core so this gave the idea of core which is of very high density and this also gave the idea of what at which depth the core is present because the consistency in the P wve shadow zone is it okay then there is swave Shadow Zone swave swave Shadow Zone swave Shadow Zone again we have the same understanding that there will be Earth there will be hypo Center and there is Center just here it is 90° 103 103 okay so this 103° is the angle with respect to hypocenter or focus of the fine so you know that s waves also start traveling in all site it is recorded everywhere it is recorded everywhere but the sees to be recorded Beyond Beyond 103° Beyond 103° this entire area is called as swave Shadow Zone this entire area is called as S Wave Shadow Zone what happened then swave has a characteristic that they can cross only solid me so they said beyond 103 they are not coming that means somewhere near 2900 kilom there is medium there is a medium which is liquid in nature liquid in nature and this swave Shadow Zone gave us idea about outer core outer core okay so there is presence of outer core outer core somewhere 2900 de 2900 km below the Earth's surface and the center occupied by core and the interesting part of outer core is what it is liquid in nature it is liquid in nature this is the outer core it is liquid in nature swaave will come over here M tys de energy associated with swaave get deated in the outer core region that that's why they are not able to travel and that's why you have swave Shadow Zone so what will be the conclusion he there is something at the depth dep 103 this is the angular distance always going to be Associated okay and why the medium because you know their characteristic they can travel only in solid medium okay and it is outer core so this is the observation which is in your general study obviously there were many more observation that have led to discovering the discontinuities their exact depth their density further temperature was also deduced on the basis of tomographical scan so on the very basis of these observation ultimately the interior of the Earth was deduced it is a model that is deduced on the basis of observation and various calculation how many calculation every year you happen to have more than one lakh of earthquakes one lakh earthquake has one lakh event that is having such kind of observation so you can trace any and every observation and you can go for further reconstruction and then you find out the interior of Earth so these two things are there in your GS that's why I'm not explaining some more thing but do remember these are the basic requirement basic observation there are many more things which were observed discontinuity rapity discontinuity K discontinuity Lon discontinuity Gutenberg discontinu you know the speed of the wave and you know the degree of increase of wave with respect to density and you know the time travel so when you have all these data for one lak replicate so you can conclude it by using computers it was analyzed and ultimately what was raed the deduced model of interior so Market important P swaave important and extensively deal with it Shear producing wave or pressure producing wave Z it is the punch of the concept further P wve swaave shadow zone signic that can also be a possible question first question will be like uh discuss the p wve and swave discuss the Body Waves as a then second question significance sign significance of Shadow Zone Shadow Zone in determining the determining the Earth's what do you mean by mean by Shadow zones Shadow Zone question and I'm all the questions in your prelims North SE discuss height of tropopause convectional current corol is force then we have distribution of uh water vapor this was also the question so many question directly from the notes notes are capable enough to solve all all your queries initially I never go for that notes sufficient notes sufficient when you read the books are you getting is go for the reading book reading authentic book ncrt GC Leon for geography and one8 less enough and rest of the work I will do for you collecting the current affair part from geography and you are down to earth these things leave it up to me so in the class I usually go for current affair part in a way that it is going to give you the filler material for climate change biodivers that means for your environment and ecology disaster management as well as geography because they are putting question which has a integral approach isn't it so you must have a calidos scopic Reon not only for geography basically geography environment disaster management they are integral teacher but they are what integrated with each other take and if you see the questions especially from environment they're linked with geography like last year question the climate change is going to affect the food Security in tropical country how the climate change is going to affect so food Security in tropical country and climate change it is amalgamation of both the understanding if you have the understanding of eratic rainfall pattern extreme weather condition due to climate change then you can put it with agriculture so what is required is is connectivity if you are well connected with all your topic in your GS then you are able to write beautiful answer because it requires synthesis at that very time or synthesis only can be done once you have a calidos scopic vision you can interconnect the subject is it okay fine so there will be question what do you mean by shadow zone and how they are and how they are useful in determining the Earth's interior describe the Body Waves Body Waves and observations observations that prove to be to be pivotal in deducing deducing the model of Earth's interior the model of Earth's interior question one question two and question three introduction same answer it is always following the language of the demand demand Body Waves what do you mean by shadow zone signic of Shadow Z 200 yeah 150 150 it is more challenging you are knowing lot of things option 250 200 B 150 Madar Mahatma Bud CH 200 words so give me the answer in 200 words and I appreciate if you put all those figure which is required and the time is 7 Minute Gana Lena then sit and start writing with time and try to follow so I will bring the understanding let's come to the model of Earth interior interior of Earth so on the very basis of these observation and so