Transcript for:
European Colonization of North America

hey folks uh welcome back to the second module of our first unit this one is European colonization and we are largely addressing the years uh between 1492 and 1763 with a bit of overlap perhaps on the front and back ends as we need to cover certain topics now I want to address a question that you probably already have in your mind I get asked this question a lot by the second week and that is what's most important well obviously I think everything's important you know that's why I tell you about it have you read things and whatnot but if I'm going to give you priorities prioritize the data that's on the slides okay that's important my lecture that you're listening to is to help you uh well is to support the information that I put up on the slides and help you better remember that information so I may give you anecdotes or stories or details that aren't necessarily um you know a big part of what we're talking about on the slides and I do that so that you get a more holistic understanding of the topic so that you can better remember that topic so if I rattle off and story an obscure fact I'm not necessarily going to ask you a question about some obscure you know fact about some historical event I'm giving you that that detail because it helps you sort of flesh out the overall story to understand it better so that when you have to answer questions about it it's easier to recall it because you've constructed it in your own memory in a much stronger way so that's why you're getting those kinds of details so as you study again prioritize the information on the slides pay close attention to the anecdotes and stories that I'm giving you but those should really be there to help support your recall and understanding of these uh um of these historical events and players all right so let's quickly recap uh the last module number one historical events prior to 1492 put Europeans Africans and American Indians on a collision course in North America and sometimes that Collision was violent and uh led to terrible things and other times there was more accommodating and led to some very interesting fascinating Dynamic truly American aspects of culture and and so forth so we're just beginning to see that in that first unit we're going to get more into that today and of course more as we move on number two each continent had diverse people who were often motivated by different needs okay hopefully they got that across to you okay we as human beings like to shortcut we like to stereotype it makes the world easy to order but it's a bit on the lazy side and while we might want a broad stroke paint the people of the Americas of Europe of Africa we can't do that the people of these continents are um diverse multiple languages multiple cultures religions Traditions histories all that sort of thing so again keep in mind the great diversity of the people we're talking about and avoid trying to stereotype we can look at some generalizations Trends historically but you know pay attention also to the Nuance because that's important three the Collision of these three continents would radically change all people and Nations involved the world is going to radically change after 1492. particularly those people who directly impacted the the indigenous Americans the Africans the Europeans the their this Atlantic world the people that share the Atlantic Ocean are going to be forever changed by this now constant contact between the continents so remember that remember the impact remember things like the um the Colombian Exchange all right it's all really important okay moving forward what about our goals for this uh module number one explain the different approaches to colonization used by Spanish French Dutch and English I'm going to focus on those four European powers and their their attempts at colonization okay some more successful than others two understand the reasons England delayed colonizing North America we're going to see that England is a is late to the colonization game and while we in the United States often privilege the story of England we have to understand that they didn't get right into it and there's reasons for that we'll talk about that three know the unique history and identity of each of the 13 English colonies also really important because as you're going to see the English colonies are actually populated by people from a lot of different places and they have different backgrounds Traditions each colony has its own development its own history in other words Georgia is different from Massachusetts considerably Virginia is different from South Carolina um and and so the the the the the the differences in the development of each of these English colonies is really important because when we move into the next module we're going to see how people have to overcome their differences to try and unite these colonies I mean what is it that unites um the Dutch Colonials of New Jersey with uh the the farmers in North Carolina I mean what do they have in common what's going to bridge this divide so we're going to start to explore that in this module and then of course in the next module where we talk about the revolution we're going to get a lot more detail all right so our four major European powers that we're going to first address in terms of colonization Spain France the Netherlands which is Holland we often will say today but it's uh technically the Netherlands and England um today it's the United Kingdom during the late Colonial period it's Great Britain we sort of shortcut it a little bit here referencing England uh England would conquer and unite itself with Scotland Wales and Ireland to make Great Britain and then that will get finessed a little more in the United Kingdom and we'll we'll see that as we move forward but or just for the sake of brevity and accuracy at least in the early colonial period we're talking about England all right you've seen this slide before uh this image of the conquistadores of Spain and keep in mind just to recap this is um the conquistadors were the last of a warrior class that had been fighting the wars in the Iberian Peninsula um and um in 1492 by no coincidence they uh Ferdinand and Isabella Spain and their armies finally Drive the last the Moors back into North Africa after 800 years of warfare and then you have this young generation of Warriors of generational Warriors who have been raised to fight and they've got no more Wars to fight no more Glory no more Adventure what do they do well the timing is very very interesting here and as we obviously are going to see that many of these people will head into the new world so let's look at Spain and early generation so the early Spanish colonization what does that look like from the ground well number one demographically it's mostly young single males all right it's very male dominated they're young they are in many cases although not exclusively but in many cases they are of this generation that uh has been um deprived of uh of warfare that the very thing that gave their parents and grandparents and so on and so forth their sense of value and culturally their sense of of masculinity for the men so what motivates these single men to come put their lives in danger well number one is wealth wealth seems to motivate people in around the world there's nothing new there and the promise of wealth in the West Indies as they initially start to call it is is tremendous um I mean they eventually figure out fairly early on that they are not in Asia but in fact on a new continent or new continents and uh but they realize that there is wealth to be had and um so that certainly is a motivator second is Adventure and again I've just barely touched on this and that is this sense of masculinity um you know manlihood for a Spaniard in the late 1400s early 1500s that have been based on the traditional Warfare fighting the Moors 800 years of uh of that tradition or nearly 800 years and now they're deprived of that and you know their parents their fathers had made names for them themselves through fighting and and putting themselves in danger and that became a really important part of their culture these were people who who looked to put themselves in In Harm's Way who put their kids in dangerous situations I mean very different from you know you know the way my generation has raised your generation with you know safety gear and helmets and seat belts and all that kind of stuff these folks were just kind of the opposite of that really and uh a friend of mine working in a Spanish archive came across a letter and I think it was so telling it was so interesting where a man um late in the colonial period was writing a a letter to a military commander who was about to head off on an expedition it was going to be very dangerous