IT Security - The CIA Triad

The CIA Triad is a fundamental concept in IT security, sometimes referred to as the AIC Triad to avoid confusion with the Central Intelligence Agency.

Components of the CIA Triad

1. Confidentiality

   • Objective: Prevent unauthorized access to private information.
   • Methods:
     • Encryption: Encrypt data so only the intended recipient can decrypt and read it.
     • Access Controls: Limit who can access certain information, e.g., marketing staff accessing only marketing data.
     • Authentication Factors: Use additional authentication steps to ensure only authorized users gain access.

2. Integrity

   • Objective: Ensure data received is exactly as sent, without unauthorized alterations.
   • Methods:
     • Hashing: Sender creates a hash of the data. Receiver re-hashes to confirm data integrity by matching hashes.
     • Digital Signature: Use asymmetric encryption of a hash to verify sender’s identity and data integrity.
     • Certificates: Use certificates to authenticate devices or individuals, adding integrity during data transfer.
     • Non-repudiation: Ensures proof of data integrity and confirmed origin, preventing sender from denying authorship.

3. Availability

   • Objective: Ensure systems and data are accessible to authorized users whenever needed.
   • Methods:
     • System Design: Build systems to be consistently operational.
     • Fault Tolerance: Use redundancy; if one component fails, another takes over.
     • System Management and Patching: Regular updates and patches to maintain stability and close security vulnerabilities.

Summary

• The CIA Triad is a cornerstone of IT security, focusing on ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data.
• Each component of the Triad is crucial and involves specific methods and technologies to achieve its objectives.
• Implementing these principles helps secure data from unauthorized access, ensure data accuracy, and maintain system uptime.