out next with our third lecture video in the appendicular skeleton and that is going to start with the pelvic girdle so we're going to start with the hips we're going to work and work our way down through the upper leg the lower leg the ankle and the feet and that should take us to the end of this lecture so like I said we're going to start off with the hips I guess I should get this in presentation mode there we go and so one of the things that we're going to notice on these next few slides is that on some of them there are going to be a lot more like this one there's going to be a lot more numbers than you see labels but the thing to remember is that some of these like number 70 here for example is on this slide um they're on more than one slide is what we're getting at so number 70 which we see here if we turn the hip few degrees or more than a few degrees actually in this case same structure right here all right so number 70 is number 70. regardless if we're on this slide or that side or whatever so if you are not finding labels for some of the numbers they could be on a different slide is what is what I'm getting at here okay so back to that number 59 we have the ilium up here so this large bone up here is the ilium we have the pubic bone down here and over here okay pubic symphysis is what connects the two so this is cartilage which connects the two pubic bones to each other we have the sacroiliac joint which is right up here all right it's fairly straightforward pretty obvious this structure right here is the sacrum part of the sacrum actually this is sacrum and this as well um and then this is the ilium so sacroiliac joint is right there where they come together we have the ischial spine here and then on number 64 the pubic tubercle again this little bump right here is the pubic tubercle tubercle all right you notice how I said ischial spine a lot of times you hear this pronounced ischial or ischium I'm fairly sure they're both technically considered correct but ischium I think is the more uh widely accepted term um pronunciation varies sometimes but just just go with what you can remember and and that will work you're not going to lose points here for for not pronouncing it correctly all right um now if we rotate the hip right so now um the ilium is still up top here right so the ilium which we saw before was number 59. now we've rotated it this is still the ilium up here okay so the iliac fosa number 65 there is a remember a fossa is like a little Valley or depression there is one of those right here we have the iliac crest which is the ridge that runs across the top of the ilium we have the anterior superior iliac spine so we're going to see lots of of uh surface features and marginal features on here that have to do with either valleys or points on things um very uh very important landmarks in the hips we then have a posterior superior iliac spine right here so we have anterior and posterior number 70 is the posterior inferior iliac spine right here um 71 is the greater sciatic Notch so uh right here greater sciatic Notch uh 72 we saw this bone on no we saw that this bone from the front sort of on the previous slide we saw the spine 72 is the ischium right so this is the skm here um pubic over here ilium up top okay um so 72 is ischium 73 is is istio spine which we saw in the previous slide 74 is the Lesser Notch 75 is the obturator foreman right here so very very large um think of it as a socket for right now we'll see what goes into that here shortly and then 76 is the superior pubic ramus which is this more or less Ridge right here uh Superior pubic ramus right there all right so between the ischium the ilium and the pubic bone um a fairly complicated little set of structures here that are more or less fused together okay so if we rotate again like this is what we saw before number 70 is showing up again again posterior inferior iliac spine 69 was posterior superior iliac spine here and then we have our ramus which we saw on the last slide as well and then we have uh the rest of the structures that we've seen previously as well the ischem and so forth and spine uh so again ischial spine different angle um again right here so this is again the same structure we saw on the very first slide with the hips now we've rotated again and we're seeing um the SQL spine again 79 is ischial tuberosity so again there's a little uh well this whole thing is a bump which is the tuberosity we have the inferior gluteal line which is number 80. this one is a little bit hard to to pick out in this picture but that's that's the interior gluteal line there 81 is posterior gluteal line so up here um right and then we have the acetabulum 82 this is the socket where the femur is going to fit okay this is the essentially the hip socket 82 is the acetabulum like we said and 83 is the anterior gluteal line which is up here okay so we have uh posterior we have anterior we see where the femur is going to go as well so that is more or less the structure of the hips okay so now from there it's time to move into both the upper and lower leg which we're going to see a you know kind of a parallel here to the structures that we saw in the upper and lower arm um the bones are obviously named differently but we do see one large bone in the upper and two smaller bones in the lower although with a leg the two lower leg bones are going to be um very different in size and shape as a as opposed to what they were in the arms where the radius and ulna were kind of similar in structure and shape I mean obviously there's differences but they're more or less the same size and they're kind of sort of the same shape and you can tell them apart but they're they're kind of similar um the tibia and fibula are not similar at all so we'll see that when we get to those so we're starting with the femur next all right so starting with the femur 84 is the neck all right so the neck of the femur is what connects the rest of it to the head of the femur so this is the head up here this is what goes into the acetabulum the hip socket this is the neck 85 is the greater trochanter so the lateral side here so kind of a flat Edge there 87 we have the inter-trochanteric line so again there is a line that runs down through here it's a bit of a ridge almost that runs through there uh and then 88 is the head like we said before 86 is the Lesser troll cancer that's the one I missed before so greater up top lesser down here if we take a look from a different angle we can see 85 once again the greater trochancer 89 was the interim recantera Crest so this whole ridge is the intercontaric rest that's kind of hard to say um 88 a uh