History of Essex

Prehistoric and Iron Age

• Trinovantes Tribe: Dominant in Essex during the Iron Age.
• Camulodunon (Colchester): Capital of the Trinovantes; had its own mint.
• Conflict: Trinovantes vs. Catuvellauni.

Roman Conquest

• Roman Invasion (AD 43): Led by Emperor Claudius; Colchester became a major center.
• Boudiccan Revolt: Colchester razed but rebuilt. Roman influence remained strong.

Saxon Settlement

• East Saxons: Kingdom emerged in the 6th century.
• Christianity: Spread by St. Cedd in 653, patron saint of Essex.
• Danelaw and Wessex: Conquered by Scandinavians then reconquered by Wessex.
• Principal Towns: Colchester and Maldon.

Medieval Period

• Peasant’s Revolt (1381): Essex played a significant role.
• Wool Trade: Contributed to prosperity.
• Chelmsford and Harwich: Key towns; Harwich as a naval base.

Industrial Era

• Railway Impact: Rise of seaside resorts like Southend-on-Sea.
• London Expansion: Parts of Essex became Greater London (1963).

World Wars

• WWII: Military airbases; involvement in Battle of Britain.
• Post-War: New towns such as Basildon and Harlow.
• Economic Shift: Commuter belt for London.

Historical Architecture

• Roman and Saxon Structures: Notable churches and castles.
• Brick and Timber: Early examples of brick architecture; timber structures.
• Medieval Gothic: Various churches and cathedrals in Essex.

Noteworthy Events and Contributions

• Colonisation of the Americas: People from Essex involved; the Mayflower from Harwich.
• Spanish Armada (1588): Tilbury Fort and Queen Elizabeth's speech.
• Civil War: Supported parliament but tensions emerged in 1648.

Modern Developments

• Twentieth Century: Growth due to proximity to London.
• Economic and Administrative Changes: Transition in governance and economy.