Overview
This lecture explores Plato's "Apology," focusing on the trial of Socrates, his definition of wisdom, the Socratic method of inquiry, and the philosophical implications of questioning traditional beliefs.
Socrates and His Philosophical Mission
- Socrates is on trial in Athens, accused of corrupting the youth and impiety (not believing in the city's gods).
- He defends his behavior as a philosopher, not apologizing but explaining his pursuit of knowledge and critical thinking.
- Socrates seeks to clarify what it means to live a good life, emphasizing philosophical investigation over traditional views.
Socratic Wisdom and the Oracle's Message
- The Oracle of Delphi claimed Socrates was the wisest man; Socrates interprets this as knowing that he knows nothing.
- Socratic wisdom means recognizing one's own ignorance, which is superior to false confidence in knowledge.
- Socrates tests experts (politicians, poets, craftsmen, sophists) and finds none aware of their own ignorance.
The Socratic Method and Examination
- Socrates demonstrates that many reputed experts lack true understanding by questioning them about their knowledge.
- Philosophical wisdom starts with skepticism and an awareness of the limits of one's own knowledge.
- Socrates likens himself to a "gadfly," provoking Athenians to self-examination and critical thought.
The Corruption of the Youth Argument
- Socrates challenges the accusation that he intentionally corrupts the youth, exposing contradictions in his accuser Meletus's logic.
- He uses analogies (e.g., horse breeders) to show it is illogical that only one person (himself) corrupts while all others improve.
- Socrates argues that if harm is done unintentionally, it should be met with instruction, not punishment.
Socratic Irony and Skepticism
- Socratic irony involves feigning ignorance to expose others’ inconsistencies.
- Socrates shows Meletus cannot logically argue that Socrates deliberately corrupts the youth or is wholly atheistic.
Philosophical Life and The Unexamined Life
- Socrates claims "the unexamined life is not worth living," emphasizing daily questioning and discussion of virtue.
- He refuses to abandon philosophy or plead guilty to escape punishment, valuing integrity over self-preservation.
Outcome of the Trial
- Socrates is ultimately found guilty and sentenced to death.
- He maintains that living a life of inquiry and self-examination is the highest form of human existence.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Socratic Wisdom — Awareness of one's own ignorance and constant questioning.
- The Oracle of Delphi — Ancient Greek prophetic shrine that declared Socrates the wisest man.
- Socratic Method — A form of cooperative argumentative dialogue stimulating critical thinking and exposing contradictions.
- Gadfly — Socrates’ metaphor for his role as a persistent questioner that provokes society.
- Corruption (in this context) — Accusation of morally damaging Athenian youth by teaching them to question traditional beliefs.
- Socratic Irony — Pretending ignorance to reveal another's ignorance.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review main arguments in "Apology," especially the debate between Socrates and Meletus.
- Reflect on and be ready to discuss "the unexamined life is not worth living."
- Read "The Allegory of the Cave" from Plato's "Republic" for next class.