hello everybody welcome to the research and development program dr. winter back to an instruction session on critical disability studies ok the structure for today's session will look something like this firstly I have to apologize I won't be allowing time for questions at the end for two reasons firstly I want to give you a proper proper answer I'm gonna be able to reference things and give you links and give you text after perhaps I won't be able to remember that at the end of the session secondly when I was 21 either severe brain injury and that still has effects to stay so sometimes I get bit tired and sometimes I won't connect the right dots so please forgive me on that point I also sometimes slur my words I'm not drunk Matt I'm not drunk so if I do please make it known and I'll try to pronounce yet better okay as you can see I've got to book one book and paper there my price less is down Goodley these are excellent instructions to crystal critical disability studies and I recommend them this is the book unfortunately here at Christchurch in Canterbury the book is only in the drill hall in that way so you have to get it into the library alone if you want base a really really good book and it goes on many different levels so these are the two books or two bit to them articles I shall be drawing from and I have borrowed a lot by understand anything if you notice I will be primarily reading from the PowerPoint slide this is because I know some people want to move up with you we're not here do I can't here and cannot see and there's also people using screen readers so I'm going to get a parity between what I say what is on this PowerPoint and what more people in here okay I will start off with definitions and terminology just brief things just to clarify things I will move on to spiritual and moral perspective of disability I will then go on to individual and medical perspective disability then the social model of disability and I'm going to spend a bit of time on that because I really want a good grounding just so we can and what the impact of or that discipline I will look at some other key models and perspectives then I will start critical disability studies one look at the beginnings and then I'll move on to critical disability studies key directions okay definitely definitely analogy firstly this is that the legal definition of a disabled person in this country it comes from the 1995 Disability Discrimination Act and we've talked about later but this is the actual legal definition that we have now so it's the fallback definition of people on the question what how I'm thinking of a disability there are two other terms and what like to flag up firstly disabled person that refers to a person who can be understood using the social model of disability as a person with impairments whose disability arises from society most common use in the UK by social moral theorists and activists ie disabled people against cuts I don't want to get too political but with the current government on austerity Drive that the groups such as so Peabody packed the making some great strides and great efforts to try and protect people who are disabled the second expressional news person with disabilities this is person first language thereby promoting the person and not the disability or impairment it is increased we used more in the globe such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of people disabilities it come from America but we will talk about that later on ok let's move into disability is a spiritual or moral conduct condition the meaning disabilities a defect caused by moral lapse or see there's there's a sort of nexus between nexus between between eastern and western traditions so more laps or sins the verification of surival or a failure or a test of faith the test of faith is you primarily and in the a parametrization such as Islam such as the holy struggle or jihad is your relationship with with Allah in terms of how you live your life this includes myths that one sense is impaired by disability another is heightened I either blind here we see this in a Greek philosophy such as the prophets or the the Oracles of a selfie and so forth what I will say now the religious and philosophical things are very nuanced and quite subtle so it's a really interesting area of research and I would encourage you to look further but as a general idea you spoke out for the moral implications let's change to the person with the disability and their family in fact this is still quite common all around the globe today the shame that people feel because of disability and the family must dress their moral nature as evidenced through the presence of a disabled family member okay here's a sample idea agate plaque the Irish curse made those who love us love us and those that don't love us may God turn their hearts and if he doesn't turn the hearts may turn their ankles so we'll know them by their Limpy lovely sentiment I think lovely but there it is you see it's a result of moral or sins okay it's the oldest of all dispersive models but arguably still most prevalent worldwide today we can see this in in exorcisms with in some churches or people with mental health disorders where you can see it's in faith healings and we all know there's a there's different processes but there's still the same thing the goals of the intervention it's a spiritual divine or acceptance increased faith and forbearance here's an example of of what God has done is an example of my same way and we find meaning and purpose in affliction benefits with the model acceptance are being selected to have a disability feeling a relationship with God having a sense of greater purpose so you've been chosen to have this affliction you've been chosen to have test of faith some impaired impairment Sanders evidence of spiritual embodiment it says that the pure and simple child who can know God or know some higher power and there are negative effects it's being ostracized from family and community feeling profound shame or having to hide disability symptoms are the person's disability I find this