Introduction to Pharmacology Concepts

Hello friends welcome to the channel pharmacy dictionary from today onwards I am going to restart the pharmacology as per your PCI syllabus. Yes you are right I am going to restart it. I have already finished all pharmacology topic in Hindi. So if you are interested to listen the pharmacology in hindi please go through our main channel that is solution pharmacy and the link of that particular channel is given in the description box so let's start pharmacology first that is introduction to pharmacology their basic terms and their respective definition see why we have to study pharmacology pharmacology is one of the important branch in medical science in which we discuss about the effect of drug effect may be desirable or it may be undesirable and the response of body for the respective drug which we have taken. So we have to get the complete knowledge regarding these two terms either body or drug. So the study of pharmacology is about drug and effect and about the body and its effect to the drug. That is simply known as a pharmacology. Let's make it more simple. So the definition of pharmacology says it is a science of drug. Means it is all about study of drug, its effect. The second part of this definition says which involved or which is made up of two words. If we break the pharmacology, we can split it into two main meaningful parts. The first part is pharmacone which is a Latin word. The meaning of pharmacone, it means pharma. We have abbreviated it as a pharma. Not exactly, the exact meaning is pharmacone. Pharmacone, we have changed it into pharma and that means drug. And second one, logos which is converted into logos. and that means study. So if we combine these two words pharmacon and logy we can obtain the pharmacology. The complete meaning of pharmacology is study about the drug. So as in this definition you can see there is a drug and I have placed a dot over the drug. That means a drug is a chemical agent which is either used for diagnosis, prevention or treatment. So as per our accepted definition we think that drug is an agent which is used for treatment only but it is not. not correctly. Drug can also be used for the diagnosis as well as in prevention. That is why I have placed the second term over here that is drug. Drug is derived from a Latin word that is draw and that means a dry herb. Dry herb means medicine but there is slightly difference between medicine and drug. What is the basic difference? If we are saying that it is a drug that means it is a crude form. It is not a dosage form, not a furnished form. But if you are saying it as a medicine that That means it has completely completed the process of formulation. It is now as a dosage form. Either it could be a tablet, capsule or it may be another dosage form. So that is called medicine. But if it is not furnished, this is called drug. So let's start the basic agent used for the treatment, diagnosis and prevention with their respective example. As I said, it is used for treatment. So if I am having fever. Now what is fever? Fever is a condition at which my body temperature gets elevated from the normal way of breathing relief that is 37 degree centigrade so if I am feeling hot chill that is called fever and to treat this fever to reduce the elevated body temperature and maintain it up to the normal one I have to take antipyretic drug now antipyretic are those which are used to decrease the elevated body temperature an example of this category is obviously one of the one of the most important drug and well-known drug that is paracetamol second one is prevention prevention means it is a process to prevent any particular subject either animal or man from being affected by that particular disease. It means it is a preservative method. It is a taken a precautionary method. Example of prevention is vaccine. There are so many types of vaccine which are given to us or which are given to any particular person to prevent that disease in future so that it may be safe for that particular person or animal whatever it is applicable. An example of vaccine are polio vaccine, mumps vaccine, and other vaccines. chickenpox vaccine rubella vaccine swine flu vaccine and so many other so second one was prevention and the final one is diagnosis yes you are right we can use the drug for the diagnosis purpose also what is the diagnosis diagnosis is a procedure or process in which we try to make confirm whether he or she is suffering from that particular disease or disorder or not I have used two word disease or disorder now what is the difference between these two words work I have not written it on the whiteboard but what is the disease disease is a condition in which a foreign particle foreign pathogenic organism foreign microorganism or anything which is not a part of your body entered into your body and make you sick that is called disease but as per the accepted definition disorder is a condition where a component of your body get disturbed. Its natural balance level get altered either it increase or decrease like hypertension, hypotension, hyperthyroid, hypothyroid, diabetes these are disorder but kind of infection, you is disease so it could be understand by the simple logic so diagnosis is a process to confirm that particular problem either disease or disorder example x-ray and sonography whenever you have visited any radiological center if you have taken a sonography report then you could easily find out they applied some gen like component over the stomach over the part of body where you want to get sonography so this is called a diagnosis purpose the aid which is used is called diagnostic aid and it is also considered as a drug as for the definition of drug in our pharmacology definition now coming to the division if we want to classify or divide the pharmacology then we can divide it or classify it into two main part the two main part is pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic