Respectful Indigenous Terminology

Overview

This lecture provides guidance on respectful terminology when referring to Indigenous communities in Canada and the United States, including key terms to use and avoid.

General Terminology

• "Indigenous" is a globally respectful term for native communities across different countries.
• Being specific about region or cultural group shows more respect and knowledge.

Terminology in Canada

• "Aboriginal" is commonly used nationally and includes First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples.
• First Nations is itself diverse, with over 52 language groups and 600 communities.
• Referring to someone by their specific language or cultural group is considered highly respectful.
• People may also identify by traditional territory or treaty.
• Suggested approach: ask if someone is First Nations, Métis, or Inuit, then inquire further if possible.
• Avoid the word "tribe" in Canada, as it is not commonly used.
• The term "Indian" is only used in legal or historical contexts, like the Indian Act.

Terminology in the United States

• "Tribe" is commonly used (e.g., Navajo tribe) and is acceptable in the U.S.
• "Indian" is used more by older generations; younger people tend to prefer "Native American."
• When unsure, use "Native American" as a safer term.
• The Indigenous population includes Native Americans, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians.
• There are 567 federally recognized tribes, plus others recognized by states or unrecognized.
• Specific identification by tribe, language, or region (e.g., Great Plains) is respectful.
• Start with broader questions if you are unsure, and ask about community, language, and traditions.

Words to Avoid

• Avoid "tribe" in Canada.
• Be cautious with "Indian" in both countries; use only in appropriate (often historical or legal) contexts or if the individual prefers it.

Key Terms & Definitions

• Indigenous — Original inhabitants of a region, globally accepted respectful term.
• Aboriginal — Term used in Canada for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples.
• First Nations — Diverse Indigenous groups in Canada, excluding Métis and Inuit.
• Métis — People of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry in Canada.
• Inuit — Indigenous people primarily in northern Canada.
• Tribe — Common term for Indigenous groups in the U.S., not used in Canada.
• Native American — Preferred term for Indigenous people in the U.S., especially among younger generations.
• Indian — Term used in the U.S. (more by older generations); used in Canada only in legal/historical contexts.

Action Items / Next Steps

• Practice using appropriate terminology based on region (Canada vs. U.S.).
• When in doubt, start general and ask for specificity or preferences.
• Avoid terms that may be inappropriate for the region or context.