physically it was going to be rough and there was the promise of uh violence in combat once they got to where they were going and this man pleads with his military commander take my son with you so that when he is old he will have a tale to tell in other words take my son put him through the ringer put him In Harm's Way you know possibly get him killed because you know at the end of his life he'll have some stories to tell and you know that's an interesting value system there I don't think we I don't think we fully can wrap our heads around that because that's you know we we shelter our children that's that's our value system you know we don't want our kids to risk their lives and so forth quite frequently we do everything we can to protect them but the Spanish we're different you know they they saw Great Value in adventure they saw uh that life was made up of risk and um and hardship and that was to be embraced so a different culture than ours and that's going to be part of what drives these guys into ships to cross the Atlantic and engage in Warfare and conquest and the last part is religion and again this is based um in many ways on the wars they've been fighting with the uh um with the Moors and you know 800 years and how the war with the Moors basically took on the all the sort of trappings of a religious War it became um Christianity versus Islam and a holy war and so uh these young conquistadors they were raised again with that culture and that value system that you know that to go to war and spread Christianity is just a part of life it's an expectation they don't necessarily question that it's a part of their value system so uh some other terms and and features of colonization I want to establish uh encomienda system that word encomienda Spanish uh what that is actually referencing is the right by conquest of an individual um this actually begins in the Iberian Peninsula during the Reconquista at least in some version and then it is brought into the new world and and let me explain what it means when I talk about right of Conquest um let's say you're a minor Noble person you've got some money and you use that to to put together a small army invest in an army and soldiers and outfit them with weapons and so forth you then approach at least in the American side you approach the the colonial authorities and ask for the right of encomienda and and what that means is you're asking for the blessing of the crown to take your little private Army and to invade an area that is still under control of indigenous leaders uh maybe um the you know one of the empires the indigenous Empires or an autonomous indigenous Village you asking for the rights that uh to go and Conquer now if you're successful the encomienda system allows you to tax those people both with tribute meaning they have to provide a percentage of of whatever they produce might be cotton it might be peanuts it might be freshwater pearls whatever their industry is that they they will pay a tax tribute to you but also in many cases you can demand labor out of the people that they have to devote a certain number of days every month to come and and work for you that becomes part of your tax taxes and the Inc commienda starts I think you know it's it's intergenerational um you can pass this on to your children and quite often to your grandchildren unless you mess up and you know fall out of favor with the crown this is something that can be passed on for a few Generations before the encomiendas is then dropped and people are autonomous again so there's often times people say well the the Mexican or the Spanish came and Enslaved the Mexican Indians well yes and no there was no ver there was no um literal slavery amongst the Aztecs under their legal system but what was allowed is that people were compelled to work for a certain number of days every month under the encomienda system and that is considered part of your taxes now as far as the indigenous people uh particularly in southern Mexico this was not very different from the same taxing system that they had uh they had lived under with the kingdom of the mashika or the tarascans or other of the uh the flex Collins and other indigenous Empires and tribes I mean taxes are fairly Universal across place and time and so they were accustomed to paying tribute so this was not necessarily all that different for them and that's also another thing to to keep in mind so the Spanish had this system they brought it with them from the Iberian Peninsula and the wars with the Moors they overlay it onto the indigenous system as they come in and start taking territory uh in the Americas um the indigenous communities have been paying tribute and taxes previously they're just basically now sending their cotton to somebody else or whatever product they are required to pay in taxes so that's the encomienda system and it can enrich a family for a couple of generations another characteristic of Spanish colonization and this is important because it's different for example than the English system and that is since this is mostly young Spanish men who are coming to the Americas they have some interest in romantic relationships well or just plain sexual relationships with women there are no Spanish women or very few Spanish women in the new world so they turn initially to indigenous women now this gets a little dicey because we're going to see everything from violence and rape to love and romance and everything in between um you know again the the generalizations can be kind of tough was there rape absolutely without a doubt there was rape and violence and coercion um did some people seem to fall in love with each other and you know have uh relationships that way and get married uh yeah that happened too and there was a whole lot of stuff that was in between that maybe uh financial difficulties or other forms of coercion or manipulation led to to some of this so you know understand that again in terms of diversity understand that there are multiple motivators for the types of uh different relationships that are formed in the new world between the Spanish and initially the indigenous people but then by the 1500s we have uh enslaved Africans being brought into uh into the Americas into the Caribbean into Mexico and um Spanish men same thing with the indigenous women there are African women who are clearly raped and subjected to violence especially because of their position as a force servitude there are others that seem to Contract Marriage and there is a lot in between so um you know it's a these relationships that form really run the gamut of force and violence to manipulation coercion and even you know things we would recognize today as romance so um but the important thing to walk away from understanding is that there is no legal prohibition against the races mixing in this way either through Contracting marriages or through sexual Liaisons none of that is necessarily frowned upon depending on somebody's social standing so some of the Spanish noble families tried to only intermarry other noble people and indeed they start to import women Noble women from Spain once things settle down to in order to to provide a supply of Spanish Royal Blood uh Spanish Royal women but for most of the Conquistadors they are going to be having children with indigenous women or in some cases African women and so that becomes really a Hallmark of the Spanish Colonial experience in North America and Beyond um large permanent settlements in the South okay when we look at Mexico in 1492 we're in 1519 before Cortez comes and uh and invades the uh the Aztec empire um when we were if we were to look at it we would see that there are sedentary civilizations in the southern half of modern-day Mexico particularly around the valley of Mexico Mexico City being or Tenochtitlan as it was called there in the middle so that is um the center of sedentary that is permanent settlement large cities or even small cities but permanent cities north of there you have semi-sedentary I mean people who are wandering part of the time and settling down part of the time and nomadic people that is people who are constantly on the Move uh chasing food primarily who are not building any kind of permanent settlement whatsoever but just on the move so um the Spanish do best when they're dealing with sedentary people because there's a certain commonality in their culture and experience the indigenous people of southern Mexico have large cities with marketplaces and governments and religious leaders and all that sort of stuff the Spanish have that too and they are very it's very easy for them when they fight a very european-style war that is the the armies go to battle with one another for the capital which is what you see happen in Europe and you know and they force the surrender of the capital