now what are these these are very important branches of pharmacology there's two word pharma you and the second one pharma is common so let's consider only dynamic and kinetic what is the meaning of dynamic and what is the meaning of kinetic we are going to study about it this two word so first is pharmacodynamic please pay attention on this word that is d the pharmacore is common obviously and in dynamic the first word is d so as per the definition what does drug do to the body is an exact definition for pharmacodynamic it is kind of filling the blanks so we have a constant word what does blank do to the blank this is we have two blank place first drug we have placed second we have placed body so this is a definition of pharmacodynamic it means what does drug do to the body see whenever we are not feeling well let's take the example of fever only if I am suffering from fever and I want to get it off I want to get healthy I want to reduce the particular fever then I will take up paracetamol which is an anti-pigmentation so whenever I will take the drug that drug after some time after taking a particular time interval it will start reducing my body's temperature that means it will start reducing the fever that effect is obtained because of that particular drug so reduction in fever is done by that particular medicine so that activity is called pharmacodynamic it will simply said what does drug do to the body is called pharmacodynamic let's consider a simple expression point. This is a question you have to ask it from yourself. Why we take medicine or why we take drug? to get effect. What is effect? The effect which is desirable. See I am expecting from that drug that it may reduce my body temperature. This is expectation. Everyone expect from any kind of drug. But exactly it does not take place. 80% it gives is desirable effect but may be or may not be this percent. 20% is undesirable effect. It can be either side effect, it can be either unwanted effect, you can include it all either side effect, toxic effect or any kind of lethal effect. Both effects, desirable and undesirable, both are included under the pharmacodynamic effect which is given by drug. So, second one is pharmacokinetic. Again, I have a trick for you to remember this. The first word is D and in the filling the blanks, in the first blank, we have placed drug. So, the first word is drug, that is D, the first letter and the dynamics first letter is D. So, whenever you put a drug in first place of blank space, it is called pharmacodynamic. It is for real-life use. Remembering purpose only. The other term is pharmacokinetic. Kinetic means movement. So, see what does body do to the drug? Now, we have interchanged these two words. In the first definition of pharmacodynamic, in first place, we have placed drug. In second, there was a body. But now, we interchange these two words respectively. See, what does body do to the drug? In first, we have placed body. And in second one, that is drug. So, what does body do to the drug is called pharmacokinetic. Obviously, body will do something with the respected drug, I am taking drug, then drug will goes to my stomach, it will get disintegrate, then dissolve, then absorbed by body. After absorption, body try to move it from all every part, equilibrium, to maintain equilibrium, that is called distribution. After distribution, it will get metabolized. Metabolize is a process in which a body convert one form of drug into the another form, one Simplix form, one non-polar form tried to make into polar, toxic form into less toxic, inactive to ethyl likewise we will see it later on. So this is called metabolism. After getting metabolite, it has to get excreted from the body. Last step is excretion. That means completely removal of the drug from the body. To study about the ADME. That means absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of particular drug is called pharmacokinetic. Let's continue. The kinetic means movement. movement of particular drug inside the body so our body giving that particular drug a space so that it may move from one part to another part finally get eliminated via urine stool feces and any other route of elimination so the kinetic means movement movement is taken place in body so whatever activity is done by body with respect to drug is called pharmacokinetic under pharmacokinetic we have to study a DME this is one of the most important question which is being asked in almost every examination of early stage that is what is the meaning of ADME right short not all ADME. So in pharmacokinetic we have to study ADME. A stands for absorption that means if we are taking any medicine of any dose form that has to be absorbed. What is the meaning of absorption? Movement of drug molecule from a site of administration towards the drug towards the blood is called absorption. If I am taking oral pills that will go towards stomach disintegrate dissolve then finally will absorb by small intestine and reach to the blood if I am taking it as an intravenous that will directly go to the blood that is called absorption now second one is distribution what is the meaning of distribution distribution is obviously as simple as its name indicate if I have so many pens and I want to distribute it to all the students so what will I do I will give each student a single pen that is called equilibrium distribution So here only a drug which reached to the absorption site suppose here I am entering is as a IV then the concentration of drug will be higher at this particular place at the for a particular time respect after some time it will try to move throughout the body that is called distribution a circulation of drug through the body with the help of distributing agent like blood or any other body fluid is called distribution then third one is metabolism see metabolism is also known as a bio transformation bio means living organism trans means