Lecture Notes: The Evolution and Art of Cinematography

Introduction to Cinematography

Initial Interest in Photography: The speaker became interested in cinematography after learning about the role of a director of photography while watching David Lean's Oliver Twist.
Role of Cinematographer: Responsible for guiding the audience's attention, enhancing the narrative with visual storytelling.

Origin: Initially, films were made by a single person with a camera. Over time, roles divided into directors for acting and cameramen for filming.
Golden Age of Cinema: The 1920s were a golden age with small, mobile cameras allowing for creative freedom. German expressionism influenced American filmmaking.
Impact of Sound: The introduction of sound restricted camera movement initially, but innovations eventually allowed for more dynamic filming.

Studio Influence: Each studio had a distinctive look, influenced by a group of contracted cinematographers and directors.
Technology and Collaboration: Cinematographers invented equipment to meet filming needs, leading to a system of apprenticeship and innovation.

Greg Toland: Known for his work on Citizen Kane and The Grapes of Wrath, innovative use of deep focus.
Film Noir: Characterized by stark lighting and shadows, influential cinematographers like John Alton.
Greg Tolland & Orson Welles: Collaboration on Citizen Kane led to groundbreaking techniques.

Color Processes: Early experiments with color, leading to sophisticated techniques in the late 1930s and early 1940s.
Influence of European Cinematography: Directors and cinematographers from Europe introduced new styles and techniques.
New Wave and Documentary Styles: Influences from the French New Wave and the use of real locations gave films a documentary feel.

Impact of Key Films: Films like Raging Bull, The Godfather, and Chinatown showcased innovative cinematography.
Technological Advancements: Introduction of new tools and techniques, including handheld cameras and anamorphic lenses.
International Influence: Cinematographers from different countries brought fresh perspectives to American cinema.

Digital Technology: Presenting new opportunities and challenges in filmmaking.
Continued Evolution: Cinematography continues to adapt with technological advancements and artistic collaboration.

Collaborative Art: Cinematography is a collaborative effort that combines technical skills and artistic vision.
Continued Influence: The work of past cinematographers remains influential, inspiring new generations.