an interesting perspective because parking the outside of the religious coming in there's also the familial context so when the doors closed there's still that that that can that's all empathy but it's it's balance between what's inside and what's outside and disability exposes simple past and present lives of family ok disability is a medical or individual condition one disability is a medical problem that resides in the individual a defect or in a failure of a bodily system there is inherently abnormal or pathological impairment disability are conflated as in the Down Syndrome child Down Syndrome child where where a person's worth of value is based upon their impairment the moral implications he does repu of disability as a lesion on the sole but may blame person or family for health care habits eg type A personality leads to heart attack and promulgates a few of disabilities personal tragedy I've heard people with the cell palsy their parents been blamed of drinking alcohol judging the pregnancy which can apparently lead to so Buzzi I have no medical basis for that here's a sample idea patients are described clinically easy patient suffers from choose me choice on me 21 or Down syndrome or there's an incomplete leash than the see full level I don't understand that means patients or people are reduced just terminology isolation of body parts and a few of the so person as a typical abnormal pathological and they're narrowing not the definition of disability an impairment of time of welfare cuts austerity there's that polity again origins it comes from mid eighteen hundreds onwards and underlies most rehabilitation facilities and most rehabilitation journals in rich countries even within medicine I know doctors who is part of their training that they're talked about the social model but they still have to wrestle with that compared to the medical model that they have to diagnose entry so it's an interesting thing they have to deal with in their at their minds the gods intervention patients or clients are expected to avail themselves of services offered by trained professionals with a promise of cure rather the amelioration of the physical condition to the greatest extent possible rehabilitation will be a woman the adjustment the person to the condition or adjustment I just lived as people with disability benefits of that model promotes faith in medical intervention and there's defined patient role and officers label as exploration better you know what's wrong with you it's not outside of you it's primarily inside of you the medical and technological advances and key services of the welfare state have improved the lives of our people disabilities which is true neck's affects paternalism pathologize ation and the ferocious of brindaban elf benevolence as in everyone being like the state is being nice to people or bless them okay and this interventions of people disperses rather than with and promotes research by outsiders and services for but not by disabled people those two perspectives can be called individualized reductionism the social model has tried to a social model theorists have tried to identify and analyze where this comes from so we must establish what the problems with such an individualized it fails to capture the complexity of life human life is much more than its biological components individualization shrinks are socially historically economically and culturally constituted human being professional knowledge expands at the Nexus of individualized and medicalized knowledge according to the British British activist Colin Barnes many bio medical professions stipulate their impairment as a traumatic effect upon the person suffering from achieving or evil quality of life so basically if you have an impairment you can have a terrible life I see it so I'll bless you better tip 11 sound disability is cast as an essentialist condition disabled people are treated as objects north of their own nights these are some of the things I've been identified by the social model theorists well they also identify it was pre the Industrial Revolution they disagree that individualized reduction is a natural state of people with impairments people were cared for a home and in the villages and the communities it argues that there is a wealth of anthropology anthropological and sociological evidence to suggest that societal responses to people with impairments or long-term health emissions vary considerably across time culture and location basically trying to cite the fact that the same people have always been treated as Outsiders the negative individualized reduction of sponsor impairment is based on so-called Western culture despite people impairments being traditionally integrated into the community I don't want to mention this but there's the idea of a true village fool who still tolerated within the community and and the fool or other more derogatory terms they coded around the world the earth this idea of the believer but they still part of the community there may not be and as a next point that they may not be accepting there may still be oppressed and the may still be prone to prejudice but they were part of the community's post-industrial revolution I made this great quote here so give me a second it's gonna use me teeth the economic and social upheavals that accompanied the coming of industrial capitalism precipitated the institutionalization of discriminatory policies and practices industrialization urbanization changing work plans and accompanying ideologies liberal utilitarianism medicalization eugenics and social Darwinism all contributed to and compounded ancient fears and prejudices taken together the structural forces provided intellectual justification for more extreme discriminatory practices notably the systematic removal of disabled people from mainstream economic and social life that looks a bit more closely notably the systematic removal of disable mainstream economic and social life this removal came in the form of poor houses work houses Asylum institutions and so on this removed the removal also took the form of the