from one form to other form and formation is making so biotransformation is a conversion of molecule from one form to the other one which is suitable which is desirable for our body suppose it is toxic drug which is toxic it is going to metabolism then this metabolite will be less toxic suppose some drug is inactive and its product is active then we will go pro drug so pro drug will convert into active form and give its result like levodopa levodopa is a pro drug which goes to the liver for the metabolism then it will split into dopamine so that dopamine may give a desirable effect as a anti-parkinson drug so this is called metabolism and finally the E stand for excretion excretion means remove all the drug from your body so our after giving some effect either desirable or undesirable and in some circumstances it may eliminate it may excrete as such also without giving any therapeutic effect. So excretion is the process of elimination of drug from your blood via urine, via feces, via sweat, via saliva, via sperm, via milk or any other route that is called simply excretion. So we will have to study about the route of elimination too on the later stage. So this was basic definition for pharmacology. we have another whiteboard section in this video so let's move to the second one let's continue with our next word and that is pharmacotherapeutics if we do not know the meaning of any word we should try to split it into a possible meaningful sentence and after blinking or after splitting this pharmacotherapeutics we will have two consecutive meaningful words. These are Pharmacon and Therapeutics. So, Pharmacon is already known word for us. What is the meaning of Pharmacon? Pharmacon means drug and what is drug? Drug is any agent which is either used for diagnosis, prevention or or treatment purpose and what is the meaning of therapeutics that is derived from therapy therapy means a procedure or process in which we try to recover any patient from any kind of affected disease or disorder to make him a normal individual like he was in before the case of disease or disorder so this is the process of application of pharmacology or we can say the knowledge of pharmacology that include pharmacokinetic as well as pharmacodynamic for the betterment of that particular patient or I can say that person So make it healthy. So it's expression says deals with the clinical application of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic knowledge of any drug so that we can and solve the health issue of any problem. See the funko kinetic means what does body do to the earth. If someone is having any kind of problem like renal failure, hepatic failure then it may be or it may not be exactly the same action. that a drug may give to other one that is applicable for that particular person only. So the data of pharmacokinetic will have to solve the problem of that particular person. That is called pharmacotherapeutics that is application of pharmacology for the therapeutic point of view our next word is toxicology as I have discussed it in our main channel solution pharmacy toxicology is made of two words toxic and logic logic means obviously to study and toxic means toxic means any drug any agent which is very harmful for the normal physiological and pharmacological action of our body is considered as a toxic or poison so to study about the all parameter of that particular toxins or poison for the betterment of human human being to prevent that particular person from being affected by that poison is simply known as a toxicology. So in one word we can say it is a science of poison means complete study complete biological study psychological study of poison as well as affected patient that psychologically is applicable for the patient only is called a toxicology. It includes identification of poison, it includes management of the good condition of affected person and ultimately the cure or treatment of that particular poison by the patient. by using either activated charcoal that is called as a universal antidote or any specific antidote like morphine. In case of morphine poisoning we have to use naloxone. In case of opioid poisoning we have to naltrexone. So likewise different application of drug for treatment of poison is called toxicology. So the next word is chemotherapy. Chemo stand for chemical and therapy stand for as I said it a procedure to make any patient as earlier like a healthy case. So chemotherapy is a concern. department of pharmacology with effect of drug upon the microorganism and parasite it is a science in which we study how to kill or how to suppress the growth of any kind of microorganism which is not suitable for our body that is called chemotherapy and that is specifically known as a chemotherapy as an antimicrobial agent and as an anti parasitic agent like worm, ringworm, tapworm, hookworm etc and this also applies the treatment of cancer I have two words included here. The first one is micro-organism and the second one is cancer. So micro-organism are those organisms which are very small inside that we cannot see in them by naked eyes. So we have to use some kind of aids to check the presence of micro-organism that is microscope. And the second one was cancerous cell. See in our body there are so many cells which are going to develop, which are going to divide continuously. In their case there are some cells which are getting uncontrolled division. Their growth is not in our control. They are multiplying so many times that is called cancer cell. So to stop this kind of microorganism, also to stop this kind of cancer cell, we use chemotherapy. And the chemotherapy use chemotherapeutic agent like alkylating agent like penicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporin, etc. Coming to the next one, that is clinical pharmacology. Again we have two similar words, clinical and pharmacology. Pharmacology is study about the pharmacology. pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic and application of this knowledge for clinical point of view or clinical benefit point of view that is called clinical pharmacology. It gives useful data about the dose, potency, usefulness and the toxicity of new drug in case of clinical trial. What does it mean? See, I am going to explain you each and every word in a simple possible manner. First of all, give useful data about dose. What should be the dose of particular drug? Dose is very important because in a proper per dose, any chemical agent can be utilized as a drug. But if you increase that particular drug dose, then it may convert it into poison. So there is slightly difference between drug and poison just that is based on dose. So if we increase the dose, that may be a problem. So application of that knowledge to confirm a particular and suitable dose for a suitable person is applicable just because of clinical pharmacology. And the second word is potency. How efficacy of any drug is for that particular disease or particular disorder can be visualized can be identified can be observed just after studying the clinical pharmacology the next one is usefulness how useful it is can we use it alone or we have to use it with combination of some other kind of drug may this drug get resistant after some time or it is good for every time that is a simple concept which can be derived from clinical pharmacology after practicing it so many times the next word is toxicity of new new drug suppose I have developed some new drug I am not sure about its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic as well as its clinical application point of view then I have to go for clinical trial I have to go for preclinical trial preclinical trial means application of that drug to the experimental animal with a respectful manner so that we may collect some data regarding toxicity safety efficacy and different kind of other parameter if we found the result satisfactory in experimental animal then we should go for the next phase that is actually known as the clinical trial phase here we apply apply this drug to a human volunteer as per different guidelines of different countries and as per different phases. We will see it later on. So this is called clinical trial and that all included under the clinical pharmacology. Next term of our today's lecture is pharmacoepidemiology. That means application or knowledge or study of effect of drug upon the population. That means I have some kind of drug which is being passed from the clinical trial. And I have to study the effect. effect of the or side effect of the drug or any other kind of uninfected unwanted effect of drugs so that I will release it into the market with permission of authority then we have to collect the data whether the drug is safe or somehow having some kind of side effect or it is toxic effect so gathering this kind of information with the population from the population is called pharmacoepedemiology the next word is pharmacogenomics this word also having two meanings meaningful word first one is pharmacology that is pharmacobiously and the second one is genomics genomics means gene so the word pharmacogenomics says it is application of genomic technology in drug discovery suppose our gene sequence is something x or someone as gene sequence is something y of animal for human it may be variable so the application of that particular genetic sequence or other kind of genetic information for the discovery of new drug that is called called pharmacogenomics and this pharmacogenomics is nowadays one of the most important and attractive field of study for research purpose. The next word is pharmacognosy. Exactly it is not related with the pharmacology but it is a slightly short branch of pharmacology. The pharmacognosy says it is a study of grub which are obtained from either plant source or animal source. That study is called pharmacognosy. Like we have to study about the cultivation, collection, the yield value, the best chemical constituent present in that particular part, adultation, each and everything which is related with the plant and source of animal, their biological source, their specific chemical nature in particular part of their body, their utilization for the treatment of disease or management of any disorder that is simply considered under the pharmacognosy. And the last definition for today's lecture that is pharmacogenetics. This is pharmacogenetics and this was pharmacogenomics. This to us slightly difference. Let's see what are these difference are. The first pharmacogenetics says study of genetic variation that affect the drug response on any individual. Suppose I am giving paracetamol to 60 particular person. So can I expect the same effect, same response, same side effect for all? No, it is not possible exactly. Out of 60, there may be any one or two person who may have different response for this particular type of tablet of paracetamol. That is because of pharmacogenetic variation and it is considered as idiosyncrasy. We will see it in later on. So this is called pharmacogenetics which is based on the genetic and the genetic sequence which affect the action of drug is called pharmacogenetics. Here genomic sequence affecting the particular discovery of drug, here it is affecting the effect of drug. That is pharmacogenetics. So that's all for today. The reference for today's video is K.D. Tripathi latest edition and P. Jagdish Prasad. After watching this video, please go through the description box. You will have so many information regarding today's lecture like free online MCQ test and different collection like about 100 quotes collection of different definition. Please go through the description box and you can download it for free. There is no charge because as like selection pharmacy, we also believe in sharing not in selling. Thank you very much for watching this video. Please do take care of yourself. Thank you.