many many data computation data we have found that Earth has major three layer and that is what there is crust there is mantle there is outer core and there is core okay crust mental and core outer core and inner core further we divide the crust into Upper Crust lower crust and there is a plastic layer in between crust and mental the upper part of this mental little bit upper mle is part of crust that is collectively called as lithosphere okay so this much is called as letho sphere this is what lithosphere that is called as plate then we have a plastic layer over here that is called as esos sphere esos sphere okay this is eseno sphere asthenosphere is called as Powerhouse of Earth now Powerhouse of Earth it is the region from where all the energy endogenic force are generated and that is responsible for all the tectonic movement volcanic eruption earthquake plutonic rock formation isn't it formation of folded mountain and a number of geophysical phenomena that is taking place on the Earth's surface that's why it is called as Powerhouse of Powerhouse of Earth Powerhouse of Earth then be Beyond this asthenosphere this is actually the part of upper mental now upper mental and we have lower mental then we have outer core which is liquid in nature then we have core which is solid in nature so this is what overall interior I'm I'm going to give you the detailed description of this interior okay so that whatever the figure I'm going to draw here is going to be the entire concept of interor and be patient and let's come to the detailed description of crust isn't it CH so there is a crust that is called as Upper Crust and lower cust this is the crust you'll find on the Earth's surface the Earth surface is made up of this crust and this crust can be divided it into two part the upper crust as well as the lower crust upper crust is made up of silica and aluminium this is upper crust and here it is lower crust try to see why I made this kind of crust because to differentiate that we have two another type of crust same type here this classify as a oceanic crust as well as continental crust here it is oceanic crust and this is what continental crust is it okay and this is going to be Upper Crust here it is going to be lower crust is there any issue oceanic crust is thicker or continental crust is thicker which one is thicker you understand me which one is thicker Continental fine continental crust average thickness of continent so here we have the crystal thickness average Crystal thickness happen to be 30 35 kilm it is what continental crust this is the average thickness while the average thickness of oceanic crust is 5 to 8 kilm 5 to 8 kilometer this is oceanic crust but somewhere continental crust are thicker much thicker like more than 70 km up to 100 km so somewhere on the Earth surface you will find this thickness is going Beyond say for 100 kilm and it generally occurs below the folded mountain like himalay Indies Rockies ales caas tarus yanan kulul these are the folded mountain Series so if you see the crustal thickness below it it is quite thicker like Himalaya has a crystal thick nness more than 70 kilm and you all have this idea that Himalaya is on destructive plate boundary and destructive plate boundary volcanic eruption is characteristic feature but in himalay there is no volcanic eruption why because of the crystal thickness volcanism only takes place when crust is broken and magma comes out so there is no volcano in himalay why because of Crystal thickness a tell me this this uh upper crust is made made up of seal silica aluminium and this is made up of SEMA silica magnesium if you see the density of Upper Crust it is going to be 2.57 G per CC while the density of lower crust is 3 3 G per CC which is going to have higher density lower crust fine tell me yeah fine tell me in case of oceanic crust in case of ocean okay so in case of oceanic crust Upper Crust is bigger thicker or lower crust lower crust so lower crust is thicker that's why oceanic crust is denser as compared to continental crust so oceanic crust is largely made up of it is largely made up of lower crust so lower crust is in bigger contribution than Upper Crust is it okay and then there is a discontinuity between Upper Crust and lower crust what is the name of this discontinuity can anyone tell there is a discontinuity what is the meaning of discontinuity change in density okay uhuh no it is conard discontinuity it is conard discontinuity it is conard discontinuity what is the meaning of discontinuity you have the idea that discontinuity is a sudden change in density there is normaly and speed Breakers so that is what discontinuity similarly the body waves are traveling and there is a sudden change in density and that is called as discontinuity and it is what conard discontinuity between Upper Crust and lower crust between Upper Crust and lower C this is 2.57 G per CC and this is 3 G per CC it is made up of silica aluminium it is made up of silica magnesium then there is a part of mental some part of mental is associated with some part of mental is associated with crust confus so this is what mental have started from here and this part of mental is associated with the crust and this part of mental along with crust called as leosphere okay so what do mean by lithosphere here it is lithosphere so from upper surface to this part of mental this is your lethos sphere so lithosphere consist of Upper Crust lower crust as well as upper part of upper manle upper part of upper manle below this upper mnal there is a part of upper mnal which is what plastic in nature and that is called as estino sphere so you'll find esos spere over here this is what eseno sphere esos spere asthenosphere and I told you asthenosphere The Zone which is called as Powerhouse of Earth so this is asthenosphere if you see the depth of asthenosphere from the surface there is 400 kilm this is the depth of esos spere again it is part of upper mental fine okay there is a discontinuity between crust and mental which is called as mic discontinu so Mo discontinuity or mental Beach so I'm just showing it over here and if you appreciate this or not you tell me just taking the white now is it visible this is the moo discontin moo discontinuity or mohoric discontinuity mohoric discontinuity mohoric disc continuity is between between the crust and the mental thrust and the mental this's discontinuity