with the students this is Professor larima here with a lecture over urbanization and immigration in the Gilded Age so to get us started let's go ahead and look at our essential questions we have five the first is to answer as the cities grew in both size and population to what extent did they become divided by extreme wealth and extreme poverty secondly how did the city serve as both a place of discrimination and division along class and race ethnic and cultural lines but also as a land of opportunity thirdly how did political machines settlement houses and women's clubs as well as self-help groups uh how did they attempt solutions for the problems associated with the rising urban populations in the Gilded Age fourthly how did reformers attempt to respond to government corruption during this time period and what was the different proposed Solutions lastly how did cultural and intellectual movements both support as well as challenge the social order of the Gilded Age so to get us started we need to talk about the rise in immigration from 1850 to 1900 the population Grew From 23.2 million to 76 0.2 million and during that same time period in addition to natural growth natural growth we had 16.2 million immigrants coming and another 8.8 in the first decade of the 20th century so why are they coming well their push factors what's making them leave Europe and Asia is they experience extreme poverty and their displaced Farmers many um of these people are facing overcrowded cities they can't find jobs there aren't enough to go around and some of them are Fame are facing religious persecution particularly the Jewish populations um who are facing uh being put into Russia they are definitely being pushed out of Eastern Europe and Russia so we're going to see a massive influx of um uh Jewish pretty much refugees into the United States now what are the pull factors what is causing them to want to come to the United States well there's a reputation of political and religious freedom there's also jobs uh the new immigrants though are definitely not from where we're used to having immigrants they're not coming from France or England um not so much Ireland um or Western Europe they're mostly coming from southern Europe um and Eastern Europe places like Italy and Greece and Croatia and Slovakia and Poland and Russia these immigrants are often very poor and uneducated they're illiterate they can't read whereas a lot of the German and British and French had some basic education they're also not um Protestant um they're a lot of Catholics and Jewish and Greek Orthodox most of these new immigrants we call them the new immigrants um settled in the cities they settled in New York they settled in Chicago and there are a lot of little ethnic neighborhoods that pop up like little Lydia Little Italy um that you know you have in in the New York City area many of these um workers obviously wanted to get a job you couldn't actually put on your form if you were coming to the United States that you already had a job because then you were taking a job away from an American so you had to say you were looking for a job um there was a contract labor law that was passed in 1885 and that restricted temporary workers um and then they are going to try to pass literacy laws um which will pass in 1917 requiring people to be able to read and write to come to the United States but initially during this massive migration period that isn't one of the requirements now processing these immigrants became kind of a feat in and of itself so the immigrants are coming over usually in spirit which is kind of the lowest part of the ship they're coming and they're having to kind of be noted down that they are now here in the United States and so there is going to be in 1892 a special Locale it's Ellis Island it's in New York the the people would pass by the Statue of Liberty and then they would go to these uh you know Island and they would be checked out there um they would have their health checked out they would have their mental facilities checked out it was pretty traumatizing they would make people strike down to look for any sickness they used um the uh there were little hooks that you used to hook your boots up on the side the little buttons they would use those hooks to flip people's eyelids to look and see if they had different eye diseases particularly trachoma which was very very contagious or could be sent back if they um failed a mental health test if it was known that they had a criminal background um not very many people were um but interestingly enough the law said that anyone who is 12 and older could be sent back alone if you were under that age you would be sent back with a parent but I mean can you imagine us today sending a 12 year old child back alone across the ocean it's kind of crazy now that's for most of the people coming through Europe um we also have another location on the west coast in San Francisco in the Bay Area called Angel Island that opens in 1910 and primarily it processed um Chinese and Japanese immigrants that came through many Japanese immigrants were coming during this time but also some Russian immigrants that were coming um across through China and taking a boat over the Pacific uh this comes into a lot of controversy and a lot of backlash nativist backlash you're going to have opposition groups like the immigration restriction League that forms in 1894 you have the American Protective Association that is really targeting the um the Catholic communities they are very anti-catholic and you have social darwinists who are sitting here saying you know we need to allow the strong of our country to survive and not really push for these lower forms I say in quotes um of these foreigners to invade so um some of the ethnic enclaves that we would have you can see in the picture