So if you are interested to listen the pharmacology in hindi please go through our main channel that is solution pharmacy and the link of that particular channel is given in the description box so let's start pharmacology first that is introduction to pharmacology their basic terms and their respective definition see why we have to study pharmacology pharmacology is one of the important branch in medical science in which we discuss about the effect of drug effect may be desirable or it may be undesirable and the response of body for the respective drug which we have taken. So we have to get the complete knowledge regarding these two terms either body or drug. So the study of pharmacology is about drug and effect and about the body and its effect to the drug. That is simply known as a pharmacology. Let's make it more simple.

So the definition of pharmacology says it is a science of drug. Means it is all about study of drug, its effect. The second part of this definition says which involved or which is made up of two words. If we break the pharmacology, we can split it into two main meaningful parts. The first part is pharmacone which is a Latin word.

The meaning of pharmacone, it means pharma. We have abbreviated it as a pharma. Not exactly, the exact meaning is pharmacone.

Pharmacone, we have changed it into pharma and that means drug. And second one, logos which is converted into logos. and that means study.

So if we combine these two words pharmacon and logy we can obtain the pharmacology. The complete meaning of pharmacology is study about the drug. So as in this definition you can see there is a drug and I have placed a dot over the drug. That means a drug is a chemical agent which is either used for diagnosis, prevention or treatment. So as per our accepted definition we think that drug is an agent which is used for treatment only but it is not.

not correctly. Drug can also be used for the diagnosis as well as in prevention. That is why I have placed the second term over here that is drug.

Drug is derived from a Latin word that is draw and that means a dry herb. Dry herb means medicine but there is slightly difference between medicine and drug. What is the basic difference?

If we are saying that it is a drug that means it is a crude form. It is not a dosage form, not a furnished form. But if you are saying it as a medicine that That means it has completely completed the process of formulation.

It is now as a dosage form. Either it could be a tablet, capsule or it may be another dosage form. So that is called medicine. But if it is not furnished, this is called drug. So let's start the basic agent used for the treatment, diagnosis and prevention with their respective example.

As I said, it is used for treatment. So if I am having fever. Now what is fever? Fever is a condition at which my body temperature gets elevated from the normal way of breathing relief that is 37 degree centigrade so if I am feeling hot chill that is called fever and to treat this fever to reduce the elevated body temperature and maintain it up to the normal one I have to take antipyretic drug now antipyretic are those which are used to decrease the elevated body temperature an example of this category is obviously one of the one of the most important drug and well-known drug that is paracetamol second one is prevention prevention means it is a process to prevent any particular subject either animal or man from being affected by that particular disease. It means it is a preservative method.

It is a taken a precautionary method. Example of prevention is vaccine. There are so many types of vaccine which are given to us or which are given to any particular person to prevent that disease in future so that it may be safe for that particular person or animal whatever it is applicable. An example of vaccine are polio vaccine, mumps vaccine, and other vaccines. chickenpox vaccine rubella vaccine swine flu vaccine and so many other so second one was prevention and the final one is diagnosis yes you are right we can use the drug for the diagnosis purpose also what is the diagnosis diagnosis is a procedure or process in which we try to make confirm whether he or she is suffering from that particular disease or disorder or not I have used two word disease or disorder now what is the difference between these two words work I have not written it on the whiteboard but what is the disease disease is a condition in which a foreign particle foreign pathogenic organism foreign microorganism or anything which is not a part of your body entered into your body and make you sick that is called disease but as per the accepted definition disorder is a condition where a component of your body get disturbed.