moo we sick discontinuity more weick discontinuity is it okay the discontinuity between crust and and mental is Moor visic discontinuity it was discovered by this person Italian sesm mic discontinuity then we have this asthenosphere What is the characteristic of this asthenosphere this asthenosphere is plastic in nature plastic in nature ethosphere liquid it is plastic in nature it is plastic in nature and the density of asthenosphere happen to be 3.5 G per CC and the temperature of asthenosphere is 900 to 1200° C so this is going to be very high temperature tempure mag mag esos sphere formation of magma taking place in asthenosphere AA asthenosphere there are certain places in asthenosphere they are having enormously high temperature mean higher than the normal the normal temperature ranging on an average 1,000° Centigrade but there are certain places in asthenosphere they happen to have 2000° Cen temperature enormously high temperature so so in asthenosphere there are certain area which is known for very high temperate these area have been termed as hot spots these area are termed as hot spot these hot spots are only 40 to 50 hotpots are there on entire Earth now these hot spot is having very high temperature of the range let's say 2000° C these are the hot spots these hot spots has another name they are also called as mental plumes mental mental plumes why it is called as mental plumes because the mental Rock plumes in form of magma under the influence of residual heat stored in outer coat outer tempure so this is what hot spot where it is present in esos sphere these hot spots present in asthenosphere they are called as hot spot they are present in asthenosphere they're not changing their place crust but hot spots are stationary they remain in asthenosphere for always and there are 40 to 50 such hotpots are there a mother day I will describe the hot spot and very interesting phenomena of hot spot that our duck and trap is because of because of diffusion of reunion hotspot or reun just see the east of Madagascar you will find Reunion Island or somewhere in GE iCal past India was above the reunion Island and there was continuous ifusion of magma and that's why Deen trap was formed and then Indian plate moved huge Indian Ocean was formed so these hot spots are not changing their place they remain in asthenosphere but the lithospheric plate moves from one place to other place you have seen in plate tectonics is it understandable who talked about this hot spot tuo Wilson James tuzo Wilson or JT Wilson in 1963 he gave the concept of Hotpot okay Hot Spot there are conducting Rock they are more conducting as compared to other Rock and the heat which is in outer core get conducted through these conducting Rock to asthenosphere and that that's why the rock of the mental get melted and comes in form of mental plume or mushrooming magma is it okay so if you see the source of heat for these hot spot it is from from outer it is from Outer po this is your outer core okay outer core it is having very high heat and it is at temperature average temperature of outer core 4000° c it is in liquid state and from here there are conducting rocks in mental and that's why these heat get conducted and there is pluming of magma taking place in asthenosphere this is the reason of hot spots is it understandable to everyone tell me so mental Plum questional plum fine again this mental can be divided into two there is upper mental and lower mental this is what upper mental here it is lower mental upper mental and lower mental upper mnal May part of lithosphere be asthenosphere be or upper mnal if you see the upper mental you will find that here the change of density is 3.5 G per cc to 5.5 G per CC and the temperature from 900° cenra to 2200 de cenra this is the change in temperature fine upper mental and lower mental this is the zone at which outer core start is below 2900 kilomet is it okay upper mental lower you will also find that there is temperature also increasing and there is a discontinuity between upper mental and lower mental and the name of this discontinuity con what is the name of this discontinuity rapity fingertips rity discontinuity rep discontinuity between upper mental outer mental inal there are many mental problem you can use anything outer mental and here it is inner mental inner mental what is the change in density change in temperature you understood most important part is what mental Bloom and the s s of heat is what outer core is it okay blooming of heat as well as magma through mental from outer core to asthenosphere these are hotpots then this is outer core and there is a discontinuity between core and mental what is the name huh Gutenberg so this is the discontinuity between between core and mental that is called as that is called as Gutenberg Gutenberg discontinuity Gutenberg vard discontinuity Gutenberg vur discontinuity take then there is outer core and this outer core is in liquid state stratification of Earth class or evolution of atmosphere signic gravity there was gravity with Earth and Earth was given the primordial atmosphere but that primordial atmosphere was striped off because of the strong solar winds and Earth realized that only gravity is not going to be there that can sustain atmosphere or origin of Life atmosphere then what Earth did PR fail Prim atmosphere it is not only the good coaching good Mentor good notes and good book everything was there gravity was there with Earth but it was not sufficient enough to protect the atmosphere magnosphere answer writing skill development writing the answer and that to on your very hectic day of your life and that to satiating the demand of those Buddhas Pap set they are giving good question that to in time limit and that to in World limit earth started sustained fusion and sustained Fusion gave the heavy elements heavy element start settling towards the center and the formation of core and outer core was there and it is made up of iron and nickel and because of high temperature what happened core become outer core become in liquid state liquid state and because the Earth is rotating now so the core is also churning and if it is in liquid state obvious ly there will be free electrons at this 4000° Centigrade temperature elements are in its plasma form ionic form so there will be free electron when the core is rotating outer core is churning electrons are