Overview
This lecture discusses Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, focusing on the stages of adolescence and their associated crises, and highlights the importance of skill development during this period.
Stages of Adolescence & Theories
- Adolescence is often divided into early, middle, and late stages, but definitions vary by theory.
- The concept of "emerging adulthood" describes the early 20s as a transitional, second puberty-like stage.
- Theories may disagree about the specific age ranges and challenges of each stage.
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
- Erikson proposed eight development stages, each with a psychosocial crisis to resolve.
- Successful resolution of each stage leads to psychological strengths; failure can hinder development.
Stages Breakdown
- Infancy (Trust vs. Mistrust): Child learns whether the world is dependable based on parental care.
- Early Childhood (Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt): Child develops independence or self-doubt based on parental support.
- Late Childhood (Initiative vs. Guilt): Child develops purpose and direction or excessive guilt and perfectionism.
- School Age (Industry vs. Inferiority): Child learns competence through schoolwork or feels inferior compared to peers.
- Adolescence (Identity vs. Role Confusion): Individual seeks personal identity or experiences confusion and peer pressure.
- Young Adulthood (Intimacy vs. Isolation): Focus on forming close relationships or risk of feeling isolated.
- Adulthood (Generativity vs. Stagnation): Involvement in guiding the next generation or self-absorption.
- Old Age (Integrity vs. Despair): Reflection on life leads to fulfillment or regret.
Adolescent Developmental Changes
- Adolescents gain the ability to understand abstract concepts (freedom, rights, equality).
- Increased risk-taking behaviors due to brain development not being fully mature.
- Experimentation with identities, peer groups, and activities is common.
Essential Skills for Adolescents
- Courage to stand out and resist negative peer influence.
- Developing self-esteem and avoiding the need to please others.
- Critical thinking about media influences and social issues.
- Embracing a healthy lifestyle and personal values.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Psychosocial Crisis — A developmental challenge needing resolution at each stage.
- Emerging Adulthood — The phase in early 20s where individuals transition into adult roles.
- Identity — A clear sense of self and direction in life.
- Role Confusion — Uncertainty or indecision about one's place in society.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review Erikson’s eight psychosocial stages and their associated crises.
- Reflect on your current stage and personal challenges.
- Practice developing the listed essential skills for personal growth.