city and supporting cities and you know they're in charge and that's how the indigenous people of southern Mexico had fought and says how the indigen or that's how the Spaniards fight so they have a lot in common interestingly in that regard and so the Spanish because this is all familiar they are able to conquer the South um much were more rapidly than they are going to be able to conquer the north where they're dealing with people they don't understand people that don't line up and fight traditional battles on the battlefield but rather people that shoot at them uh from behind a tree and run away they don't know what to do with that that creates a lot of problems as we're going to see so the Spanish move into these indigenous cities and oftentimes will tear down the local the temple to the local God and instead build a cathedral to a Spanish saint oftentimes those Saints will somehow tie into whatever God has been displaced for example in Mexico City very famous a large Shrine and Cathedral to Our Lady of Guadalupe that site had been a temple to the mother goddess and the Spanish tear down that Temple and they build a cathedral to the Virgin Mary okay you see this the association the mother goddess to the Virgin Mary all right the indigenous people can relate to that make sense to them okay the Virgin Mary is essentially another mother goddess to them and so there is this overlap culturally understanding between people that allows the south of Mexico to be um to be populated uh much quicker now that's a little bit out of the out of north or out of the history of the United States Northern Mexico is where we're particularly interested and that is going to be a whole different situation and what we see happening in the northern part of of Mexico when I talk about Mexico I should really use the term that's correct for the 1600s 1700s so we're dealing with and that is New Spain so the the you know what is now Mexico and the southern part of the United southwestern part of the United States was the province of of New Spain the vice royalty I should say of New Spain so um the northern part of New Spain is going to fall into the to the hands of the United States in 1848 it's going to include Texas it's going to include New Mexico Arizona Utah Colorado parts of Wyoming California Nevada because I'm probably forgetting something in there to probably say Arizona so basically the southwestern quarter of the United States a little more of it was uh was uh part of New Spain so um that is uh going to be settled a little differently the people there are nomadic and semi-nomadic meaning they move around a lot so there's no capital city for the Spanish to conquer and so the Conquering of these areas is very slow and as at first very unsuccessful for the Spanish I think even though these armies that successfully defeated the Aztecs with all their technology are unable for quite some time centuries to you know really subdue uh uh barefooted uh uh Warriors who are you know using Stone tipped arrows and running constantly attack and run away that's the Spanish are not equipped to deal with that necessarily so they have to come up with a new system so the parts of the southwestern United States and we're going to talk about them and even southeastern United States we're going to talk about them in uh in terms of Spanish settlement here in a moment but I want to introduce you the mission system and the Presidio system a mission is a church complex that serves two functions number one it's a place of conversion for the indigenous population nearby number two it is a uh it is an industry there will be they might produce uh cattle they might produce wine they might produce grain but there's some industry typically tied to that mission that supports the the church itself and gives the indigenous people labor as they are forced into labor in these places quite often so well that's how they earn a place a roof over their heads and a meal um is through working at the missions so um that's what the that's the purpose of the missions um missions are built oftentimes very close proximity to what's known as a presidio a presidio is a Spanish Fort so you'll have the missions and presidios built close together and what would happen they finally realized the system actually worked really well for subduing these Northern indigenous people in Texas New Mexico Arizona California they refer to collectively as Chichi meccas and we'll talk more about them in a minute but what they found the system that worked best for subduing them and getting them under control is to go up into these areas as an invasionary force with a promise of an encomienda like we talked about earlier somebody would lead an entrance up there and they would go into the region and there's no Capital City to necessarily conquer so how are they going to get the labor of the indigenous people how are they going to get tribute from these people well they go in they control the resources it might be water it might be it might be animals it might be the agricultural areas they will they will basically take over the resources the indigenous people at that point have no more source of food or maybe no source of water and this puts them in Desperate Straits they can try and fight but the presidios are there and the soldiers are there and if they try and engage those soldiers in combat it's dangerous for them sometimes they succeed sometimes they fail but they uh the consequences are are are permanent so they oftentimes will surrender themselves at the mission because they're hungry thirsty and uh in order to live at the mission they have to accept Christian baptism and convert they have to learn Spanish they have to give up their old religions they have to give up their old languages and the soldiers are always nearby to enforce that so these missions and presidias will start to work their way all up through New Spain and so in the north you have these sort of isolated religious communities that become the main system of conquest of those areas and we'll talk a little more about that in a minute um I want you to look at this map I don't expect you to memorize any of this okay I want you to look at it to understand the concept behind it that I want you to know and that is the southern half of the United States at one point was pretty much either explored or occupied by the Spanish and that includes our state of Georgia all right Georgia was Spanish before it was English before it was Spanish it was indigenous but the Spanish had settlements here in Georgia and we can look at here we see all the different uh Spanish explorers that moved all through this area and laying claim to it and so when we talk about European settlement and what is now the United States it does not begin with the English European settlement begins with the Spanish and the southern half of the United States all right and so this is just one of many Maps I could show you of just you know of a few of the Expeditions there are others that are not shown here but these are the major ones that are shown here including uh DeSoto going through uh moving through Georgia and uh and his expedition uh in our Fair State okay so understand that the first European settlement of this continent was Spanish I want to tell you a story about a couple of individuals because I think this is important um in 1528 a ship a Spanish ship that was looking uh to to invade some indigenous lands or there's actually a couple of ships Shipwrecked in a storm a hurricane most likely off the coast of Louisiana of the survivors many of them died early on but four men emerged as basically the survivors they were led by a man by the last name of Cabeza de Baca can I say dewaka means cow head here is a artist's rendition of him but the uh pointing with a cross with a cow head on the cross cow skull symbolizing that he is he by virtue of his uh his station was the de facto leader also among those you will notice an African man his name was estewanico or estebanico El negro which is Spanish for Stephen the black was enslaved by the Spanish and was carried over and a boat to as part of this expedition in 1528 and fully enslaved uh after the Shipwreck and everybody dying except for these four individuals um the other three Spaniards with him realize that this slave system is just not practical they are going to rely on Stephen to survive Stephen is going to rely on them for survival and they drop Paul pretense of slavery between them and move forward as equals which is very interesting social statement about survival right that they are able to overcome their own prejudices when they realize that their lives are at stake and so these four men basically start wandering from Louisiana through Texas and New Mexico Arizona we suspect and down back into what is today a northern