euthanasia of people with impairments in Nazi Germany in the thirties and forties this is a really interesting area of research that's going on the moment really interesting very very emotional it's quite sensitive as well the two world wars disrupted lives families social understanding global economies and produced a great many people with impairments and in fact any conflict does to people demands not just physical but also people's psychological impairments as such attitudes towards people with impairments softened and society began to view the treatment of people with impairments as a community issue support services came from the state and voluntary service and voluntary service but they were primarily extended on the individualist reductionism as was traditional amongst medical professional perspectives the NHS the welfare state the social security net least all this was all happened after the war by Labour government in the last half of the twenties of the origins of the social model in the last half of the 20th century people with impairments who institutionalized for much of their lives the homeless people impairments and so on began to form groups in order to share experiences and support each other one such group and there were many many groups I'm not saying one such important group especially with disability studies was the union of physically impaired against the segregation or UPI a.s and that was established in nineteen eighty four members of the group would say but activist Paul Hunn Vic Finkelstein and Ken Davis and in 1976 they produced a key document perhaps you could say manifesto entitled foundation principles foundational principles of dispersing its name they made some new terminology this is U P is is most crucial assertion impairment lacking power all of a limb or having a defective name organ or mechanism of the body disability the disadvantage operas or restriction of activity caused by a contemporary social organization which takes no or little account of people who have physical impairments and thus excludes them from participation in the mainstream of social activities they've separated disability and impairment there the original U P is definitions are both impairment disability clearly reflected the fact that many of the U P is UV IAS with wheelchair users and so they said there is an emphasis on physical impairments subsequent reformulations includes a sensory cognitive and physical impairments owing to the intersection that all forms impairment have on each other either overtly or covertly so mark Oliver said this in 1981 in the broadest sense disabilities about nothing more complicated than a clear focus on the economic environmental and cultural barriers encountered by people who are viewed by others as having some form of impairment whether physical mental or intellectual so about a year later disabled people's international DPI 1982 had a reformulation list impairment is a functional limitation within the individual caused by physical mental or sensory impairment disability is a loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the normal life of the community on an equal level with others due to physical and social barriers so I'm not disabled society to save with me I have an impairment but but I should have equal opportunity of people and I'm sure we've had heard this in training places around our work life so it should have quick quick comparison in the individual model focus on impairment with the social model focus on society individual disability was impairment social disabled ISM / impairment individual deficiency societal deficiencies personal tragedy social tragedy individual adjustment that I have to change social change and revolution professionals know best disabled people know best about their condition and society medicalization versus activism so this is a really good summary of it it is an imperative - it is an imperative to recognize and celebrate marked isms contribution to disability studies key writers such as Mike Oliver Colin Barnes and Vic Finkelstein unashamedly drawn near martyrs and grants kyun analysis of material barriers to work education and community living experiencing every day often mundane ways I'd say people in context where anti-discriminatory latest legislation was still only a dream their analysis was a clarion call to activists and academics alike to overturn the material conditions of disablement so they hid some noble scholars and books those three books they're the first one so people bring to creation it really gives you of how this country world or Great Britain was before such things as a 1995 disability necked unsend disability policies takes you through the actual legal and social frameworks and policies and the new politics are the same one which is a second edition of new postings of the segment it's really really interesting and really taken through Foucault takes you through marks taken to Gramsci those people okay Vic Finkelstein professor of my caliber and Professor Colin Barnes are the patriarchs of the social model their research campaigning and activism has had major impacts on both academia and wider society one site impact was a legislation known as the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 now I have a video I just wanted to probably to show the actual real-life effects of academia or theorizing of classrooms and research that's one of the one of the many positive effects of the social model of disability now there are some different models approaches to disability there's a minority model which we'll talk about in a second there's a coach model we will talk a little bit about that later there's a Nordic relational model there's a Human Rights model and there's the International classification of functioning disability in health or ICF which is produced and used by the World Health Organization there are at least 10 more than I can think of which is good because the more voices we hear the closer we get to understanding but let's just concentrate a bit more in the minority model the minority model is what's