Its natural balance level get altered either it increase or decrease like hypertension, hypotension, hyperthyroid, hypothyroid, diabetes these are disorder but kind of infection, you is disease so it could be understand by the simple logic so diagnosis is a process to confirm that particular problem either disease or disorder example x-ray and sonography whenever you have visited any radiological center if you have taken a sonography report then you could easily find out they applied some gen like component over the stomach over the part of body where you want to get sonography so this is called a diagnosis purpose the aid which is used is called diagnostic aid and it is also considered as a drug as for the definition of drug in our pharmacology definition now coming to the division if we want to classify or divide the pharmacology then we can divide it or classify it into two main part the two main part is pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic now what are these these are very important branches of pharmacology there's two word pharma you and the second one pharma is common so let's consider only dynamic and kinetic what is the meaning of dynamic and what is the meaning of kinetic we are going to study about it this two word so first is pharmacodynamic please pay attention on this word that is d the pharmacore is common obviously and in dynamic the first word is d so as per the definition what does drug do to the body is an exact definition for pharmacodynamic it is kind of filling the blanks so we have a constant word what does blank do to the blank this is we have two blank place first drug we have placed second we have placed body so this is a definition of pharmacodynamic it means what does drug do to the body see whenever we are not feeling well let's take the example of fever only if I am suffering from fever and I want to get it off I want to get healthy I want to reduce the particular fever then I will take up paracetamol which is an anti-pigmentation so whenever I will take the drug that drug after some time after taking a particular time interval it will start reducing my body's temperature that means it will start reducing the fever that effect is obtained because of that particular drug so reduction in fever is done by that particular medicine so that activity is called pharmacodynamic it will simply said what does drug do to the body is called pharmacodynamic let's consider a simple expression point. This is a question you have to ask it from yourself. Why we take medicine or why we take drug?

to get effect. What is effect? The effect which is desirable.

See I am expecting from that drug that it may reduce my body temperature. This is expectation. Everyone expect from any kind of drug.

But exactly it does not take place. 80% it gives is desirable effect but may be or may not be this percent. 20% is undesirable effect.

It can be either side effect, it can be either unwanted effect, you can include it all either side effect, toxic effect or any kind of lethal effect. Both effects, desirable and undesirable, both are included under the pharmacodynamic effect which is given by drug. So, second one is pharmacokinetic. Again, I have a trick for you to remember this.

The first word is D and in the filling the blanks, in the first blank, we have placed drug. So, the first word is drug, that is D, the first letter and the dynamics first letter is D. So, whenever you put a drug in first place of blank space, it is called pharmacodynamic. It is for real-life use. Remembering purpose only.

The other term is pharmacokinetic. Kinetic means movement. So, see what does body do to the drug? Now, we have interchanged these two words. In the first definition of pharmacodynamic, in first place, we have placed drug.

In second, there was a body. But now, we interchange these two words respectively. See, what does body do to the drug? In first, we have placed body. And in second one, that is drug.

So, what does body do to the drug is called pharmacokinetic. Obviously, body will do something with the respected drug, I am taking drug, then drug will goes to my stomach, it will get disintegrate, then dissolve, then absorbed by body. After absorption, body try to move it from all every part, equilibrium, to maintain equilibrium, that is called distribution.

After distribution, it will get metabolized. Metabolize is a process in which a body convert one form of drug into the another form, one Simplix form, one non-polar form tried to make into polar, toxic form into less toxic, inactive to ethyl likewise we will see it later on. So this is called metabolism. After getting metabolite, it has to get excreted from the body. Last step is excretion.

That means completely removal of the drug from the body. To study about the ADME. That means absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of particular drug is called pharmacokinetic. Let's continue.

The kinetic means movement. movement of particular drug inside the body so our body giving that particular drug a space so that it may move from one part to another part finally get eliminated via urine stool feces and any other route of elimination so the kinetic means movement movement is taken place in body so whatever activity is done by body with respect to drug is called pharmacokinetic under pharmacokinetic we have to study a DME this is one of the most important question which is being asked in almost every examination of early stage that is what is the meaning of ADME right short not all ADME. So in pharmacokinetic we have to study ADME. A stands for absorption that means if we are taking any medicine of any dose form that has to be absorbed.