Mexico until they make it back to the capital of Mexico City um that's an eight-year Journey it's pretty amazing but the thing that's important about this you know yes there's a lesson about cooperation and dropping their own racial prejudices yes that's a good lesson but something else that's important to understand is that's the Monaco Stephen the black was um was the um uh perhaps the first African-American to step foot in what is the United States and I guess using the term African-American is probably anachronistic but he's African uh now living in the Americas but uh here we have an enslaved African who comes to America's gains his freedom uh through hardship and survival and really becomes the first African there's some some stories about maybe others that have come over earlier and that's a possibility but I'm going to focus on this because his story I think is really important it also sets the clock back a bit I think when you look at and we'll talk about this the traditional English version of History the United States uh we always say well the first Africans brought to the United States since 1619 at the Virginia colony and we'll talk about that but actually we gotta roll the clock back like you know 90 years nearly 100 years to uh 1528 to Stephen um Stephen the African here who uh we really distinguishes himself as that first African in the United States all right I mentioned the term quickly to you Chichi meccas chichemeka was a a word in the Aztecs Lang in the Aztec language which depending on how you want to translate it me well quite literally it means a son of Sons of the dogs you could look at that as sons of uh you know in a more pejorative sense or maybe more respectful that you know these are The Offspring of the Ferocious dogs we don't know the Nuance to it there's probably a little bit of both because there was frustration amongst the Aztecs they went North at various times in their conquests and uh you know with their armies and their technology and they were ferocious but as the further north they went the resources got thin the indigenous people in the north would fight them and run away not the kind of fighting the Aztecs were accustomed to they eventually gave up on it and just left them alone called them the sons of dogs left them alone uh when the Spanish came along and they were spreading throughout southern Mexico and demanding gold and other forms of tribute the indigenous people you know they started telling the people you know the Spaniards okay well you know you've got what you've got our stuff now but you know if you want more good stuff if you want more gold you really need to go north that's where you need to go up north they've got cities made out of gold they talked about Cibola Cibola was this fabled city of gold that was you know they said it was up North so they were essentially telling the Spanish yeah go up there because they knew what was waiting for them um a bit of a trap you could say and so the Spanish started heading north expecting to find cities made of gold because indigenous people tricked them and sent them that way sent them into Harm's Way and they got up there and they didn't find cities made of gold they found uh warriors uh uh running Barefoot uh uh in loincloth taking on men in Spanish steel armor and swords they take a shot with a stone tipped arrow and run what were the Spanish to do this is not how they were accustomed to fighting Wars this is not how the Aztecs fought them yet these chichimecas in the north um put up struggles like this and the Spanish it slowed them down it literally slowed down their conquest of the continent it was just too difficult they had to stop and regroup and figure things out and like I said this is where the mission system comes in and if you look at this image drawn during the early colonial period you can see you you know you can see Christian imagery you can see indigenous imagery all mixed there together you can see the Padres the the uh The Franciscan priests and uh devils and Indigenous people and so forth so um the conquest of the north was really left in the hands of of the religious people and uh and the soldiers that accompanied them so a bit different experience in the south um let's talk about four areas that the Spanish claimed and settled they become part of the United States and we're going to go chronologically here beginning with Florida in 1513 a flag Spanish flag was stuck into the into the beaches of Florida and claimed for the uh for the the uh the monarch of Spain um Juan Ponce de Leon who is famous for uh searching for the the Fountain of Youth in Florida leads the first formal Expedition into the area he's mortally wounded it doesn't start very well for him I don't believe for a second that he uh um was looking for a fountain of youth I think that was folklore and there's evidence that that's just a cute little folk story to tell tourists now but in Saint Augustine we start to see the first really permanent settlement by 1565. that's a three-hour drive from Georgia Southern campus go down there if you get a chance and go see the Castillo de San Carlos the great Fortress built by the Spanish beginning in the 1500s right there in the United States Saint Augustine the city in which that was built is the oldest European city um in the United States it's very significant and not that far from here it's well worth the trip it's beautiful I there's not a lot of other things I like about St Augustine except maybe the beaches but that castle The Fortress the Spanish Fortress is really amazing um it's right here in the United States and so much history there so they settle Florida around saying excuse me around Saint Augustine and that will remain in Spanish cans until the early 1800s when it becomes part of the United States um I want to talk about Nuevo Mexico New Mexico to understand that you need to know this gentleman on the left his name was Juan deonate they often call him the last Conquistador as he was the last of a breed the last of a culture the Conquistador culture was in in North America was essentially 100 years old by the time he heads North and it's coming to an end the the period of encomiendas and all that the far north had yet to be fully settled there had been some exploration in these areas but had been halted by the various indigenous people up there again the term that was just generally used for all of them in New Spain the Spanish referred to him as chichemekas using the the Aztec word for them but these are different tribes these are Comanches and Apaches and Tara hamaras and conchos and tabosos there's you know many many different names these were a diverse group of people and onyante took serious this idea that there was a city made of gold or Seven Cities of Gold what he found were Indian pueblos made of adobe brick that is mud brick now there's some thought that the straw that was put into the mud as a binding agent for this brick glistened in the Sun and so Indian traders who were going through the area engaged in trade and commerce would look up and see these Pueblos in the sunset and they would be glowing from the reflection of the straw maybe that's the story you know I tend to think that the the Seven Cities of Gold it was just an idea to get the the Spanish to you know to trick them into going north and to potentially getting killed and get rid of them but whatever it was onyate took it literal and went North he crossed an area known as El Paso Del Norte which means the pass to the north today that's called El Paso Texas okay that's what that means El Paso means the pass so he passes into this North this Uncharted Territory in 1598 and declares this land Nuevo Mexico New Mexico now he's referencing that because he expects to find all the gold and riches that you've that the Spaniards had found in the 15 19 15 or 15 teens 1520s in the valley of Mexico um but what he instead found were the uh the the Pueblo uh Indians uh Indian small Indian nations that were linked by culture and tradition and in some cases language that lived in the modern day state of New Mexico these are the oldest cities continually occupied in the United States if you look at that top picture that is Akama Pueblo it's like a thousand years old it's been continuously occupied for a thousand years some people will say well St Augustine's the oldest city in the United States no that's a very eurocentric view that's the oldest European city Akama Pueblo is considerably older than Saint Augustine below that the black and white photo is Taos Pueblo another indigenous Pueblo Community and that one's about 700 years old and both of these you can go to you can go visit um and uh it's well worth the time if you ever get a chance to to go uh and see these places and see this important bit of History well onyate