primarily used odd in North America it began to do it around the same times in the social model in the UK it's about the seventies early eighties it's influenced by American black trans lesbian gay civil rights politics over the sixties and seventies also by returning soldiers from the Vietnam War people with disabilities was adopted to counter neoliberal ideal of labor and consumption the highlighted and exposed ableism a societal structure that prioritized and promoted the value and worth of people whose bodily functions were typical at the expense of people disabilities thus generating discrimination the minority model combined neo-marxist critiques of capitalism with theories of race and radicalization and adopted an eclectic and understanding of their social the socio cultural forms disability you see how it's different from the social model over in the UK it was the social cultural formations that had a slightly more of an impact with the minority model ok so critical disability studies one oh it's not a homogeneous discipline but rather collection of voices from around the globe they intersect with feminism queer theory post-colonial studies critical race studies socialism so on it's a new and I say new because it's younger than was younger than me so so it's new and runs parallel to a traditional disability studies it starts getting off about it starts kicking off and really getting going in around that the early two-thousands attempt the millennium so it seeks to add new old and different voices to debate in conversation with regards disability it's not ostensibly critical of the social minority models but does offer critiques based upon range of perspectives I think that needs to make very clear is not trying to tear down the social model or the minority model ever say trying to run parallel to it sometimes intersecting with it sometimes not someone's been critical of and sometimes taking critique criticism from the social model theorists so it's not that negative ok this is a great quote critical discipline C style disability but never end with it disability the space from which things were a host of political theoretical and practical issues that's irrelevant to all whereas disability studies could be said to analyze how the world a world and I'm using world here the big with the capital W to save the world outside that influences off and the world to say inside which wouldn't I look out there has been influenced by the Lord so whereas disability studies could be said to analyze how the world world engages interacts with people with impairments thus produce disability CTS takes both the produced disability and the person with a parent and Allah analyzes the world for every instant variation and performance of humanity there will be somewhere or at some time as so person or a person with impairments or a person with disabilities that occupy that space the beginnings the social model of disability has effectively made changes to many aspects in people's lives SMD has changed how architects design buildings to the type of training you receive if you were working for public services or companies and but that I mean things such as ramps such as such as doors Ivan's dog buns you compress and such as such as a well not in this room but access all the tables and chairs this is what Mike Oliver says in presenting this argument I will begin by articulating my own theoretical position based upon Marxist political economy and hereinafter referred to as a materialist theory I will conclude with what material theory say about change having briefly described describe the appalling material conditions under which disabled people live throughout the world so social model theorists he serve as a as a materialist stance when Kaseem disability such a stance seems not to address actual attitudes towards disability and here's an example it's a first example from my Sony days in 1983 to the change in funding in 2016 2017 the disabled student allowance has helped many disabled students attend further and higher education the DSA provided funding for a range of support to help level the playing field for students our colleges and universities such support included computers audio recording machines screen reading software voices and so on one king piece of support it's a precision provision of a note-taker a scribe or an amanuensis in fact I have mine under note-taking here today as Jimmy Jimmy however since the reduction of funding no takers have become too expensive for universities therefore the universities are trying to encourage lecturers to provide PowerPoint and other material before will straight after a lecture or seminar the majority of powerpoints are not even accessible in the most basic of levels ok and the idea of an example power bi has been around for pork since beginning powerpoints okay I've heard it called and this is true I've only called a box fitting exercise or and this is a terrible truth there is no disableds in my class and that's why they've done will make any effort to make made aside cessful so what's happen is the material ticking boxes that's supposed to happen it still doesn't happen but that's the material but the attitude hasn't changed people not doing it to actually include people their lectures they just don't because it can't be bothered because I'll know as I said to say was in their class so the attitude hasn't changed within the materialist model scholars and activists saw the social model as promoting the binary understandings of disability such as medical versus social impairment versus disability British versus American global North versus global South excuse me due to the influence of postmodern scholars coming from the humanities and the perceived over theorization of disability by established FMD theorists a split occurred during the late 19th and early noughties for many years Barney understands of society and materiality had been criticized by many who were influenced by postal structures thought according to marine cork and Tom Shakespeare post structures and provides a different view of the subject