also moving and movement of electron constitute electricity and wherever there is electricity there will be electromagnetic induction hence magnetic field the Earth have developed magnetic field magnetism because of churning of outer core although the core is also participated but churning of outer core was the major event that have taken place and that have given the magnetosphere of Earth that gave the additional Shield to our atmosphere to primitive atmosphere primitive atmosphere stabilized then chemical reaction have taken place and there was origin of life and diversification of lifean or UPS significance of outer core question interior of Earth what is the significance of outer core so if you are writing significance of outer core must write the magnetosphere stability in atmosphere origin of Life diversification of life because only gravity is not responsible to bring this atmosphere here so although I'm discussing the interior of Earth but I'm talking about so many question that can be cropped up from this particular topic Hanah if I put this question discuss the role of outer core in origin of Life outer core role in origin of Life can you write it 150 word demand question question question please take down uh discuss the role of discuss the role of outer core outer core in the origin of life sence Earth was having the Primitive at primordial atmosphere and when the strong solar wind came over there they they have striped off this primordial atmosphere this was primordial atmosphere what is it strong solar wind despite of gravity gravity good notes good books good Mentor make sense but maximum thing is what you're answer writing or means revise it WR go for the various test themes are just your syllabus take down as much answer as you can and get it evaluated and I'm ready for it whosoever is here I'm ready for it whatever you are going to write I will evaluate personally and I will guide you personally this was a strong solar wind this Prim modal atmosphere was taken away then there was sustained fusion reaction sustained fusion reaction and heavy elements were formed sustained Fusion hydrogen changes into helium helium into other heavy element like carbon oxygen nitrogen phosphorus potassium sodium so on so forth iron nickel so so on so for Cobalt uranium Etc this is what sustained fusion reaction same reaction have taken place in entire universe in order to create all these elements and what happened when this this was formed they are heavy and the Earth was rotating centrifugal force centripetal force they start accumulating near the center or Center they have created core as well as outer there was creation of core and outere and you know this core is in which state liquid state it is in liquid state core is solid state and your Earth is rotating from west to east and due to it there is churning of outer core and this Leed to formation of electric current hence there is magnetism around the earth so magnetism around the Earth was developed and this magnetism lead to another Shield another kind of protection and what it did solar winds they are going to strike they get diverted towards pole a PO divert way and they have find the way into the space it is not going to much affect the earth atmosphere now Earth evolve another atmosphere which is called as primitive atmosphere primitive atmosphere primitive atmosphere Earth chemical reactions there were chemical reaction and that led to origin of led to origin of light so this was the role played by outer core in stabilizing the Primitive atmosphere as well as chemical reaction which is which is responsible for origin of Life hemos synthetic origin of Life a ro it's a role played by outer course of so I talked about the answer this is the question for you please do read and take down and this is the very basic question from your NC it is already mentioned in your ncrt stratification of Earth is it it so please Market important biology question it is question from geography so let's come to the original topic that is interior of Earth so this is outer core as we know this outer core extending from 2900 2900 kilom to 5150 kilm it is made up of NE that is nickel and iron more will be iron and if you see the density it has a change from 10.5 G per cc to 11.5 G per CC and there is a change in temperature from 4000° centigrade to 4,500 de Centigrade 4,500 de Centigrade okay role of outer core churning of outer core churning of outer core giving the magnetism magnetism around the earth although the core is also responsible but the bigger chunk given by the outer fine ande there is core core innermost part of Earth up to the center from 5150 to the 6378 km this is the port fine here it is the port and if you see the core temperature average temperature 5300 de Centigrade made up of iron as well as nickel and the density is 13 G per CC this is going to be very high density 13 G per CC and very important thing is that core despite of this much temperature is in solid state it is in solid state despite of very high temperature it is in solid state is it okay solid St discontinuity lman discontinuity lman discontinuity this is lman Lehman discontinuity lemon discontinuity foure is solid foure is solid despite of 5300 de Centigrade temperature it's a genuine question at this much high temperature y core is solid y liquid outer core to high temperature outer core liquid H is what general thing now but core is going to have super incumbent pressure of overline block very high pressure of overline block and you all have this idea let me explain a little bit so that you have the understanding of solid liquid and gas what is solid when the molecules are placed closest isn't it this is what solid that means inter molecular space space is minimum if any substance is there intermolecular space is minimum it will be in solid state if that's why you will find that solid has definite shape definite size definite volume definite shape size and volume and if there is a liquid there is intermolecular space little bit higher interc attraction they have definite volume but they can take different shape gas the intermolecular space is massive and there is less intermolecular attraction that's why they don't have any shape any size and they can be fit in all the volume okay that means what makes you solid when the intermolecular space is minimum so despite of 5300 de Centigrade