goes into here and he uh with his troops and uh surprises these folks and and starts capturing the Pueblos and uh trying to find gold you know there's a little bit of gold up there but uh he's not able to find too much but uh he quickly comes up with other ways that money can be raised here uh raising horses and cattle sheep there are a number of resources that can be extracted from this region and brought down to the South and he's very brutal about this okay this is a brutal occupation that he's engaged in here um and uh um he's not a he's not a kind gentleman and uses torture and coercion to get the Pueblos to do what he wants them to do he establishes what is known as the Camino Real de Tierra ventro which means the railroad of the Interior lands and this connects the capital of New Spain and Mexico City all the way up to the San Juan indigenous Pueblo north of the capital of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico or the modern day City of Santa Fe Santa Fe means Holy Faith and this dirt road basically connects there's you know hundreds of miles long and it connects the resources in the north with finished goods in the South so resources from the north of New Spain come down the road and finished goods steal weapons tools um Fine China nice silk and linen all that stuff goes north coming down our cattle and horses and mules and some gold will come down so you have this crossing of the bringing Southward resources and northward finished goods and so this becomes of important place of trade now another thing that's important to understand about this area is this is also the home of the most successful indigenous Revolt in the United States and that is known as the Pueblo Revolt the Pueblo Revolt started in 1680 so it's quite a few it's a few decades after Spanish occupation and the the independent Pueblos who are now under control of Spanish Authority and are paying tribute and taxes and so forth to Spanish Authority are getting tired of the abuses onyate was had been brutal and other Spaniards had been brutal to them they had Christianity forced on them and they were not particularly happy about that so in 1680 under the leadership of a man named Popeye there was a Revolt in the Indian pueblos and it was successful and Popeye and his armies drove the Spanish out killed 400 of them and forced another 2 000 of them south of El Paso and back into what's now modern-day Mexico they held this and maintained their independence for 12 years now after 12 years the Spanish were able to invade once again and maintained a tighter control over the Pueblos but this is important in terms of indigenous history in the United States this is the most successful longest lasting indigenous Revolt in our country third area Tejas or Texas that's formed in or established in 1716 the reason for this had everything to do with the French is we're going to see when we talk about French colonization the French had come down the Mississippi River and they were establishing settlements on the Mississippi and on the Gulf Coast the Spanish became aware of their presence and saw this as a threat to their colonization and they needed to create a buffer they needed to put people between the the larger populations of New Spain and the encroaching French and the land in between was known as Tejas or Texas and so this the Spanish began set up putting settlers in this area and giving them things to do industry mainly cattle just like today cattle industry is very important in Texas and back then it was uh one of the first of the Spanish Industries in that area so the famous Longhorn longhorn steer comes from the Spanish and so um they settled this area in order to keep this to keep the French from working down Southward along the Gulf of Mexico so that's why we get Texas and we'll talk a little more about Texas later Alta California this is the last the fourth area that's important and let me quickly draw Geographic distinction California is in two parts today Alta California as it used to be called under Spanish and Mexican rule is the the upper California the northern part and it goes down to just south of San Diego California and goes up to the Oregon border now that's what's typically referred to as Alta California below that is a giant Peninsula which is known as Baja California and um Baja California juts into the Pacific Ocean and on the western side on the Eastern side is the Sea of Cortez and the Spanish when they first began exploring this area just thought all of California was basically a big island because of this long narrow peninsula in reality they were on the mainland but they assumed because they could walk across the peninsula see the sea of Cortez on one side and see the Pacific Ocean on the other side that they were dealing with in Ireland well they eventually figured out that they weren't on that it was not an island but they had to treat it like an island and the reason for that is because the environment um east of California was a terrible dangerous desert and the Spanish did not want to cross that desert it's too dangerous too hard so for people wanting to settle or visit Alta California you didn't go over land you got in a boat and you sailed up the coast until you got to California so while they mistakenly first thought it was an island and then realized it wasn't they still treated it in many ways as an island and it was accessible largely by boat now in Alta California there the way it was settled is ties into this idea of the missions and presidios that we saw in other parts of Northern New Spain but it was very well organized starting down south at San Diego so really near the modern day border of Mexico they built their first mission in Alta California they travel one day North and they built a second mission and then they travel one day North and they build a third and go one day North and build the fourth so they built 21 missions all the way up to Sonoma California which is taking it up to the northern part of the state and one Day's Journey apart so somebody coming to California a spanner coming to California could travel the length of Alta California in three weeks and have a bed to sleep in every single night so you have that very convenient for settlement but you know it also was about pacifying and controlling the indigenous people of Alta California so the missions there worked in tandem frequently with presidios and soldiers they would take over the resources of the indigenous people put them in um you know a state of starvation or other stresses they would come in seeking shelter seeking food the missions would take them in convert them take away their language take away their religion take away their culture uh make them you know generalized residents of New Spain or Mexico and um and detribalize them keep them from resisting which was the whole point of that system anyway and to make them into good Christians so that is characteristic of California it's these various missions now I grew up in Los Angeles California and I grew up a very short walk from one of these missions the mission day San Gabriel arcángel the mission of the of the Archangel San Gabriel Saint Gabriel and it was one of these missions was built in the 1770s and growing up in La we didn't have a lot of parks and the mission was still owned by the Catholic Church it is today and they you know we're happy to have visitors so it became a playground for me and I you know enjoyed quite a bit running around the grounds of the missions uh the San Gabriel Mission and uh I think a lot of my interests in the region and its history grew out of my time spent there um the uh growing up in the 1970s in California the mission experience was very much celebrated and we would sing songs and we would uh in fourth grade we would make missions out of clay or sometimes sugar cubes you know it was always a big deal Mission projects were always a big deal it was a rite of passage in California for California kids and I was no exception and I remember we would sing this song about the the main colonizer of California who was a a a a a a priest by the name of uh Junipero Sarah and we would sing this song and I'm not going to sing I'll give you the lyrics it was uh his Father Junipero Sarah he walked El Camino Real he built a church here he built a church there he's the California Indians pal I was a little ditty we sang back in the day and um you know simplified the story right there was a royal Road like there was in New Mexico there was a California Royal Road and Junipero Sarah the Padre would walk it yes and he'd build this he would establish a church every you know one day apart you know all that basic stuff is true uh he's the California Indians pal not so much in fact there was a big showdown between indigenous activists in the aroma Catholic