AP Human Geography: The Grand Review

Unit I: Geography: Its Nature and Perspective

Map Identification

• Types of Maps 1. 2. 3. 4.

Key Concepts

• Geographic Information System (GIS): Computer system for storing, organizing, retrieving, analyzing, and displaying geographic data.
• Cultural Landscape: Forms superimposed on the physical environment by human activities.
• Cultural Diffusion: Spread of an idea or innovation from its source.
• Cultural Ecology: Interactions between human societies and the physical environment.
• Global Positioning System (GPS): Space-based global navigation satellite system.
• Environmental Determinism: The physical environment determines culture rather than social conditions.
• Remote Sensing: Acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, either recording or real-time, on a small or large scale.

Concepts and Matching

• Cultural Diffusion: The spread of ideas, innovations, and goods in an area.
• Cultural Ecology: Study of how societies interact with their environment.
• Cultural Landscape: The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape.
• Environmental Determinism: Belief that the physical environment pre-disposes human social development towards particular trajectories.
• GIS (Geographic Information System): Technology for storing and analyzing geographical data.
• GPS (Global Positioning System): Satellite-based navigation system.
• Remote Sensing: Collecting data from a distance (e.g., satellite).

Odd One Out

• Question 12: c. grid street pattern (does not fit with township and range or clustered rural settlement)
• Question 13: c. its relative location (does not fit with site and situation)
• Question 14: d. absolute location (not a concept like site or situation)
• Question 15: b. nationalism (not inherently economic like globalization, foreign investment, multinational corporations)
• Question 16: b. grid street pattern (not a facility or natural feature like others)
• Question 17: d. local traditions (not globalization-associated items like Westernization)
• Question 18: b. China (does not fit with time zone concepts)

Regional Concepts

• Formal Region: Uniform or homogeneous area where everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics.
• Functional Region: An area organized around a node or focal point.
• Vernacular Region: A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
• "Why of Where": The idea that the explanation of a spatial pattern is crucial to understanding its nature.

Scale of Inquiry

• Maps showing Michigan’s population density by counties and the U.S. population density by state help explain how scale affects truth.

Unit II: Population and Migration

Demographic Transition

• Population Pyramids: Stages 1 to 5 indicating different levels of population growth and decline.

Migration Patterns

• Internal Migration: Migration within a state.
• External Migration: Migration between states.
• Chain Migration: Process by which immigrants from a particular place follow others to another place.
• Counterurbanization: Population shift from urban to rural areas.
• Net Migration: Difference between in-migration and out-migration.
• Brain Drain: Flight of talented people from an area.

Population Metrics

• Carrying Capacity: Ability of a resource base to sustain its population.
• Dependency Ratio: Number of working-age people compared to those too old or young to work.

Causes and Effects

• Cause of other two: Population growth influences water and agriculture.
• Effect of other two: Migration is influenced by poverty and war.

Push and Pull Factors

• Push Factors: Conditions that drive people from a location (e.g., ethnic cleansing, natural disasters, war).
• Pull Factors: Reasons to move to a particular location (e.g., available jobs).

Population Clusters

• Non-clustered Region: Sub-Saharan Africa is not one of the four major population clusters.

Calculations

• Population growth calculation with a given growth rate.
• Arithmetic density of the United States is approximately 30 persons per square kilometer.

Refugees

• High Refugee Numbers: Commonly associated with Africa and Asia.

Unit III: Cultural Patterns and Processes

Religion Classification

• Monotheistic or Polytheistic
• Ethnic or Universalizing
• Hearth Region
  • Buddhism
  • Hinduism
  • Islam
  • Judaism
  • Mormonism
  • Orthodox Christianity
  • Protestantism
  • Roman Catholicism

Cultural Concepts

• Balkanization: Fragmentation of a region into smaller units.
• Lingua Franca: A common language used among speakers of different languages.
• Ethnic Nationalism: Nationalism tied to ethnicity.
• Linguistic Nationalism and Fragmentation: Examples include Gaelic and Shiite Islam.

Forces in Culture

• Centripetal Forces: Things that bind or unify people (e.g., linguistic homogeneity, national symbols).
• Centrifugal Forces: Things that divide people (e.g., uneven development, substate nationalism).

Cultural Categories

• Folk Culture: Traditional practices, small scale, slow change.
• Popular Culture: Mass culture, large scale, rapid change.

Language and Cultural Diffusion

• Language Diffusion: Spread of languages and dialects.
• Cultural Impact: Influence of Western culture on non-Western societies.

Unit IV: Political Organization of Space

Political Geography

• Census Tract to Empire: Hierarchical organization of political spaces.
• Nation State vs. Multi-state Nation: Different configurations of political entities.

State Classifications

• Compact State: Efficient, small, mostly equidistant borders.
• Elongated State: Long and narrow.
• Prorupted State: Compact with a protruding extension.

Supranational Organizations

• Examples include the European Union (EU), Arab League, United Nations (UN).

Economic Zones

• Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): Sovereign rights over marine resources 200 nautical miles from the coast.

Unit V: Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Agricultural Practices

• Terracing, Mediterranean Agriculture, Pastoralism: Different land use techniques in various climates.

Development and Impact

• Green Revolution: Increases in agricultural productivity via technology and bioengineering.
• Sustainable Agriculture: Limited chemical use and integration of crops and livestock.

Cultural and Agricultural Practices

• Milkshed: Area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.
• Agricultural Density: Relationship between agricultural output and population pressure.

Unit VI: Industrialization and Economic Development

Economic Activities

• Primary: Extraction of natural resources.
• Secondary: Manufacturing and processing.
• Tertiary: Services and sales.
• Quaternary: Information processing and management.

Trade and Economic Zones

• NAFTA: Trade agreement between North American countries.
• Maquiladoras: Manufacturing zones in Mexico.

Rostow's Model of Development

• Stage 1: Traditional society.
• Stage 2: Preconditions for take-off.
• Stage 3: Take-off.
• Stage 4: Drive to maturity.
• Stage 5: Age of high mass consumption.

Unit VII: Cities and Urban Land Use

Urban Geography

• Rank-Size Rule vs. Primate City Rule: The distribution of cities within a country.

Urban Models and Patterns

• Megalopolis and Core Areas: Large, urban areas with significant influence.
• Suburbanization: Expansion of urban areas into the suburbs post-WWII.

Transit and Urban Living

• Public Transit: More extensive in Western Europe due to government subsidies and urban design.

Economic Development in Urban Areas

• Basic vs. Non-Basic Industries: Economic activities and their focus.

Environmental Concerns

• Sustainability and Urban Heat Islands: Impact of urbanization on climate and environment.

These notes provide a comprehensive overview of the major topics in AP Human Geography, touching on key geographic concepts, patterns, processes, and case studies that are part of the curriculum.