temperature po also want to enjoy the life want to go to cinema want to meet with friend chill out but core has some super incumbent pressure that is upsc Mains and there is no other option available to the core rather to be solid so despite of 5300 de Centigrade temperature core has superincumbent gravity super incumbent pressure core wants to be in liquid state anything can be in liquid state at this much high temperature but because of superincumbent gravity the molecules are packed closely that core has no other option rather to be in solid state that's why core is in solid state are you getting my point or option so this is all about the explanation of interior of Earth everything which is part of interior I have explained for General Studies perspective so do read and find out are you able to write question shall I give some question on interior of Earth Haka although I have given all those question which is related with interior of Earth so discuss the discuss the observations and findings that gave the idea of core and outer core core and outer core shadow zone are you getting my point how they can put question and the same answer will be there mean answer is not same language is differents upsc give you the sui through the teachers and then they demand I will go for halwa one day another day I want UT raw material is same but recipe is different if you understand this recipe up answer writing are you getting my point the same raw material has to be allocated according to the demand of the question then you can write it is it okay to everyone so this is the end of today's topic let's find out some more topic which is relevant for your examination understand is it okay shall we move further okay so there is one topic that is Continental drift theory continental drift theory and and evidences in support of it they can give you major question upon it it is also important important so let me explain this continental drift theory although in your general study section you have seen that this continental drift theory was given by Alfred Wagner in the year 1912 or as as an idea if you see this continental drift it was not a new thing way back in 1596 Abraham oralius have given this idea about the drift me as an idea he was a cartographer he made a map of North America means America Europe and Africa together okay according to his idea that all the continents were together fine in in 1910 a fellow whose name is FB teller he challenged the Paradigm of his time what is the meaning of Paradigm anything which is not debatable at all everyone is accepting so AB Taylor challenged contract Theory contraction Theory take FB contraction theory was a paradigm it was a paradigm it was a paradigm no one was questioning this Theory everyone accept contraction y have for contraction Theory you have the idea of contraction Theory no idea okay uh how the continents as well as ocean we originated on the Earth's surface the contraction Theory talks about contraction Theory this Earth was a hot ball and slowly and gradually it get cooled cooling de gasing there was formation of atmosphere stratification it was going on so this this crust get cooled and due to cooling what happened there was contraction cooling followed by contraction is it okay and this contraction is not homogeneous not homogeneous this contraction was not homogeneous and there was undulation developed and this undulation led to formation of me there will be some part that get uplifted and there are some part that get depressed the uplifted part become continents uplifted part become continents and the depressed part become basins where the water filled inside and it become ocean Basin this is what ocean Basin okay so how the continent and ocean Basin were generated this is the theory that talks about continents and ocean Bas the contraction Theory okay so it is just because of the cooling of the crust followed by contraction and this contraction was not homogeneous there was some mineral that have contracted more and created the depression and there was some mineral which is contracted less that they have created elevation elevated part become continent and depressed part become ocean Basin continent and ocean Basin they are called as first order landforms they are called as first order land forms so to understand the land form development this theory has been proposed land form whatever we are watching on the earth crust Mountain Plateau plane continent ocean these are the land form first order second order third order landforms are there detail class you understand the contraction Theory this contraction theory was a paradigm every land form which is created created on the Earth surface is due to contraction and the continents have elevated part on the continents there were mountains and that is also because of cont this was the theory which was Paradigm Paradigm at there was no debate against it but in 1912 this person FB tiller who was American American geomorphologist he was an American geomorphologist he challenged he challenged the contraction theory he was working on tertiary folded mountain he was working on tertiary folded mountain tertiary folded mountain tertiary folded Mountain Alpine mountain Alps like Mountain Alpine mountain they are loftiest of all Mountain Series in the world and once you move up you will find there is a Snow Line Beyond which you will find the everything is Frozen that's why Alpine climate is there and that's why you happen to have Alpine mountain Alps like mountain is it okay so he was working on tertiary folded M when you write all these now you will get good marks Pia panthala everyone is going to do there was a land M Pangia surrounded by panthal laia Gana broken and this everyone will talk about that but those milestone from where the change was there it is not going to be everyone's cup of tea are you getting my point notes P what book will tell you the entire story is it okay so he was observing tertiary folded mountain and what is the observation let me show you the observation for that we require a world map shall we go for drawing it bow sir world map within 10 second 15 second e so this is your world map what to remember the most important thing that equator must cross like this it should not cross India and Tropic of Capricorn should cross South America Africa as well as Australia and Tropic of cap cancer is like this and