arguing that subjects are not autonomous Craters of themselves or their social world rather subjects are embedded in a complex network of social relations these relations in turn determine which subjects can appear and in what capacity what's interest malice is you could look at the social model and see there's also Poe structure starts to it but there was a split and this split between the modernist materialists s indeed theories and the emerging dis modern theorists led to what is now conceived as critical disability studies the assertion of the dis modest approach by Leonard Davis in 2002 is an attempt to move away from the social moral theory based intent identity politics Sabol vs. owners to a disability as a neo identity neo identities inspired by the destabilizing effect disability has when considered within the void a destabilizing effect that poke modernity has on a normative identity will start to go in further into this key directions bodies that matter one critique of the social model is actually a reconceptualizing of one of its strengths by separate disability from impairment and Arcadian disability within the social sphere it has been argued that the individual impairments have been bracketed out disabled feminist and both sides in Atlantic had for a while tried to bring impairment into the discourse one such scholars Carol Thomas who the certain of the impairment effects is one of the strands that helped to develop critical disability studies impairment effects or the direct effects of impairment which different differentiate bodily functioning from that which is socially construed to be normal or usual in our society these impairment effects generally but not always become the medium for the social relational enactment of disability social exclusionary and discriminant practices okay so what she's saying is it's the impairment it's my body that counts it's what happens every day be it essentially be a cognitive bit psychological it be it physical that's what that that's what mediates the world around me in 2006 Tom Shakespeare a noted scholar and activist published a book entitled disability rights and wrongs this work is an important work and they not only bought impairment in the body to the foreground but it was also critical of the social model as it practice out body difference in the same way that feminists in the seventies said had said happened to women a really great book I suggest Gary the original one hence a social model can only explain so much for we need to return to experiential realities of impairment as objects independent of knowledge impairment is a predicament and can be tragic it can don't happy tragic this is there's no easel Shakespeare does grated a new model separate from GDS but still parallel to the SMD this one is called critical realists disability studies and like to put right some wrongs revisited tom capability birds more into that and he's also got a book out called dismiss the basics and what he sets out these flags and he separate between social model critical cultural and critical realist is from winning an interesting read but a matter three their critical realist approach has been engaged with by Tobin sabers in disability theory another great book they spoken only surveyed the many different strands within a social model critical disability studies critical realist about areas of disability studies but it also concedes a strand as a thread that can help to bind and reimagine this series of critical cultural and identity theories and relationships further exploration of critical approach was constructed by interrogating disability through philosophy and interrogating philosophy through disability in the 2009 collection arguing about disability philosophical perspectives it's a great collection of of essays without necessarily consider themselves critical readers fearing a cannibal and eat a guide and McGuire note that the corporality of the table body is in a state of flux with the instances of his existence relied on a cultural on cultural and social political spaces inspired by Judith Butler and Charles Toulouse Margaret children adopts a post-convention approach where she observes that despite the Enda see differential forms of human embodiment the dominant discourse continues to mark some people but not others as inherently excessive to normative boundaries rather than simply continue to base interventions on exploring how this happens we should try to understand why what it what it is that our drives and motivates a move of excluding others unless and this and that will entail utilizing where necessary pushing to new limits all sorts of theoretical resources that take apart discourse as well as practice I like that quote an exciting era thinks about the embodiment of disabilities that discipline of phenomenological disability studies by using phenomenology to identify the structures that mediate between society in the self pds contends that the body is the place where interaction and engagement takes place it is this interaction and engagement that allows for a communal relationship between abla schwere bodies become the crucial what has become the crucial web structures are reshaped and recast machaca discussing their phenomenology of blindness speaks about their sport dog smokey and I move through our our world alone together focusing on one another in the midst of the plurality of our world and its many blindnesses smokey keeps me company in this a strange familiarity of opinion I experienced my blindness together with smoking this plurality my focus is on smoking and on myself the world we generate Springs from our communication in the middle of the world and from our movements through it so we're now can move into some three more perspectives of of Cru participative studies the first one global South disability studies this is a productive disability when it's related to historical patterns of imperialism and colonialism instances of impairment are higher in the global South localized responses to disabled ISM are ignored in favor of intervention divided global