what what does GNA stand for remember this is chemistry is that what you were G to say Joe no I'm confused can raise your hand and ask cuz I don't know but this is chemistry we are inistry so Joe then what is RNA rib nucleic ACI very good so what's the difference DNA has been deoxygenated basically it's missing it's missing an oxygen but don't worry about that all right um uh what are the so we have remember the backbone of DNA is made up of what is it made up of sugars and phos a string of what suar amino acids how about about how about um phosphate and sugars right yeah I was like Am I Wrong wer no you weren't I was just listening to everybody's say then my bra did a glitch I don't know what happened to it there for a moment scary uh so sugars and phosphates you know it's just goes sugar phosphate sugar phosphate sugar phosphate that's all that's all the backbone is and then off of the backbone you have nucleic acids remember those nucleic acids so we have um phosphate a sugar a phosphate a sugar and off of these what do we have we have nucleic acids [Music] and this is for DNA what were the four nucleic acids for DNA [Music] Adine I'm just going to write guanine cine right those are nucleic acids come out off of the phosphate sugar backbone right mhm now uh DNA is also is it double stranded or single stranded dou double strand a double stranded Helix right so one side has Adine the other side here's your phosphate sugar backbone [Music] okay so what's going to be here opposite of adne what's opposite [Music] of so then it just reverses right Adine and so you guys remember this the four bases the two that go together always together yes uh Emily do you remember this from a long long time ago kind of I know good refresh now what come what holds the two uh strands together remember it's a double stranded so it's like this but there's something that's got to hold these together what's that no pulas gets rid of something yeah yeah H hydrogen hydrogen bonds right a hydrogen bond holds the two together so hydrogen bonds are pretty easily broken and so that's what's broken you know when you have to separate it to read them for either replication or transcription okay so we got that we got double stranded Helix so therefore um RNA is a it's a single strand right yes right anything else oh so now I'm going to erase this side and let's say we're going to make a we're going to make a um copy RNA copy of this DNA so wherever there's an atne there's going to be a UR uril what a uracil that's it is a uril because there is no thyine right that's the difference RNA has uril instead of th so what's going to be opposite the Guam right that's not going to change and then opposite opposite of the thyine yeah it's still Adine and then we have guine again so now we've made the r C copy so and the reason why I drew this up here is so you remember that on RNA there isn't a thyine there's a urel for a nucleic acid this pretty quickly what is replication um let me pick somebody who hasn't didn't just finish this um let's see we have Emily Cynthia Cynthia do you remember what replication is that's okay summer Emily it's okay um who else who can I pick up oh okay where where we're we're making a copy right so this is the process of making a copy of the [Music] DNA uh for mitosis no the replication we're making an exact copy we're making whole another set of DNA for mitosis because mitosis with mitosis we're going to end up uh end up with two two daughter cells oh I want this so you need each cell needs a complete copy of the DNA so that's what replication is so now Tiffany what is this what is transcription that's when it's getting the something is reading it it's okay you don't have have it right here I what M do your remember D is the DNA is red to make what what RNA good job messenger messenger R right right um that's that's what we need to know DNA is being read to make messenger RNA uh Austin what was that uh enzyme you were trying to think of earlier okay what's the first part of it that RNA yeah yeah RNA prase yes is the enzyme that enables transcription to take place RNA pmer because it it's kind of weird it's usually it's talking about what it's acting on but they already had DNA polymerase because DNA prelas is the [Music] enzyme that enables replication to take place right so they couldn't call it DNA polymerase again so they switch it up a little bit made RNA polymerase so it's the enzyme that enables transcription to take place to make the messenger RNA now this this messenger RNA leaves the nucleus right goes out into the cytoplasm and now under goes another process transation translation and what does that process end up with what are we we making copy a copy a long string of amino acid we're making amino acids bring of am acids um so now the messenger RNA is being read to create a string of amino acids which uh Lisa is what which uh which one of the four is a string of amino acids is it the fourth one the third one which one is it one the first one right the primary structure okay good easy enough guys got that yes would you just go over the RNA again yeah RNA poies yeah it's job it's an enzyme right because we've just been talking about enzymes and its job is to unwind DNA and and it's basically the enzyme that enables transcription to take place thank you y and so DNA pmer is the same thing it's the enzyme that allows replication to take place remember uh most things in our body need enzymes because what what is it that's too high if if we didn't have an enzyme what would be too high energy activ activation energy would be too high and our body wouldn't be able to do anything so we use enzymes and that really reduces the amount of energy needed okay so this when it's red this is the messenger RNA if we have these three three base pairs this is known as what on is it or is it the anti-codon anti Cod on it's the Cod it is the remember I got you're so smart so three base pairs on RNA on messenger RNA let me rewrite that is the codeon come so where is the anti-codon it's three base pairs on what on the cross-shaped RNA and it looks like a what T RNA right yeah is the cross shape looks like a t yeah that's exactly why they called it also it transfers the information from the codon you know it's kind of bringing an amino acid with it all right let me uh create some space here um what's the easiest way fre base okay so we had mRNA and it exits we have a screen here we have messenger RNA we have three base pairs and that's a code on right then we have our then we have our R RNA what does the r stand for ribal ribosomal ribosomal RNA that comes along and hooks onto the messenger RNA in and has these windows in it we