this is the position if you are moving like that so you happen to have world mapal of cancer so you have to understand this this much while you are drawing the map is it okay it is thematic map but it should represent like the continent and map should be good because it is your product you are selling the product to The Examiner if you are selling a bad packaging product a m how you will feel if well packaged product is in front of you then you will go Gaga isn't it okay fine this is good so when you draw a map in a beautiful way it will show the effort which you are putting over there and if you are draw a map like it will show that you are casual and Casual effort is not at all appreciated in this particular exam so work upon it there is no shortcut then only you happen to have the equipment to draw it and that to within time if you see this North America part you will find that there is Rockies Mountain series over here and Indies this is Rockies rocky mountain in North America and's mountain in South America okay if you see the extent of Indies and Rockies what is the extent north to south yeah east to west extension of Rockies and Indies in which direction tell me north to south either North either South either East either West so this is North this is South so General extent is from north to south then we have tertiary folded mountain in uraia and we happen to have so many like there is a mountain himalay himalay araka this is the mountain in India this is himalay araka we have karakoram we have kulul we have hindukush Jagr tarus caas ales okay we have also some Mountain series over like suan K so these are the folded mountain here it is ales Caucasus Tas there is Carpathian also jagose hindukush himalay all are called as tertiary folded mountain what is the extent of these tertiary folded mountain of UR IA they are extended from west to east west to east FB Tor was actually disc mean studying these tertiary folded mountain and he concluded if these tertiary folded mountain were the result of contraction so they should be either in north south direction or east west Direction they should not like one is in east west another one is north south if the contraction is there only responsible for landform development certainly the extension should be same but extension is different and this extension difference is actually telling some other story and the other story is what continents were drifted so he his observation FB tor's observation for the first time challenged on contraction Theory and he gave his idea that continents were drifted under the forces which were tidal Force as well as Polar fing force is it okay and then in in two years Alfred Wagner gave this theory of contract continental drift theory it is the extension of FB tor's idea take B are you getting my point continents were drifted it is not because of only contraction if contraction have taken place either it is east west or it should be north south it is not like at one continent you happen to have North South Extension another same Mountain same Mountain series orogen of same time is going to have different extension that means it is not only the contraction something else happen are you getting my point FB tayor observation ala Alfred Wagner was also great Observer Alfred Wagner he was a German environmentalist he was a German environmentalist and he was working on Paleo glaciated land forms and paleo environment P environment P that means something related with past fossils something like that geological past so he was working on paleoclimatic data paleo environment paleo glaciated landform paleo fossils and he observed something which was point of no return that contraction happened and he saw glaciated landforms glaciated land forms in those area glaciated land form are Glacier deposits from those area which is which is immune from GLA Earth surface this is Earth here it is equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn this is called as Tropics toid Zone even in ice AG there is no glacier GLA GLA temperate temperate reg but equatorial region or tropical region there will not be Glacier Glacier and if you are getting a glaciated land form near say for example Tropic of Cancer this is the place where you get the glaciated land form so what will be your take to you have two option either Hulk brought the glacier and he did like this and created landform but in 1910 there was no Marvel as well as Hulk are these land masses were somewhere in geological past where glassier can naturally occur that means whatever is today's position it was not the geological past position this was somewhere near the South this is the only possibility so this person's observation of glaciated landform and Glacier deposits that is called as still lights is also speaking same truth that was observed by FB t is it okay so land form from those area which is immune from glacia and that is what tropical region near equator you are getting land form I have just given you example of India it was observed from South America Africa isn't it Australia so land form were observed from those area where Glaciers are not possible it can only be possible when the land was to together somewhere near the South Pole isn't it so all these observations become the basics to develop a new theory that have Challen that have not only challenged the contraction Theory but the dethroned this Theory from the Paradigm chairmanship de and then he explained this Theory and that is what Pia he explained this Theory 19002 he said there was a huge landmass which was Pangia surrounded by water body panthala and what happened they were together 300 million year ago and then there was split and two land masses were created another land mass that is called as that is called as B uraia angara land laia laia and gundan and in between them there was a ocean created what is the name of that ocean Tes Tes C and there was further split and a split was laia divided into North America uraia and Arctic while Gana divided into South America Africa then from Africa Antarctica was separated then Australia was separated and then India and Madagascar was separated so these were the land masses which were formed this was separation and almost this happened by 150 million year ago so these all story undergoing like this and this is the condition ultimately these were the land masses now what there are