Unit 7 Review: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes

Introduction

• Focus on key concepts from the College Board's Course Exam Description (CED).
• Review session leading up to AP Human Geography exam.
• Interactive format with chat engagement and a Kahoot quiz at the end.

The Industrial Revolution

• Impact on Society: Major transformations in economies, social structures, and job sectors.
  • Shift from primary sector (agriculture) to secondary sector (manufacturing).
  • Creation of new social classes: urban poor, middle class, upper class.
  • Global connections and increased colonization.
• Connections to Other Units:
  • Links to demographic transition model (Unit 2).
  • Relationship with agricultural revolutions (Unit 5).
  • Urbanization (Unit 6).

Economic Development

• Definitions:
  • Cottage Industries: Small-scale production at home, phased out by the Industrial Revolution.
  • Uneven Economic Development: Global disparities in economic growth and wealth.
  • Economic Sectors:
    • Primary: Agriculture, fishing, mining.
    • Secondary: Manufacturing and industrial jobs.
    • Tertiary: Services (education, healthcare, retail).
    • Quaternary: Knowledge-based services (research, education).
    • Quinary: High-level decision making (CEOs, government officials).

Key Terms and Concepts

• Value Added Products: Products that have been processed to increase their market value.
• Capital Investment: Resources used to generate future profits in production.
• Industrialization vs. De-industrialization: Economic shifts from manufacturing to service-oriented jobs.
• Break of Bulk Point: Location where goods are transferred between different modes of transport.

Theories of Economic Development

• Weber's Least Cost Theory:
  • Factors: Agglomeration, labor costs, transportation costs.
  • Bulk Reducing vs. Bulk Gaining Goods:
    • Bulk reducing: Production closer to raw materials.
    • Bulk gaining: Production closer to markets.
• Wallerstein's World System Theory:
  • Core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries.
  • Economic interdependence and global trade dynamics.
• Dependency Theory: Developing countries reliance on developed nations for resources and markets.

Sustainability and Economic Strategies

• UN Sustainable Development Goals: Goals aimed at improving global living standards and economic opportunities.
• Sustainability and Resource Management:
  • Environmental degradation and resource depletion.
  • Importance of eco-tourism and responsible resource use.
• Free Trade Policies and Tariffs: Impact on local economies and international trade relationships.

Important Indicators of Economic Development

• GDP, GNP, GNI: Economic indicators measuring production within and outside a country's borders.
• Gender Inequality Index (GII): Measures disparities between genders in various dimensions.
• Human Development Index (HDI): Assesses overall development based on life expectancy, education, and income.

Final Thoughts

• Reminder that the AP exam is approaching quickly; preparation is key.
• Encourage engagement in discussions and review materials.
• Focus on understanding concepts over memorization of details.
• Maintain confidence and approach the exam with a positive mindset.