Lecture Notes: Elizabeth I of England

Overview

• Elizabeth I was a complex and multifaceted ruler known for her cunning, intelligence, and manipulative skills.
• Born to Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on September 7, 1533.
• Her reign marked significant developments in religion, economy, and the arts.

Early Life

• Elizabeth's childhood was tumultuous due to her father's execution of her mother.
• After the death of her father and brother, her sister Mary I ascended the throne.
• Elizabeth and Mary had religious differences (Catholic vs. Protestant) which led to distrust.
• Elizabeth was imprisoned in the Tower of London by Mary.

Ascension to the Throne

• Elizabeth became Queen in 1558 after Mary's death.
• She inherited a divided country due to religious turmoil initiated by her predecessors.
• Reformed the Book of Common Prayer to unify religious practices.

Contributions and Achievements

• Promoted the English economy and supported flourishing arts, especially fashion and theater.
• Utilized her appearance and portraits to generate loyalty and affection.
• Arrested and executed Mary Queen of Scots in 1587 for involvement in assassination attempts.

Personal Life and Marriage

• Despite pressure, Elizabeth remained unmarried and did not produce an heir.
• Possibly avoided marriage to maintain her authority and avoid power struggles.

Military Achievements

• In 1588, Elizabeth's navy defeated the Spanish Armada, weakening Spain's claim to divine favor and its power in Europe.

Death and Legacy

• Died on March 24, 1603, after a 44-year reign.
• Succeeded by her cousin James I, ending the Tudor Dynasty.
• Elizabeth is remembered as a brilliant survivor who overcame significant obstacles and ruled with great success.