certain forces which is responsible for movement and they have some basic principle over which they have they have given this Theory and the first statement was Cal floats over Sema SE SEMA and leosphere floats over asthenosphere at that very time it was erroneous so the theory is erroneous it is not based on scientific ground there are many PA but the observations are point of no return observation like tertiary folded mountain observation like glaciated landform observation like fossil deposit Placer deposit Rock stata coal deposits evidence from magnetism these all are telling same story that continents were drifted isn't it so these continents were formed and there were forces first thing forces and the first force was first force was polar leing Force polar fleeing Force this is the earth which is rotating on its axis so anything near the pole will feel a centrifugal drag centrifugal drag and it bring towards Equator so there is equator World movement equator World movement equator W movement because of because of centry centrifugal force and this centrifugal force is attributed to rotation of of Earth so it is due to rotation of Earth centrifugal force and the centrifugal force tend to move the land mass towards the equator is it okay and the second force is tidal Force tidal force that is force of attraction of sun plus Moon and this tidal force is responsible for Westward Movement Westward Movement tidal force is responsible for Westward Movement because Moon Sun Earth rotation it is always moving mean dragging anything and everything on the earth towards West Tides it is moving towards West 24 hour Earth is going to rotate but the moon remain behind that's why the tidal force is always directed towards West so anything under the influence of Tide tidal force is moving towards west from the East is it okay so that's why there was Westward Movement then they explained the formation of uraan Mountain as well as Indies and Rockies they said he North America as well as South America they were dragged towards West they were dragged towards West and due to this there was formation of indes and Rockies they were dragged towards West under the influence of tidal Force they said the tidal force is a responsible for Westward Movement Westward Movement and because they have also one statement in the initial that seal floats over SEMA seal floats over SEMA it is erroneous now floats over SEMA you all have this idea theal SEMA and part of upper mental floating over asthenosphere so this is what seal and here it is SEMA and under the influence of tidal Force what happened this is tidal Force this tidal Force taking the seal West and that's why there is huge friction generated at the interface so frictional force generated and when this friction generated over here the Western margin of North America and South America America get fold Western margin of North America as well as South America get folded get folded in form of in form of parallel Mountain series that we call cardilla Rockies as well as endes so how these Rockies as well as indes this is Rocky indes Mountain series were formed at Western margin at West margin try to see West margin it is because of tidal force of sun and moon seal floating over SEMA there is a frictional force generated at the interface due to that this Western margin get folded Eastern margin is not folded if you put a page and try to move it and keep it at one side where you have created the block you will find the folding is taking place is it okay so this is how the folding have taken place Westward Movement of West word movement of North American and South American land mass have gave rise to formation of indes and Rockies is it okay then he said he under the influence of polar fleeing Force Under the Influence of polar fling Force Under the Influence of polar fling Force there was a movement of there was a movement of North America oh sorry uraia Africa this this is Africa I'm just drawing here here it is Africa India this is Indian landmass and here it is Australia the there was a movement reduce it there was a movement and it is what equator word movement it is moving like this under the influence of polar pling Force polar pling Force what happen they are moving towards equator they are moving towards equator and what happen when they collide this was a tees tees GEOS sincline Ares sea and there was lot of sediment over there and when both collided over there and what happened there was oroi of tertiary folded mountain of uraa tertiary folded mountain of uraia and once there is a collision what will be the outcome the outcome is this this was the outcome so you'll find that equator World movement because of under the influence of polar fling Force there was formation of tertiary folded mountain of uraa from east to west isn't it and Westward Movement and seal floating over SEMA frictional force have given the originy of Rockies and Indies this was their take and there were lot of discrepancies like are the forces which you talked about capable enough to cause such drift to they are malnourished why not moon is dragging us if this is the power of moon as well as Sun's tidal Force so why not they are doing so right now are you getting then it was estimated that if the Suns and moon tidal force is going to increase by one 10,000 CR times more then only they can cause this much drift it was not the case and they said seal float over SEMA it is erroneous or not today you have seen that lithosphere fls over asthenosphere so it was erroneous statement further why they moved Westward only why not they moved Westward why they move equator world and they are only Westward these are some question genuine question which is what not explained by the continental drift theory it was not explained but one thing was clear the observation kalahan CRA what is right the observation ter folded mountain have extend like this and Placer deposits possible evidence they are recovered from those area which happen to be mean which telling same story that continents were together some in geological past isn't it so these are the demerits which I talked about the force responsible for such drift was not sufficient enough it was not well explained and there are certain erroneous thing like seal floating over SEMA this assumption is wrong further if the force has to be increased by 10 100 10,000 CR times then only