What is the meaning of absorption? Movement of drug molecule from a site of administration towards the drug towards the blood is called absorption. If I am taking oral pills that will go towards stomach disintegrate dissolve then finally will absorb by small intestine and reach to the blood if I am taking it as an intravenous that will directly go to the blood that is called absorption now second one is distribution what is the meaning of distribution distribution is obviously as simple as its name indicate if I have so many pens and I want to distribute it to all the students so what will I do I will give each student a single pen that is called equilibrium distribution So here only a drug which reached to the absorption site suppose here I am entering is as a IV then the concentration of drug will be higher at this particular place at the for a particular time respect after some time it will try to move throughout the body that is called distribution a circulation of drug through the body with the help of distributing agent like blood or any other body fluid is called distribution then third one is metabolism see metabolism is also known as a bio transformation bio means living organism trans means from one form to other form and formation is making so biotransformation is a conversion of molecule from one form to the other one which is suitable which is desirable for our body suppose it is toxic drug which is toxic it is going to metabolism then this metabolite will be less toxic suppose some drug is inactive and its product is active then we will go pro drug so pro drug will convert into active form and give its result like levodopa levodopa is a pro drug which goes to the liver for the metabolism then it will split into dopamine so that dopamine may give a desirable effect as a anti-parkinson drug so this is called metabolism and finally the E stand for excretion excretion means remove all the drug from your body so our after giving some effect either desirable or undesirable and in some circumstances it may eliminate it may excrete as such also without giving any therapeutic effect. So excretion is the process of elimination of drug from your blood via urine, via feces, via sweat, via saliva, via sperm, via milk or any other route that is called simply excretion.

So we will have to study about the route of elimination too on the later stage. So this was basic definition for pharmacology. we have another whiteboard section in this video so let's move to the second one let's continue with our next word and that is pharmacotherapeutics if we do not know the meaning of any word we should try to split it into a possible meaningful sentence and after blinking or after splitting this pharmacotherapeutics we will have two consecutive meaningful words. These are Pharmacon and Therapeutics.

So, Pharmacon is already known word for us. What is the meaning of Pharmacon? Pharmacon means drug and what is drug?

Drug is any agent which is either used for diagnosis, prevention or or treatment purpose and what is the meaning of therapeutics that is derived from therapy therapy means a procedure or process in which we try to recover any patient from any kind of affected disease or disorder to make him a normal individual like he was in before the case of disease or disorder so this is the process of application of pharmacology or we can say the knowledge of pharmacology that include pharmacokinetic as well as pharmacodynamic for the betterment of that particular patient or I can say that person So make it healthy. So it's expression says deals with the clinical application of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic knowledge of any drug so that we can and solve the health issue of any problem. See the funko kinetic means what does body do to the earth. If someone is having any kind of problem like renal failure, hepatic failure then it may be or it may not be exactly the same action.

that a drug may give to other one that is applicable for that particular person only. So the data of pharmacokinetic will have to solve the problem of that particular person. That is called pharmacotherapeutics that is application of pharmacology for the therapeutic point of view our next word is toxicology as I have discussed it in our main channel solution pharmacy toxicology is made of two words toxic and logic logic means obviously to study and toxic means toxic means any drug any agent which is very harmful for the normal physiological and pharmacological action of our body is considered as a toxic or poison so to study about the all parameter of that particular toxins or poison for the betterment of human human being to prevent that particular person from being affected by that poison is simply known as a toxicology. So in one word we can say it is a science of poison means complete study complete biological study psychological study of poison as well as affected patient that psychologically is applicable for the patient only is called a toxicology. It includes identification of poison, it includes management of the good condition of affected person and ultimately the cure or treatment of that particular poison by the patient.

by using either activated charcoal that is called as a universal antidote or any specific antidote like morphine. In case of morphine poisoning we have to use naloxone. In case of opioid poisoning we have to naltrexone. So likewise different application of drug for treatment of poison is called toxicology. So the next word is chemotherapy.

Chemo stand for chemical and therapy stand for as I said it a procedure to make any patient as earlier like a healthy case. So chemotherapy is a concern. department of pharmacology with effect of drug upon the microorganism and parasite it is a science in which we study how to kill or how to suppress the growth of any kind of microorganism which is not suitable for our body that is called chemotherapy and that is specifically known as a chemotherapy as an antimicrobial agent and as an anti parasitic agent like worm, ringworm, tapworm, hookworm etc and this also applies the treatment of cancer I have two words included here.

The first one is micro-organism and the second one is cancer. So micro-organism are those organisms which are very small inside that we cannot see in them by naked eyes. So we have to use some kind of aids to check the presence of micro-organism that is microscope. And the second one was cancerous cell.

See in our body there are so many cells which are going to develop, which are going to divide continuously. In their case there are some cells which are getting uncontrolled division. Their growth is not in our control.

They are multiplying so many times that is called cancer cell. So to stop this kind of microorganism, also to stop this kind of cancer cell, we use chemotherapy. And the chemotherapy use chemotherapeutic agent like alkylating agent like penicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporin, etc.

