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Physical Separation Techniques: Filtration & Crystallisation
Jul 22, 2024
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Physical Separation Techniques: Filtration & Crystallisation
Introduction
Focus on describing physical separation techniques
Techniques covered: Filtration, Crystallisation, Distillation, Chromatography
Physical separation techniques separate mixtures, not elements in compounds
Chemical reactions (reduction, electrolysis) separate elements in compounds
Filtration
Used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid.
Key Concepts
Insoluble:
A solid that will not dissolve in a liquid.
State Symbols:
Indicate the state of a chemical (solid, liquid, gas, dissolved in water).
Example
Silver chloride (
s
for solid) and water (
l
for liquid).
Silver chloride does not dissolve in water (insoluble).
Process
Use a filter funnel and filter paper.
Pour mixture (solid in liquid) into the filter paper.
Liquid passes through the filter paper.
Solid material is trapped in the filter paper.
Result: Liquid is separated from the solid.
Applications
Widely used in chemistry to separate mixtures.
Crystallisation
Used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid.
Key Concepts
Soluble:
A solid that will dissolve in a liquid.
Aqueous Solution:
A solution where a substance (solute) is dissolved in water (solvent).
State symbols:
aq
(dissolved in water),
s
(solid).
Example
Sodium chloride (
aq
for aqueous solution) and water.
Process
Start with a sodium chloride solution.
Leave the solution for a few days for water to evaporate.
Crystals of solid sodium chloride form.
Optionally heat the solution to speed up evaporation.
Be cautious as some chemicals can break down with heat.
Conclusion
Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids.
Crystallisation separates soluble solids from liquids.
Important techniques with specific applications in chemistry.
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