North Nations so it's us versus them we're better than you forms of indigenous knowledge ease and practices of silence is all bad mental is almost like like again the moral implications are disabled people were living in low-income nations often in the global south are excluded from global discourses and discussions about disability they're just not listening to some of this called supranational discourses such as United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons disability or an occasional contested for a coding notions of Rights and personhood that fit with Western European North Americans conceptualizations of the human we're right they're wrong the origins from 2000 onwards emerging out critical development critical disabilities and other disciplines key right has include m miles and eat a guy Shawn Gretch tzitzit I K Helen macaque sure Charlie Mills and Karen synthetic the goals of global South Global sup disability studies Nick wants to contest Eurocentric and Americanized models of inclusion and disability axes and plate and price and with models of production that emphasize the complex mailings of local global North versus South westernized indigenous knowledges they pop the possible negative effects danger of localizing analysis of disability and rejection attitudes towards some disability stays within rich in combination so it's not either/or there's a possibly so Crafton the benefits it could be recuperation I've been digits and local knowledge as key factors in their dressed and disabled ISM new ones reckon recognition of non-western notions of identity community and activism and promotion of critical analysis of the neoliberal neoliberal able tendencies underpinning practices including closer education widening participation and the open up of opportunities for labour studies very popular in USA Canada and and these a Europe meaning disability is a negated identity as a consequence of an emphasis on compulsory able-body this and simultaneously a subversive position that disrupts crips normative standards in society come from a really interesting book called Krypton boy Robin Makura it's quite dense but it's really really good read it brings together both disability studies and queer theory it's fascinating there are moral implications cultural reproduction constitutes disabled people as both cowards of hegemonic values associated with able-bodied Ness and active produce of counter hegemonic culture the sample idea deconstruction an idea ideology critique a film novel and media reconstructing disability histories identified disability fantasies and offering Krypt alternatives from 2000 onwards merging out of cultural models disability and queer disability activism key right is Robert rocker Christina color over and Julie person Intel Elmen and its goals to destabilize cultural performances of disability an abnormality promote disability arts and subculture vert liberal arts agenda with which often excludes the same people you know since the very much the cultural aspect to this where where they see Crippin to actually occur disabilities renamed as a SUP resistance that critiques the normally enabled so disabilities now a person is not said would they a and the person can begin things society its benefits activism connects with other disrupted position including queer anti-capitalist union activists a family identity identity of our override traditionally more negative connotations associated with disability I think I've got that wrong I found to have empty overrides traditional connotation of Soviet disability and the negative affects there's an overemphasis on the subversive qualities of which may under play wider affected disabled ISM cultural studies under pinnings accused with nominal real materialism of sailing so perhaps and some of the critics i've heard is it it's a bit too basic a bit too based in in in performance there are various materials just like a just like the social model Theatre there is an impairment that even here there is an impairment there is something people have to deal with we move on to critical studies of ableism there's another strand within critical disability studies this is from Australia in the USA disabilities produced fight he's produced by wider standards of society culture and economics that emphasize an idealized and ablest normativity here in comparison to through which 3 is and says about compulsory able-bodied this here it's compulsory ablest so in so you have to be a fit person you have to be a fit male person you have to be a fit straight perfect straight male person without any impairments to succeed in society this is the ideal so ablest and able bodies so comparable and parallel the moral implication disabled people are excluded from communities services and professional practices because they fail to meet the standards of an aimless society somebody constructional an ideology critique of film novel and media unearthing links between able goodness and whiteness coloniality and the capitalist imperatives of labour and consumption origins once again is from the 2000s it's growing out cultural and social approaches to disability key writers are include gregor wolbring and fiona Kumari Campbell the goals to contest the inherit ableism political policy legal economic education on social systems to challenge normative understands of the body and mind to intervene in transhumanist movements and advances associated with human technological hybrids brilliant if the cyborg funeral if he only talks about the sidewalk quite a lot is really interesting the benefits is antialiased activism connector that other movements associated with anti neoliberal capitalism here broaden the scope from suppose let's fix up disability to wider considerations of others to the ablest of other scenarios same associated with class race sexual global occasion possible negative effects the lock of lots of focus on disability politics or the consequence of more generalized activism around ableism dangered viewing anything normative they list eg progressive education and thank you [Applause] you