Types of Programming Languages

Introduction

• Importance of understanding programming languages for data structures, algorithms, etc.
• Focus on languages like Java, Python, C++.
• Computers operate on binary numbers (zeros and ones).

Programming Languages

• Definition: Allow us to write code that executes specific tasks.
• Examples of tasks:
  • Inputting student data
  • Performing calculations (e.g., multiplication table)
• Programming languages convert human-readable code into machine-readable instructions.

Types of Programming Languages

1. Procedural Language

• Early programming years focused on well-structured steps.
• Involves a sequence of statements, commands, and functions to complete tasks.
• Example:
  • Input first number, input second number, perform addition, print result.
• Languages like Java, Python, and C++ support procedural programming.

2. Functional Language

• Programs written using pure functions.
• Functions bundle code that can be reused multiple times.
• Focus on creating new outputs without modifying original variables.
• Example of functional programming:
  • Operations on datasets in machine learning without altering original data.
• Key concept: First-class functions allow functions to be assigned to variables and passed as arguments.

3. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

• Revolves around objects that combine code (functions) and data (variables).
• Example: Creating a class for students that includes properties like name, roll number, and marks.
• OOP promotes code organization for easier development, debugging, and maintenance.
• Languages like Java, Python, and C++ support OOP principles.

4. Static vs. Dynamic Languages

• Static Languages: Type checking is done at compile time.
  • Example: If a variable is declared as an integer, assigning a string will result in a compile-time error.
• Dynamic Languages: Type checking is performed at runtime.
  • Example: A variable can change types during execution without causing an error.

Memory Management

• Stack Memory: Stores reference variables.
• Heap Memory: Stores actual objects.
• Variables point to objects in memory, and changes to objects are reflected across all references.
• Concept of garbage collection: Objects without references are automatically removed from memory.

Conclusion

• Understanding types of languages and concepts is crucial for programming.
• Future lectures will cover more detailed aspects of memory, data types, and programming concepts.
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