Python Programming Introduction

• Easiest Programming Language: Python is the easiest and most popular programming language globally.
• Salary Outlook: New Python developers in the US can expect a salary of $64,000.

Setting Up Python

1. Download Python

   • Visit python.org/downloads.
   • Click the yellow 'Download Python' button.
   • Open the downloaded file, check 'Add Python 3.9 to PATH', then 'Install Now'.

2. Install an IDE

   • Recommended IDE: PyCharm (jetbrains.com/pycharm).
   • Choose between Professional (paid) or Community (free) versions.
   • Follow standard installation procedures.

Creating a Python Project

• New Project: Create a project in PyCharm named "Hello World".
• Python File: Create a new file named main.py.

Writing Your First Python Program

• Python Script: Use PyCharm to write scripts. Start simple with print('I love pizza').
• Running Scripts: Use the play button or the run tab in PyCharm.

Customizing PyCharm

• Font Settings: Change by navigating to File > Settings > Editor > Font.
• Console Font/Color: Customize console appearance via File > Settings > Editor > Color Scheme.

Variables in Python

• Variable Concept: Similar to algebra, a container for values which can be reused.
• Data Types:
  • String: Series of characters, enclosed in quotes.
  • Integer: Whole numbers without quotes.
  • Float: Numbers with a decimal.
  • Boolean: True or false values.

String Operations

• Print and Concatenate: Combine strings with +, print using print().
• Length and Type Check: Use len() to find length, and type() to check data type.

Numeric Operations

• Arithmetic Operations: Use +, -, *, / for math operations.
• Type Casting: Convert data types using int(), float(), str() functions.

Multiple Assignment

• Assign Multiple Variables: Use comma separation to assign multiple values in one line.

String Methods

• Useful Methods: len(), find(), capitalize(), upper(), lower(), isalpha(), etc.

User Input

• Accept Input: Use input() function to take user input.
• Type Conversion: Convert input strings to int or float for numerical operations.

Loops and Control Statements

• While Loops: Execute block as long as a condition is true.
• For Loops: Iterate over a sequence up to a specified number or through collections.
• Loop Control: Use break, continue, pass to control loop executions.

Lists and Tuples

• Lists: Mutable sequence types.
• Tuples: Immutable sequence types.
• Operations: Append, remove, insert, sort, clear.

Dictionaries and Sets

• Dictionaries: Key-value pair collections.
• Sets: Unordered collections of unique items.

Functions

• Function Basics: Define reusable blocks of code.
• Return Statement: Send back values from functions.
• Keyword Arguments: Pass arguments with keywords to functions.

Advanced Functions

• Higher-Order Functions: Functions that take other functions as arguments or return them.
• Lambda Functions: Anonymous functions defined with lambda keyword.
• Map, Filter, Reduce: Functional programming tools in Python.

File Operations

• Read/Write Files: Use open(), read(), write(), close() for file operations.
• File Dialogs: Use tkinter to open/save files with dialogs.

Object-Oriented Programming

• Classes and Objects: Create objects using classes as blueprints.
• Inheritance: Share attributes/methods between classes.

Multi-Processing and Threading

• Multi-Threading: Run concurrent threads.
• Multi-Processing: Run processes in parallel.

GUI Programming with Tkinter

• Basics: Create windows, labels, buttons, input fields.
• Advanced Widgets: Use frames, tabs, menus, and canvas for complex GUIs.
• Event Handling: Use bind functions for managing events like clicks and keypresses.

Building Basic Applications

• Calculator: Implement a simple GUI calculator.
• Text Editor: Build a basic text editor using file operations.
• Games: Create simple games like Tic-Tac-Toe and Snake.