Heimler's History: AP US History Unit 4 Review

Introduction

• Coverage of Unit 4: 1800 to 1848
• Main themes:
  • Expanding US role in world affairs
  • Transformation of society and economy
  • Democratic impulses

Political Context

• Thomas Jefferson's Presidency

  • Fierce debates between Democratic Republicans and Federalists
  • Key debates:
    • American relations with foreign powers
    • Federal power scope

• Barbary Pirates Incident

  • Jefferson opposed tribute payments for trade
  • Ceased payments, leading to US merchant ship attacks
  • US Navy retaliated; reduced payment negotiated

Federal Power Debates

• Strict vs. Loose Construction
  • Democratic Republicans: Strict constructionist, limited federal power
  • Federalists: Loose constructionist, flexible federal power
  • Louisiana Purchase
    • Jefferson's moral dilemma over constitutional authority
    • Purchase to remove European influence, promote agrarian dream
    • Exploration by Lewis and Clark, Zebulon Pike

Judicial Power

• Supreme Court Decisions
  • Marbury v. Madison (1803): Judicial Review
  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Federal law supremacy over state law

Regional Tensions and the War of 1812

• Causes: Seizing of American ships, British impressment
• Federalist opposition: Hartford Convention
• Consequences: Nationalism, decline of Federalist Party, infrastructure and financial weaknesses revealed

Economic Development

• Henry Clay's American System
  • Internal improvements, protective tariffs, second Bank of the US
  • Impact on regional interests and tensions

Westward Expansion and Slavery

• Missouri Compromise of 1820
  • Missouri as slave state, Maine as free state
  • 36°30′ line established

US Foreign Policy

• Treaties and Territorial Expansion
  • Adams-Onís Treaty (1819): Florida acquired
  • Monroe Doctrine (1823): US dominance in the Western Hemisphere

Market Revolution

• Technological Advances
  • Cotton gin, spinning machine, interchangeable parts
  • Steamboats and railroads transformed trade and transportation
  • Resulted in interconnected and interdependent American economy

Social Changes

• Urban Growth and Immigration
  • Immigrants from Germany and Ireland
  • Formation of laboring poor class
• Middle Class Emergence
  • Leisure activities, cultural institutions
• Cult of Domesticity
  • Separate spheres for men and women

Expansion of Democracy

• Voting Rights
  • Property-owning white males initially
  • Post-Panic of 1819: Franchise expansion

Political Realignment

• Election of 1824 and Aftermath
  • Split of Democratic-Republican Party
  • Corrupt Bargain and rise of Andrew Jackson

Jackson's Presidency and Policies

• Tariff of 1828 and Nullification Crisis
• Veto of Second Bank of the United States
• Indian Removal Act of 1830

Cultural and Religious Movements

• American Literature and Transcendentalism
  • Noah Webster and Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Utopian Communities and Second Great Awakening
  • Oneida Community, Mormons

Abolitionism and Women's Rights

• Abolitionist Movement
  • William Lloyd Garrison's "The Liberator"
  • Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Southern Society

• Plantation Economy and Slave Community
  • Nat Turner's Rebellion
  • Slavery's westward expansion

Conclusion

• Summary of Unit 4's key events and themes
• Encouragement to access additional review materials