they can cause this much drift and the forces as well as mechanism was just just to satiate just to satisfy their finding but not the real finding but above all there are certain evidence that is also going to speak same story and what were those evidence shall I go for it forces take so what were the evidences evidences now you have played lot of puzzles apart from pzle is it right answer is no try to introduce the best points best point like Placer deposit simpied but once you are writing in your Mains don't go for it no it is the most feeble evidence and there are many drawback the stronger evidence should be first like first one you can take place or deposit laser deposits okay laser deposits were recovered from Ghana Coast Ghana is equatorial Africa and this was the area from where you have seen the Placer deposit Placer deposit is nothing but the fine sediment of precious metal like gold so there was a Placer deposit Placer deposit okay fine sediment sediments of gold brought by Brad by reever place a deposit brought by river and they are the sediments of gold to River or gold bearing rocks when the gold bearing rocks were sged gold bearing rocks are gold seams it will were surged around this Ghana there was no gold seam or gold bearing Rock was recovered but yes almost 4500 kilomet away from here there was another continent and there was a peninsula which is called as Sunrock Peninsula this is Brazil where gold bearing rocks found so gold rocks were recovered from here these are what gold so there is some pipeline 4,500 km pipeline no pipeline is there that means somewhere in geological past both were together so these this gold rocks are in Brazil and Placer deposits in in Ghana is telling you the same story that in in geological past they were together okay then there was fossil deposits take fossil deposits let's talk about fossil deposit shall we go for it okay so there was fossil deposits let me draw the entire Gana together okay you can understand this is South America Africa India Madagascar Antarctica and here it is Australia okay what was recovered that there was POS of a reptile that is called as cognatus which were recovered from here reptiles cognus fossils were recovered from northern part of South America and northern part of Africa this was what cognatus cognus this was the fossil this was animal reptile 1.5 to 3 m long reptile it was discovered here it was a reptile CYO nais then there was another fossil which was were recovered from the southern part of Africa as well as sou South America and this was misos it was mesosaurus miso saurus mesosaurus was also a fossil a reptile and the fossils were recovered from these two landmar then there was a fossils of lotosaurus which were recovered from India as well as met gar and Antarctic this was the fossil that is of lurus listo saurus lurus is also going to be reptile it is also animal so these fossils were prevalent on all the part distribution normally animal distribution is not taking place up to such a huge extent it is quite impossible but the animal fossils were recovered from all these part is telling what somewhere in geological past the land mass were together because they have been separated by 4,500 km of Atlantic Ocean almost 4,000 km of Indian Ocean 12,000 km of Pacific Ocean isn't it they have been separated so so far even then these fossils were together Arctic turns Arc region Birds Siberian s Olive R turtle swim the entire Pacific reaching to gahir MAA and rishika River gahir MAA coast and rishik Kula River in India urisa so why not they can travel this much I can also say have fine because they can go for Locomotion but what about three tree cannot go for Locomotion tree cannot swim and if you are getting tree fossil from entire Gana so what will be your take somewhere in geological past they were together and yes there was a fossil of glossop teres glossop is which were recovered from entire gondan entire gondan this was the fossil which was recovered this is what glossopteris it was a f f are basically terites terites they recovered from entire bonana they were recovered from South America Africa Madagascar India Antarctica and Australia such a huge distribution of plant at least cannot be possible until unless the landmass were and these fossils are telling the truth okay the land mass were together now they have moved so once they put the question he discuss the evidence please discuss glossop terce a little bit more why because it is going to be your punch animal can be distributed because they can locomote but the trees are plants they don't have Locomotion they are restricted if their distribution is so much that means the land is going to be together is it okay so once you discuss the fossil please emphasize glossopteris what next next one is glaciated landform glaciated landform as well as glaciated deposits these were located from those area where the Glaciers are not able to reach GL gers are not able to reach these are the area immune from Glacier if you see the 0° 23 and/ 12° North this is 0° 232° South it is going to be the tropics and you find there are some glaciated land form that were recovered then it is but obvious that all these land masses were together somewhere near the pole because these area even in even in I age I AG no fren land is there no glacier is take these area are immuned from immuned from Glacier these area are immune from GL glassier even then you find Delights over there landform over there so it is telling the same truth apart from it there are many evidence question question is what is continental drift theory discuss the evidences the evidences in support of it discuss the evidences in support of it question number two question number two what do you understand from continental drift theory discuss the discuss the observations observations that became point of point of no return in pursuit of in pursuit of pursuit of development of theory development of theories okay what do we understand from Continental DP Theory discuss the points of no return which were proved to be pivotal that became point of no return in pursuit of development of theories both the questions are same will you go for same introduction are there is some different introduction it is you to decide take down and 200 words and do remember the 7 minutes take shall I stop here so important parts say so we'll discuss [Music]