Coming to the next one, that is clinical pharmacology. Again we have two similar words, clinical and pharmacology. Pharmacology is study about the pharmacology. pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic and application of this knowledge for clinical point of view or clinical benefit point of view that is called clinical pharmacology. It gives useful data about the dose, potency, usefulness and the toxicity of new drug in case of clinical trial.

What does it mean? See, I am going to explain you each and every word in a simple possible manner. First of all, give useful data about dose.

What should be the dose of particular drug? Dose is very important because in a proper per dose, any chemical agent can be utilized as a drug. But if you increase that particular drug dose, then it may convert it into poison.

So there is slightly difference between drug and poison just that is based on dose. So if we increase the dose, that may be a problem. So application of that knowledge to confirm a particular and suitable dose for a suitable person is applicable just because of clinical pharmacology.

And the second word is potency. How efficacy of any drug is for that particular disease or particular disorder can be visualized can be identified can be observed just after studying the clinical pharmacology the next one is usefulness how useful it is can we use it alone or we have to use it with combination of some other kind of drug may this drug get resistant after some time or it is good for every time that is a simple concept which can be derived from clinical pharmacology after practicing it so many times the next word is toxicity of new new drug suppose I have developed some new drug I am not sure about its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic as well as its clinical application point of view then I have to go for clinical trial I have to go for preclinical trial preclinical trial means application of that drug to the experimental animal with a respectful manner so that we may collect some data regarding toxicity safety efficacy and different kind of other parameter if we found the result satisfactory in experimental animal then we should go for the next phase that is actually known as the clinical trial phase here we apply apply this drug to a human volunteer as per different guidelines of different countries and as per different phases. We will see it later on. So this is called clinical trial and that all included under the clinical pharmacology.

Next term of our today's lecture is pharmacoepidemiology. That means application or knowledge or study of effect of drug upon the population. That means I have some kind of drug which is being passed from the clinical trial.

And I have to study the effect. effect of the or side effect of the drug or any other kind of uninfected unwanted effect of drugs so that I will release it into the market with permission of authority then we have to collect the data whether the drug is safe or somehow having some kind of side effect or it is toxic effect so gathering this kind of information with the population from the population is called pharmacoepedemiology the next word is pharmacogenomics this word also having two meanings meaningful word first one is pharmacology that is pharmacobiously and the second one is genomics genomics means gene so the word pharmacogenomics says it is application of genomic technology in drug discovery suppose our gene sequence is something x or someone as gene sequence is something y of animal for human it may be variable so the application of that particular genetic sequence or other kind of genetic information for the discovery of new drug that is called called pharmacogenomics and this pharmacogenomics is nowadays one of the most important and attractive field of study for research purpose. The next word is pharmacognosy.

Exactly it is not related with the pharmacology but it is a slightly short branch of pharmacology. The pharmacognosy says it is a study of grub which are obtained from either plant source or animal source. That study is called pharmacognosy. Like we have to study about the cultivation, collection, the yield value, the best chemical constituent present in that particular part, adultation, each and everything which is related with the plant and source of animal, their biological source, their specific chemical nature in particular part of their body, their utilization for the treatment of disease or management of any disorder that is simply considered under the pharmacognosy. And the last definition for today's lecture that is pharmacogenetics.

This is pharmacogenetics and this was pharmacogenomics. This to us slightly difference. Let's see what are these difference are.

The first pharmacogenetics says study of genetic variation that affect the drug response on any individual. Suppose I am giving paracetamol to 60 particular person. So can I expect the same effect, same response, same side effect for all? No, it is not possible exactly.

Out of 60, there may be any one or two person who may have different response for this particular type of tablet of paracetamol. That is because of pharmacogenetic variation and it is considered as idiosyncrasy. We will see it in later on. So this is called pharmacogenetics which is based on the genetic and the genetic sequence which affect the action of drug is called pharmacogenetics. Here genomic sequence affecting the particular discovery of drug, here it is affecting the effect of drug.

That is pharmacogenetics. So that's all for today. The reference for today's video is K.D.

Tripathi latest edition and P. Jagdish Prasad. After watching this video, please go through the description box.

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Please do take care of yourself. Thank you.

Transcript for:Introduction to Pharmacology Concepts

Transcript for:
Introduction to Pharmacology Concepts