don't we're not worried about the names of the windows or any of that there's and now we have this t-shaped thing what's that t t-shaped thing called yeah t r and a which is Transfer RNA and what does it bring amino acids it brings amino acids this is a very simplified version but for those of you who haven't had is it kind of kind of remembering these steps it kind of just a refresher right um Anna you uh you haven't had for a while okay what's that yeah you have to take to what you're going to go straight where are you going to oh two online classes okay all right and Emily where are you headed next semester third semester you know what when you need to be here for the for the transition the a Monday right uh if you're going to the third semester you'll want to be here on a Monday yeah because Monday is when uh second semester is has class and so that's when their transition is who else Gracie where are you going next semester okay what's that five yeah Sumer are you going into third or second semester second okay so your transition will be on Tuesday anybody oh Cynthia where are you headed so your transition will be on Tuesday what's that whatever what is that day that last that Tuesday 2th 25th okay okay so so this I'm going to redraw the T RNA it has three nucleic acids here too and it's going to be like a u and G for example right because it has url2 instead of fine and what's it's it's bringing the amino acid with it and these three here on the transfer RNA are called what an anti in other words the opposite of the codon you okay where do we need to get to now I think now we're jumping to chapter 23 yes it was [Music] [Music] so 23 we're going back to glycolysis and crab cycle and electron transport chain and energy 23 23 so we're going to talk about not that what is catabolism um summer you know what catabolism is well this kind of gives you a clue if you yes if you make that a cut catabolism it tells you what it's doing cutting the metabolism an example is glycolysis because what do we start with we start with glucose we end up with pyruvate glucose has six carbons right and pyate has three carbons and so how many pyrates do we end up with after two two two exactly two pyat so this is It's a process of catabolism you're breaking down um products so now an abolism is the opposite taking two small ones and putting them together they call that synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones and example again glucose we have too much glucose floating around in the blood part of the liver's job is to take that excess glucose and store it so how does it store it it stores it as a molecule of glycogen oops gly Yeah that's right gly so this again is a six carbon molecule this is many many carbons it just keeps sticking glucose molecules onto it now it gets to a certain size where it can't but then it starts another one but anyway so catabolism anabolism stringing them togethering together right right right there's um there's an enzyme that helps put them together stick stick glucose molecules together I was trying to remember the name of the enzyme but I guess it probably doesn't matter to you because we not no you don't need to know it's been too long since I thought about it I don't even remember um okay ATP what is it energy energy MH whoops energy molecule of the body right okay what's it what's this stand for whoop goodart Tri phosphate so that means there's Adin molecule and then there's three phosphate molecules on there and so it uh Adin molecule and then a phosphate and then a phosphate and then a phosphate and this last one right here we usually write it like this because it has a lot of energy in it okay and so when that bond is broken that energy is released and the cell uses that energy to do things so what uh what that is that is called a a coupled reaction yes why is the third line compar because that's the high energy Bond and that's the way they draw it so that it just shows that there's yeah it's it's like jumping around right ready to be G ready to be released so it's a coupled reaction and that just means um paired reactions uh are well completed at the same time and I'll I'll finish explain that so you're going to have one reaction that releases energy such as breaking this Bond paired with one that needs energy so the one that needs energy is sucking up the energy from the one that is releasing energy that's what a coupled reaction basically is however you want to write that in your word in your own words right so here here's what it is again there's two reactions that have to take place well two reactions that are taking place one requires energy one gives off energy and so what happens is the one that gives off energy takes place first and that energ energy that's released is then used by the other reaction to complete whatever that process is whatever needs to be completed got it no so which one gets energy plus the one that is uh reling energy or the one that is um which one that happens first well you'd have to release energy before you have energy to be used right yeah yeah okay here's how they write it I thought you could write I mean the energy released by one reaction is used to drive the other you kind of kind of knew that already because we talked about ATP a lot it's an energy molecule and you have to break that last phosphate Bond and when you break it that energy is being used to do something to um what what is it that's happening uh at the end of action potential to restore the membrane potential what the pumps pumps yeah right sodium pottassium pump right it's got to send the sodium out and bring the potassium back in to the cell and so therefore uh you need energy because pumps need energy right well break the bond here release some energy and then it's a coupled reaction so that energy now goes into the pump and the pump moves the sodium and potassium out and in now somebody wrote on their test um and I hated to take a point off but I had to because it put um it moves sodium up and potassium down and I get it because that's how we were drawing it but also I tried to say it was it's 3D right so but we only draw it on a 2d surface and so while on the board looks like sodium's moving down and potassium's moving up or vice versa we drew it it's actually happen in 3D and so you have to say sodium is being pumped out of the cell potassium is being pumped into the cell not up and down up or down the concentration gr well yeah yeah if they would have said that yeah up the concentration gradient exactly but then we would need a pump look at all these Pages we're just jumping past it always feels nice I see a bunch of red on PowerPoints this is makes me happy