Church a couple of decades ago about making juniprocera a saint of the church and alternative stories started coming out and people began doing really serious Research into the missions and found out that the missions were really you know as much as we had painted them into this idea of this idyllic uh pastoral life for Indians like shown in this painting here we have father Sarah surrounded by Indian children happily at work looking healthy and happy contented he's preaching Christianity to them and saving their souls and whatnot um it's a far more complex story and in many cases involves disease sickness torture abuse of the indigenous people and so this uh this this drove a wedge between indigenous Roman Catholics in California and the church in Rome um in the last couple of decades and so you know these are issues historical issues that need to that you know that still have to be addressed and I put the bones down there as uh I you know as a historian I ended up working with the California missions and specifically I served on an Advisory Board of a mission in Northern California San Juan Bautista uh Saint John the Baptist Mission also built in the 1770s and I was advising and helping them get material culture that is artifacts for display at the mission and um you know I spent time there I spent time in many other missions and you know I go out to the cemeteries and start kicking around and you'll see marked Graves for the various Padres that are buried there but you don't have to kick around very much in this top of the soil before human bone fragments and teeth and so forth start popping up right there at the surface um because so many indigenous people died at these missions and were buried in unmarked Raves they weren't necessarily murdered but the exposure to disease deprivation uh neglect or in some cases abuse and murder yeah you know there's no doubt that that that occasionally could happen or did happen um that the you know abused by soldiers uh you know whatever the case may be but there are literally thousands of indigenous people buried in unmarked Raves all around these missions and um and the descendants of these people have been asking for their story to be told to be remembered to say okay yes you know and many of them are practicing Catholics are saying yes you know we're Catholic we're glad that our families converted but we paid a price for it and they want that acknowledged so um the story of California and its mission system is a lot more nuanced than the 1970s version that I used to sing about as a kid all right I want to look at this map it's a bit of a snapshot we've seen a few of these snapshots or we saw one in Africa we'll see more you know this is a place in time the 1700s this is the way we call the Spanish Borderlands everything in there in that bluish purple color is part of the United States that uh at this point in time was under the control of the Spanish this would be the late 1600s or at least 1700s that line will go up and come down over time but it's just a snapshot in one era and um you know that's a good portion of the United States was firmly in control of of Spain at one point so as much as we focus on the 13 original English colonies understand particularly for people like me who grew up out west our Colonial experience Spanish not English all right let's move on to the French um French expiration settlement again this is just a map I don't expect you to memorize this or anything like that I want to impress upon you the fact that beginning in the 1500s and then and going on through the 1600s you had French exploration of North America um it involved the Atlantic coast it involved the Great Lakes the the Great Rivers of uh of North America particularly the Mississippi River um you know those are important trade routes for the French so let's talk about the French Colonial experience which followed the Spanish one experience so first we have the Spanish then we start to have the French so what was the French experience about well colonization begins in 1605 in spite of much earlier exploration that was going on in some early trade but they the French decide to sink routes in North America in 1605. and their purpose in doing so is to not take over massive amounts of land it's not to conquer Indian Villages but rather to engage in trade Paris today is the center of fashion and Paris in 1605 was also the center of fashion and what the the parisians had been pushing as uh in in terms of Trends and being fashionable was the wearing of animal Furs and skins particularly hats beaver skin hats and the like and those skins were really almost exclusively to be found in North America um Europe while it had forests where all those forests were all controlled by noble people not there were no public areas everything was owned by noble people so there wasn't hunting wide scale hunting going on in Europe but North America was entirely different and the French were interested to engage in trade with the indigenous people and they did so um uh particularly after 1605 had gone on before that but really post 1605 is when they really you know begin building their trading posts and and going to work the French themselves were not necessarily interested in being Hunters they wanted to buy so they brought in trade items as shown in this picture you've got a guy smoking a tobacco pipe holding up a silver cross one holding a blanket another one holding his uh his musket um there was a vibrant trade between the French and their indigenous allies and friends in North America and it made the French very very wealthy they were able to trade for animal skins take those animal skins back to Paris make them into clothing sell them there was good money this this really helped fuel economic growth for France so that's so that's what's really driving French colonization um the French because they were not looking for massive amount of conquests or farmlands or anything like that they just wanted to trade they had Gardens and Farms enough to support themselves but not they weren't looking to sell a lot of Agriculture project uh products they wanted uh skins so uh you know that really that reduced the amount of pressure on the indigenous population because they're not trying to take their lands they need the French need the indigenous people to succeed and so they treat them accordingly um so what the french tend to build are trading posts at Rivers so it places particularly where Rivers come together the intersection of rivers confluences uh another area as the rivers dump into the ocean and to Lakes they build trading posts and they bring in European Goods by water and the indigenous people bring in animal skins the French to trade and take those skins back to Europe and so that is really the Hallmark of French Settlement which means they're going to have a pretty good relationship with the Indians that they work with directly or as they say in Canada today First Nations people that they're working with directly so um that doesn't mean they get along with all in fact if you're going to work closely with one indigenous group their enemies your enemy too and so we're going to see how the the French and then the English are going to play that against one another but understand the French have generally positive experiences uh working with the indigenous people um there's a gender imbalance in the French colonies like there was in the early part of the Spanish colonization experience and so French men looking for sexual partners and romantic Partners turned to the indigenous women and we have a a biracial generation or Generations that are born out of this Matisse which means uh mixed like Spanish term mestizo is the same idea mixed race or interracial um where you would have uh somebody like this uh man here whose father would be French his mother would be indigenous he would speak French he would be a Roman Catholic most likely he would also speak the indigenous language of or languages of his mother he could navigate quickly between a French Trading Post and an indigenous Village he could you know move seamlessly between those cultures so um there is a mixing that literally takes place in the French Colony very similar to what you see with the Spanish colony the mixing of Europeans and Indigenous people the Spanish colonies you also have the mixture of African culture and the African peoples so that is but this is a Hallmark of French Settlement these these people and they often serve as intermediaries they they're very important in terms of trade because they they can negotiate they can work they can they speak multiple languages they understand multiple cultures they're at a big Advantage um in in this network of trade so Ponder something to think about the Spanish and French allowed their colonists even encourage