up here um you have these homes that are now being built up they're called tenement housing we'll talk more about that here in a minute you have your shops on the ground remember this is still a time with really no sanitation um and and no fire departments not really even police departments um until about the 1890s so um definitely a breeding ground for disease and for um for problems and that's going to lead to Solutions um here we have the Statue of Liberty which was given as a centennial as a 100 Year gift by the French um immigrants who are headed to Ellis Island pass through and it became known as sort of the beacon of welcome into the United States um here we have a political cartoon kind of giving the native nativist perspective um where you have Uncle Sam and you're going to see him a lot from here on out um sort of basically saying yeah we don't want you because you're bringing disease and poverty and um yeah Anarchy your political beliefs and you have a very derogatory uh drawing of keeping foreigners out all right so you know you have population booms what does that mean for the changing cities um by 1900 40 of Americans are living in cities so a lot of people are living in urban areas um the new immigrants rural women uh former Farmers including African Americans are now walking to places like Chicago and New York that will lead to you mass transportation the first form of mass transportation is uh street cars uh and first the streetcars are pulled by horses and then they become electric uh they'll be replaced with trolleys electric trolleys and eventually elevated railroads um which you know we still have in places like Chicago the L and Subways that are going to be built below the city um of New York and all of this allows for people to live in this sort of metro area so they can live in the surrounding downtown area but very close to work and then once we have the Brooklyn Bridge completed in 1883 people can cross over the bridge but again you don't want to live too far because this Transportation isn't necessarily fast and they don't want to have commutes that's going to come later um as a result there's a lot of people in a small area and you only have a limited amount of land so you are going to have to build up not out so we have the skyscraper that is built with steel you have this steel skeleton you have the elevator and I have a video here that really says once the elevator comes online that changes everything because now you can go really high before you were somewhat limited on you know how many floors a person could climb then you have central heating that makes um you know the housing comfortable uh we have our very first what we would call skyscraper um which was a 10 story building in Chicago in 1885 and then by 1900 um the very famous uh Architects DH Burnham and William M Sullivan their buildings are going to dominate the skyline and for anyone who's ever read Devil in the White City those names are definitely popping out because they figure pretty heavily in the narrative on the building of the Chicago fair in 1893. now these ethnic neighborhoods um are going to basically be in and around the business districts they have what we call tenements or slum housing um they'll be replaced by um you know what we would consider the projects in the 1960s and 70s but up until then you had this sort of high-rise and you have massive amounts of people living in a very small area sometimes 30 40 feet wide by a hundred feet deep and you would have multiple families living in a single housing structure um but each of these neighborhoods seem to have a distinct ethnic identity so you had like areas that were primarily Irish Americans and Italian Americans and Jewish Americans um and this led to the wealthy people kind of having certain enclaves in the city but a lot of them are moving to the suburbs that becomes kind of where the wealthier live there's abundant cheap land they can get on cheap rail Transportation uh they have low-cost construction because of all the workers there is a lot of ethnic and racial Prejudice so these uh uh suburbs are mostly primarily what we would call like wasp territory white Anglo-Saxon Protestants um and there becomes this sort of elitish push for desire of privacy in their individual homes away from all the riffraff of the city now one of the most famous individuals is Frederick Law Olmsted who designed Central Park he felt like within the city there needed to be a refuge there needed to be a place where people could go and see the outdoors and see trees and see Gardens and so he uh designed it in the 1860s and as a result we have lots of areas in Chicago and New York and other major cities that are really going to push for having um a prosperous but also a good looking City cleaning it up it was called the city beautiful movement um and and they wanted to design really fancy Gardens and make cities while you know on one hand places of business but on the other places of um desire for people to visit and that would be beautiful so here we have some some imagery here you have the skyscraper you have um the suspension bridge that allows people to cross um this is the Brooklyn Bridge you have the the um street cars inside a tenement which is just completely filthy I mean some of the first laws were making a tenement house that you know had a toilet for um you know per per set of person I think it was like 30 or 40 people every you know 30 people you needed to have at least one toilet and and tub um because prior to that there really hadn't been any sort of regulation of that um and then you have over here in uh Central Park you know you have the walkways and the tunnels making it very pretty all right so as the immigrants are coming in um politicians are taking notice and politicians are absolutely about exploiting