the fovea capitis of the femoral head uh which is this so the um kind of this indentation or this Notch here is the fovea quevetis um of the femoral head so now if we look at the whole thing um we see the part that we just went over up at the top The Head and the neck and the trochanters and so forth up there um 95 is the Linea Aspera so this line that runs down the shaft of the bone is the linear Aspera uh if we look at the distal end of the femur we'll start here we have the medial epicondyle so this one out here 91 we have a lateral epicondyle over here so we know this is the part uh sort of the inner part of the femur like your inner knee this is your outer knee now you want as lateral 92 is the medial condyle 93 is the lateral condyle uh um of the femur as well so 94 is the medial 92 is also medial 93 is lateral 91 is lateral 90 is medial okay so these two 90 and 92 those are medial right um 91 and 93 are lateral and then 94 is the intercondylar fosa so between these two condyles is this Little Valley right so medial side lateral side condyle all right down here at the patellar surface the anterior view this is more or less where the kneecap is going to fit as we'll see okay now for the tibia all right so now we're looking for the shin bone right that's what we're looking at here we have the proximal end up top we have the distal end down below okay so 96a is lateral condyle 96b is medial condyle 97 is the intercondylar Eminence so between the two condyles there is that's the intercond dollar part the Eminence which means it's projecting is obvious it's sticking up you can see it it's noticeable kind of a thing 98 is the tibial tuberosity which we see on the top and then uh 99 okay so yeah 99 is uh this is from the right side and we can tell uh we'll we'll see shortly how we can tell we need to see the distal end more closely before we can tell the difference between the two but we'll get there shortly uh poster review we also have the proximal fibular articulation so this little Notch right here on the sort of the back almost side of the tibia this little Notch is where the fibula is going to articulate to the tibia okay so this little Notch is where the fibula would would rest its head as well okay um 100 is the anterior Crest and 101 is the medial malleolus of the tibia so the bottom part um so we see down here this medial malleolus here uh which is also this is really dark in this picture but it's right here as well the part that kind of projects down um if we go back up so this right here that's what we're referring to in this next picture which I know the lines kind of cover it up but that is the medial malleolus of the tibia all right so if you think about um sort of the inner part of where your shin bone meets your ankle there is a projection you can feel with your hand you can feel it sticking out on the inside of your ankle that bump is the medial malleolus of the tibia okay so we can actually feel that one and see that one just by looking at our own our own leg um for the fibula 102 is the head 103 is the lateral malleolus of the fibula so this is on the outer part of your ankle all right so the big bump that you feel on the outer part of your ankle is this the big inner bump that you feel on the inner side of your ankle is this um those are your fibula for the lateral side and tibia for the medial side okay so from there we can move into the ankle and foot and here we're going to start seeing some more parallels between uh the ankle and the wrist um again lots of small bones lots of not really necessarily the most uh distinguishable bones sometimes they're kind of similar in appearance so we're going to work through these but like I told you on the wrist with the exception of 104 and 105. I'm not going to ask you any of the rest of these on the test for identification or anything else really I just don't think that's something we need to do at this point in in this class all right so 104 is the calcaneus this is your heel right the part you actually stand on 105 is your Talus so this is the large bone upper part of your ankle um the biggest one in your ankle actually 107 is navicular 108 is medial or first cuneiform 110 is the lateral or third cuneiform um medial intermediate lateral and then cuboid right okay so what's that I just wanna I just want to make sure that's right yeah so this is the medial side this is the inner side inner part of your foot 109 is in the middle medial or the intermediate rather and then 110 is the lateral all right so this one always confuses me because 106 is here and I always feel like 106 should also be a Kunia form because it's in line with the other three but 106 is the cuboid um Cube shaped more or less bone here so medial lateral intermediate and then 107 like we said is navicular okay so if we look at it from again a slightly different angle we can look at it from um well the back side basically here's our um cuboid uh 108 and 107 so we have our medial and our navicular bones here we have 104 which was the calcaneus m105 which is the talus okay so again the same bones is over here some of them just rotating the foot to a different angle so we can see see the battery inverting it basically to see the underside of it okay these despite the fact that it looks like it might be kind of complicated or not terribly difficult um we have in our feet what are referred to as metatarsals and tarsals just like in our hands we have carpals and metacarpals okay so the the longer bones in your feet these guys are the metatarsals and then once we get past those now we're actually into the phalanges so um like sort of we've seen before right so we have proximal phalanges middle phalanges distal phalanges okay just like before proximal middle distal okay so those are more or less the same actually almost appear this is kind of like toes are kind of curved in so you can't really see the top one up here but um yeah this would be metatarsal medial phalange intermediate phalange distal phalange all the way at the end I think I said this was the first one before this is actually this is the metatarsal here this is not a phalange this is a metatarsal so all four of these are metatarsals proximal proximal proximal proximal proximal intermediate intermediate intermediate intermediate intermediate distal is hard to see it's up here um up here way up there and then at the very end there so those um those are the phalanges in the uh in the feet so basically those are your toes right um yeah I think that's everything on that one okay so with that we're going to wrap up and we are going to move into the axial skeleton and see what we can learn there