their colonists to intermarry with indigenous people the English generally discouraged that sometimes made it illegal so what were the English trying to do that the Spanish and French were not or flip side but where the French and the Spanish trying to do that the English were not trying to do think about that okay that's you know that these are important differences and the developments of these nations and and where these people are today their descendants are today very much impacted by these attitudes and colonial times all right so going on with uh the French so the French moved fairly quickly through North America in large part because they they Foster positive relationships whenever possible with indigenous people now that isn't always possible sometimes they're friends with uh one group and because they're friends with one group that group's traditional enemies will become the French traditional enemies uh those people will turn to the English as we're going to see so uh tribal Warfare will you know grow in terms of uh involvement of Europeans and then and and and conversely European rivalries will be fought with indigenous people as well so anyway the French are doing well they spread down from the Great Lakes down the Mississippi River down to the Gulf of Mexico in the night in 1718 uh they established New Orleans and uh and the uh their the area that they refer to is Louisiana for King Louis their Monarch so uh New Orleans is established there um at the Gulf of Mexico and this becomes a real threat this is what the Spanish were afraid of this is why the Spanish in 1716 were sending settlers up into this area to fill it in so um we look at this map just a snapshot we can see how the map has changed in just a couple of decades um and we see over also on the right we see the the English we'll get into them so understand that this is the French this is their experience and we have french-speaking people today in New Orleans and we have french-speaking people in Canada so they've they've left a very strong imprint on the culture and peoples and traditions and histories of uh of these regions where they settled all right I want to talk about the Dutch okay those are my people so if you're struggling with my last name blame my Dutch Colonial ancestors that came over in 1613 to settle this Colony um our names are very confusing for Americans so um let's talk about this I'm not going to finish the whole story I'll move on to the English and then I'll wrap this story up but let me give you the first half of it the Dutch were people that were very much culturally and economically tied to trade international trade in fact and they had a lot of stressors put on them in the early 1600s they had been conquered by the Spanish or largely conquered by the Spanish and that was causing a lot of problems and uh and a lot of Dutch people were looking to get out from underneath the Spanish and were looking to go elsewhere um so there are a number of factors at play they also wanted to make some money off this new world North America and South America and they were good at building ships good at sailing ships and good at being merchants culturally those were things that were valuable they were also very liberal for the time period as they are liberal in the context of the world today I mean Amsterdam is seen as the den of iniquity for for a lot of the western world because it seems like anything goes with the Dutch and back then you know while it was certainly not like the 21st century they were far more open-minded um and open to new ideas and uh than you would find in amongst other European people so they uh settled themselves uh at the at the Confluence of the uh of the Hudson Rivers it flows into the Atlantic here in Long Island and Manhattan and all that and they set up a commercial colony New Netherlands or New Netherlands is the name of the colony and their capital city is New Amsterdam named for the capital city of the Netherlands so New Netherlands with New Amsterdam now that will become New York City and New Netherlands takes in mostly New York New Jersey and parts of Pennsylvania um so as I said these were this was a commercial Colony involved in trade trade with indigenous people but also unlike the French they were growing crops uh for the World Market and they settled themselves um largely along the Hudson River if you look at this map that's the running north to south or yeah north to south dumping out there at um um at New Amsterdam modern day New York City and they do well they tend to get along with the indigenous people by their law they have to purchase lands they don't go out and just necessarily take them away although there are some cultural misunderstandings Long Island was reported to have been purchased for a a a trunk full of glass Venetian beads and you know they've been a pretty good deal even then but uh some cultural anthropologists have come back and said actually you know the indigenous people just thought they were getting a gift uh or down payment on rent they didn't realize that they were giving up uh Long Island or Manhattan I can't remember which one it was that uh I'm obviously not going to ask you a test question about that but I what I do want you to understand is that there's generally speaking good relations although that's taxed at times particularly as the Dutch spread throughout the Hudson river valleys so um but nonetheless the positioning of the the city of New Amsterdam uh right there in the Atlantic shielded by the islands there and the harbor that it gives them this becomes an important trade hub for the world and when this becomes taken over by the English it becomes New York it remains to this day a very very important trade hub for the world but remember it begins with the Dutch although many places that's that's been forgotten all right we'll finish that story and how they how the Dutch lose their colony but in order to do that we really need to talk about the English and again the way that American history United States history is typically framed it is starts with the 13 original colonies and you see a spread West that isn't exactly accurate certainly one way of looking at it and that is the dominant way of looking at U.S history today we spent a lot of time talking about other areas and other peoples involved in this but that's not to downplay the role that the English played those 13 colonies are going to set the foundation for our governmental and social institutions and that's important that's going to be very important for the development of this country so I don't want to exclude the English or downplay their role and all this because it's very very important but I also wanted to show you the others that anybody involved in this everyone from American Indians to Africans to the Dutch French Spanish right I mentioned one of our goals is discussing the delay in colonization and we'll start here with this guy Henry VII uh a Tudor Monarch um you can take classes on this I'm going to summarize it you can take an entire semester about Tudor England um it's far more complex story than I'm going to tell you I'm going to boil it down to some some bullet points here and uh that I want you to understand but England did not get into the colonization game as quickly as other countries and there were reasons for that the first is Henry VII Henry VII uh becomes king of England 1509 that's not his birthday the years I've got here or the years of the uh the monarchs are uh they reign and he would naturally have been the English Monarch who would have potentially pushed for English um English colonization of North America but he does not so why is that well in the 38 years that he's King a lot is going on and interesting a lot of that has to do with his marriage and his relationship to Spain in 1509 when he becomes king he takes a wife as was expected and that marriage is contracted as marriages often were back then uh negotiated his uh the Tudor family wanted to create a connection with the um the the Spanish throne and the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella this is the king and queen who's who bankrolled Columbus their daughter Catherine of Aragon was available on the marriage market so a marriage is contracted between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon this effectively merges Spain and England not politically but in terms of an alliance together their marriage solidifies them that this connection with Spain so what does this have to do with colonization this Spanish Crown says to Henry VII the monarchy basically says look you're married to a favored daughter of the king and queen um we will give you favored trading status in England with the Spanish colonies in other words you don't need to colonize New Spain we've got that handled we'll