the new immigrants um and these became known as political machines there are party organizations you know Democratic and Republican party organizations that usually were run by a boss and they would Target immigrants and they would offer them cheap housing and you know jobs in exchange for their votes um and they were often corrupt they uh you know would overcharge you know um the the city for reconstruction of a room and then they would pocket they would pay people very little to actually do the Reconstruction and then they would pocket the rent that's called Graf they were you know frauding the city of jobs and and millions of dollars they were bribing officials they were giving Kickbacks to um police force individuals to turn a blind eye in the late 1890s the most famous of all of these political machines was Tammany Hall which was in New York and it was led by um a guy who was called uh Boss Tweed and you can see down here on the left that's Boss Tweed um what's interesting is he was brought down by a political cartoonist because the political cartoonist named Thomas Nast kept drawing these pictures about all of his fraudulent activity and eventually he is going to be arrested and end up in prison um I think he ended up swindling New York City somewhere in the range of I think 100 million dollars I mean it was ridiculous um but it's kind of funny that he was brought down by a um political cartoon so in addition to the political machines we're also going to see a reaction to some of the um problems of the Gilded Age and this Gilded Age reform came in political reform as well as social um and and cultural reform um one of the leading movements was the social gospel movement um in which you had um Protestant clergy who are going out and saying it is the duty of good Christians to help the poor and particularly they're kind of advocating for middle class and wealthier women to participate in charitable activity um we have the creation of the Salvation Army in 1879 and through this sort of Christian charity you have the development of the settlement house movement in which you have homes that are being built to take in women many of whom are foreigners as well as orphans into their homes to teach them Christianity English reading writing skills you know homec type of skills um and then helping them get out on their feet in the world um Jane Adams had a settlement house in Chicago that opened in 1889 and it became kind of like a community center that people could come and get child care and they could get classes that they could take and it really kind of thrived by 1910 there were about 400 other settlement houses in the American cities and they're kind of all building off of this original whole house as well as the social gospel movement this is also a time of female unification particularly starting to push for the right to vote for suffrage women were very disappointed and upset when they weren't included in the 15th Amendment um and so they are going to unite um at the end of uh 1869 and they're going to create the National Women's Suffrage Association it was led by Elizabeth Katie Stanton as well as Susan B Anthony which on kind of a side note Susan Anthony was the only female on a coin until sakagawea was was put on the um one dollar coin um you know I think that came out around 2001 but up until that point Susan B Anthony was the only woman on a coin and it was the only non-circular coin it was I believe octagonal okay but it was a dollar coin just a little side note um they are really um in this NASA um pushing for suffrage the very first suffrage or state that gave women the right to vote was Wyoming in 1869 partly because they had nobody out there and um they needed everyone to to vote so that they could have some political power um women will not only join the suffrage movement but they're going to be the leaders of the temperance movement and Temperance which we'd seen since the 1830s and 40s was an anti-alcohol movement they're going to create the women's Christian Temperance Union that will be led by Francis Willard um you know a famous women's rights activist um she will amass about 500 000 members by the end of the century they will form the anti-saloon league um and this lady right here you can see down on the bottom right that's Carrie Nation um she would literally carry around a hatchet and a Bible and go into the different saloons and um like crack the bottles and nobody would stop her because she was a little old lady nobody was gonna stop her when she came into their to their bars their saloons and and broke up their bottles um so this is all going to kind of coalesce and eventually we'll end up with the 18th Amendment in 1920 that banned alcohol um for 13 years and then we have the 21st amendment that undid that but that's for a later lecture um you also are going to have Urban reforms uh one of the members that really kind of comes to national attention is Teddy Roosevelt who is um commissioner first of New York City Police Department and eventually he becomes governor of the city and he is going to be really really prevalent in the Progressive Movement within the Republican party it's part of the reason that they chose him to be vice president um under McKinley in the um uh election of 1900 the idea was the vice president doesn't do anything and this is kind of where they could keep them and kind of shut them up um but unfortunately you know McKinley is going to be assassinated and he becomes president so what the Republican Party really didn't want him to have that kind of authority but he ends up anyways and then we see a lot more reforms while he is President um okay so let's now Focus on education because during this time we are going to see um quite a bit of people focusing on public schools you have the the three R's that become kind of the standard focus of education and one of them isn't even an R Reading Writing and arithmetic you know or actually two of them on ours but that's what they would say um the three R's Reading Writing and arithmetic um now how is this being taught well interestingly enough most of the children in America are kind of focused on these like readers the McGuffey reader that have a Christian moral value inserted um we're seeing compulsory laws um for students to go to school um become pretty normal in cities and and communities by uh the end of the century you know right at 1900 literacy is about 90 percent you also have Early Education many of the the German towns that come in they want to start early childhood education and the word kin means child Kinder means little child so kindergarten is like the little child school um you're also going to have tax support for high school um people are going to extend School Beyond just age 14. um and this leads to more people going into higher education into universities and colleges uh the moral act in 1862 and again in 1890 are going to give land grants to colleges it's the funding that gave rise to like the building of Texas A M um you're gonna have a lot of um philanthropy coming from the super wealthy industrialists um you have the University of Chicago um by Rockefeller you have Vanderbilt do you have Carnegie Mellon you have Stanford over on the west coast um some of these colleges are for women Smith um is is probably the most famous by 1900 71 percent of colleges are going to accept women now interestingly enough um as you you'll kind of watch in the video women have a different type of education at College than men um but right around this time um what had kind of been for women which were the Sciences um shifted to the work of men so the studies are shifting towards science based education so it's including the ideas of Charles Darwin and evolution it's including uh not just ancient language or dead languages like Latin and Greek but it's now including modern languages French and Italian and German and Russian um there's a focus on social sciences like psychology and anthropology the study of you know artifacts and human societies as well as political science the study of government um we have W.E.B DuBois who was such a proponent of Education become the first black man to earn a doctorate from Harvard and he really advocated education as a means for African Americans to um become more present in society um and and if there was educational opportunities then they could fight for other ideas and so he's really pushing for Change and change now um in addition to that we have new professions so a lot of the new professions that are showing up are based on scientific theory scientific methodology you know you've got doctors lawyers Educators social workers all of them are based on this methodology of you have a problem you come up with a solution you you enact it you get your data and you see what can be improved that is kind of the scientific theory and methodology that's now in place for professions for how do you make the police um uh you know better how do you make them more um effective at catching uh thiefs how do you make uh Society safer um for the poor where can they go all of these different um professions are really being influenced by the growth in education now I really want to talk about the things that I love to talk about which is this popular culture that just absolutely but legs during this time um you're gonna have the popular press okay there is mass circulation of newspapers and they're going to be really influential in getting us into the um Spanish-American War um that's that's going to take place in Cuba and over in the Philippines uh but magazines the Ladies Home Journal dime novels people are reading because they are now literate we have more time available and so now all of a sudden we have these leisure activities that we had never really seen before um because people want to fill the hours where they're not at work and they have income okay they also have transportation to get them places and then they have advertisement think about all the things that you end up buying because it's been advertised to you you're like oh I want that cell phone oh I want that car you know you've seen commercials you've seen ads on online and maybe it's a billboard the American populace we are consumers and we see this massive consumer culture um and and it's combined with people kind of loosening some of their their moral Hang-Ups some of the Victorian values are starting to kind of go aside it's like oh you know what you can get on a bicycle and that doesn't make you unladylike um saloons the number one Pastime for men was going to the bar was drinking which of course you know ties into why there was the women's Christian Temperance Union so active because they're trying to stop that you have the Advent of theaters musical theaters as well as performance theaters you have Vaudeville these traveling shows you have amusement parks Pony Island was the first amusement park um for people to go and visit and spend time and enjoy life be leisurely you have the circus Barnum and Bailey um you have Ringling Brothers uh all these traveling circuses are going around and showing animals that people will see for the very first time you had kind of the sideshows you had people who had unique abilities all on display um it was a little bit of the Macabre what you know people always said that they wanted to know about but were too afraid now they're coming out in droves you had Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West show if you couldn't get out west you at least could watch um show and it included horses and I include Cowboys and it included um Native Americans who he actually hired tribesmen to come in um some of it reinforced stereotypes of course but others really learned about um some of the things that were going on though again it is kind of shaped and and biased by what um Bill Cody wanted to show everyone but it also Annie Oakley um you know a great shooter she would come and participate in a show and really showing kind of some some changes and what's acceptable for for women um you know she wore pantaloons which was you know wildly unseen during this time period uh in addition to that we have new sports we have boxing and baseball um the very first World Series was in 1903 now of course these are all segregated um you know African-Americans are not being allowed to play with white teens um we have uh the first football game between um Rutgers and New New Jersey which later becomes Princeton University um that was the very first football game if you didn't know that in 1869 uh basketball is invented in 1891 it becomes a Pro Sport in 1898 so people are going they're watching baseball they're basketball they're watching football they're going to the circus they're going to Coney Island they're watching Buffalo Bills Wild West show and then they are participating women are going to play in kind of amateur sports like croquet and cycling men are going to get involved with Golf and Tennis there will be athletic clubs that will open for the wealthy there will be Polo and yachting that were exclusive for the very very rich a lot of these uh very influential clubs will ban Jews they will ban Catholics and they will ban African Americans and those bands will not be lifted until um the 1960s and 70s so uh you know there is definitely a a pecking order a hierarchy in how we're developing as our as a society here I have a picture of what Coney Island looked like I have a poster advertising people to come watch Buffalo Bills Wild West show The Greatest Show on Earth that was the name for the Ringling Brothers you had um Joseph Hearts Vaudeville some of the famous acts they would get their own posters and what's interesting is over here you have women who are visiting the Chicago's uh Colombian fair in 1893 this is the the White City that was built and you have women going to these events alone for the first time young single women who are wage workers who are now attending events alone for the very first time in history not with a chaperone so some of the high culture is the realism that is put in place you have uh Mark Twain who writes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the language is very much about uh making it true to the South you have naturalism how emotions are shaping Human Experience like Jack London um who's riding in the west coast uh Call of the Wild anyone uh you have painting you have sort of this realism and romantic naturalism at play you had the ashkan School of Art which you have George Bellows who is creating these very realistic Urban scenes of everyday life so we're not just focused on the super wealthy we're focused on kind of the average American uh you have architecture with Sullivan very famously said form follows function so the form of the design of the building needs to be functional you have skyscrapers Office Buildings there was an entire School of Architecture that is is going to be developed you had Frank Lloyd Wright who had very organic and and unique style you have Burnham's classical Greek and Roman which you saw in the White City in Chicago in 1893 you had different types of music The Brass marching bands became very famous during this time the beginnings of jazz are developing in New Orleans and eventually those are going to become Blues in the in the 20s and 30s you had Ragtime uh and and Maple Leaf Rag these uh songs that are coming out that are sounding so different from what everyone had heard prior to them right at the turn of the century and most famously you had Tin Pan Alley in New York which was a Locale for musicians who are just exploring the new um fur so in conclusion we cannot forget that this time of industrial America this time of the Gilded Age this time of immigration and urbanization um we have American businesses it expanding in a scale and scope that we had not seen before and this completely changes Society the nature of Labor shifts and through that we have so many wage earners so many City dwellers and a middle class emerges the wealth is going to be really concentrated at the top even as immigrants are becoming more and more prevalent in crowding the city and becoming poorer and poorer the cities will go higher and higher and bigger and bigger with all of the new technology the industrialists of the age they're hunting for profits as are the politicians the political machines the evangelists are appealing to people's morals through this the you know the social movements and there's this sort of dichotomy at play consumers are absolutely amazed with all the new goods and new technologies women you know this is an opening for women that they had never had before particularly they're going into these Urban spaces they're embracing new social possibilities and Independence that they hadn't been able to have prior to this so much so that by the turn of the 20th century the U.S had been radically transformed and that continues to Ripple outward not only into our western territories but that transformation is going to continue outward into the rest of the world and that's going to lead to the United States getting involved in other parts it also that transformation is going to Ripple inward into a lot of protests and organization labor organization and and Progressive reforms in those first couple of Decades of the 20th century so there's just huge transformation during this time period that's all I have so I if you have any questions as always please feel free to email me