give you a deal you don't need to worry about the money you don't need to worry about the sending over a military and all that's going to cost you you've got your own issues at home economically and you can profit from these colonies because you are married to the princess of Spain and your Offspring will be it will be the descendant of these families so of these two important royal families the problem with all that is that Catherine of Aragon didn't have us uh well infant mortality was very high back then she had a daughter she did not have a son that lives Henry was getting concerned as she was getting older and couldn't produce a male Heir for him he ultimately decided that he needed to marry somebody else otherwise he was going to be stuck with his daughter Mary and he did not believe that a daughter of his could rule England I thought it would be a disaster it was impossible he needed a son couldn't have a son with Catherine he'd had Sons with his Mistresses but they couldn't be king so he was in a a bit of a quandary he couldn't kill her that he killed a couple of his wives he couldn't kill her I would lead to a full-scale Warfare with Spain couldn't afford to do that what about divorcing her well divorcing was against the church it would put him at odds with the Roman Catholic Church he would be excommunicated for that that could lead to problems so but he couldn't otherwise have a legitimate child with Catherine and he wouldn't have an heir a male Heir and that's going to lead to problems so he makes a decision he decides he's going to divorce Catherine and the way he's going to do that is he's going to start his own church basically England has been filled with a persecuted religious minority that were referred to as Protestants because they were protesting they had issues with the Roman Catholic Church they felt the Roman Catholic Church was too influenced by by uh Roman religion the Pagan Romans they thought that had infiltrated too much of the church they had other issues with the church they uh and they were protesting and they were trying to purify the church and bring it around to what they saw as a more biblical form of Christianity and we're called Protestants Henry needing to get rid of the Catholics declares himself a Protestant Embraces this persecuted minority gets excommunicated from the Catholic church then turns around drives out the Catholic clergy takes over their property divorces his wife takes another wife and Belen and starts having kids again well this is going to delay colonization because this Causes Chaos for him number one his relationship with Spain is now strained he just sent his wife home packing well she went to a nunnery I believe but he just divorced his wife that was humiliating and against the law as far as they were concerned number two he has now created a religious war in England between Protestants and Catholics because he's just basically catholic's been in charge and now he's telling them no you know he takes this persecuted minority and makes them in charge and so this causes great great problems Henry VII dies in 1547. um with his country in a bit of disarray I mean he holds it together but there's some problems um he did have a male heir Edward VI or he went through Six Wives if you're familiar with his story uh and Edward VI um his uh is his legitimate heir to the throne uh he comes in as king at age nine at 1547. he's nine years old think about that one okay he's not really ruling okay it's Regency he has adults who are basically ruling for him and advising him now the thing is is he falls under the influence of some fairly extreme Protestants who's number one focuses on the religious conflict going on in England and they want to fight the Catholic church and they use Edward VI in order to do this and so they began to persecute the Catholics in England and so again upheaval domestic problems religious war and Spain is still pissed off okay that that problem has not gone away okay Spain still feels insulted by all this this is the King's bastard son as far as they're concerned there was no legitimate marriage after Catherine so um Edward was a sickly kid and he does not live uh to adulthood he dies in 1553 after a very short Reign and uh then there are no more male heirs so by tradition they go to his oldest female Heir and that is Mary the first who is the daughter of Catherine of Aragon the granddaughter of Ferdinand and Isabella who is by the way a devout Roman Catholic so now she's in charge so now England is taken from being sort of a radical Protestant Nation now back to being a Roman Catholic Nation can you imagine the fighting that goes on um we're not in a civil war exactly but there are moments where it feels like that and Mary begins to persecute the Protestants and she kills many Protestants hence the name Bloody Mary which isn't just a alcoholic beverage a cocktail it is in fact Mary the first nickname given to her by the Protestants because of the persecutions they suffered under her um so we flip-flop okay England starts Catholic and then under energy the eighth becomes Protestant and under his son stays Protestant now we're going path to Catholic again mercifully for the Protestants she does not live very long five years or so before her death and then it goes to her younger sister the daughter of Anne Boleyn his second wife Elizabeth the first who is a Protestant so now after five years a Catholic rule England goes once again back to the Protestants a bit of whiplash here if you're living in England so this isn't going to be a great time to start a world Empire okay but this woman Elizabeth the first a woman that Henry VIII had no no confidence that any daughter of his could rule his kingdom it's going to become arguably one of the most powerful and important monarchs in European history Henry VII's daughter through Anne Boleyn uh she's a fascinating woman she chooses not to marry um she carries on with various men but invariably she finds that the men are just trying to get at her power she declares herself married to England and that she will marry no man but England is her to be her spouse and she's given the honorary title of the Virgin Queen not because she's literally a virgin she arguably had plenty of men in her life but again learning to distrust these men and their their thirst for her power she devotes herself to being a queen and not taking on a husband and she is really a fascinating woman uh very uh influential powerful and completely flies in the face of Henry VII's low confidence in his little red-haired girl but under her long Reign we start to have the first interest in colonization but before that happens she will find other ways to extract wealth out of North America that don't involve colonization and the way she does that is this is piracy she has a a group of men that she would refer to as the privateers they would refer to themselves as that the center character there Henry Morgan Privateer Privateer basically is an English or somebody from the British Isles who has a ship and a crew or ships and a crew who gets permission from the queen a special dispensation to go out and to raid Spanish ships on the Atlantic and bring Tribute back to the queen and make themselves Rich too so in this way through tribute extracted through the Pirates and I guess one man's Privateer is another man's Pirates the Spanish saw them clearly as pirates had treated them as such whenever they were captured I killed them but they would raid the Spanish Islands they would raid Spanish ships and brought back incredible wealth to the queen and to themselves so the Pirates delay colonization because the queen is making money from them and doesn't need to go with all the expense of trying to start her own colony all right that is until 1584. and one man who at one point was very important to her during this time um Walter Brawley a nobleman in England who the queen had been quite fond of Walter Raleigh goes to Queen Elizabeth and asks for permission to settle North America which is provocative she basically says well stay north of the Spanish settlements so that we don't start war with the with the Spanish and so he in 1584 sends a ship he does not go himself sends ships to the Outer Banks of North Carolina to a place called Roanoke Island named Rowan that they named Roanoke Island in a larger Colony that they refer to as Virginia which is referencing the Queen's nickname the Virgin Queen so you're going to find that uh that frequently colonies are named after the monarchs that give them permission to settle that's a real important thing so they settle a Roanoke Island 1584 they had no expect they had no understanding of how rough it was going to be they thought they were going to get rich just like the Spanish had very quickly they were going to find gold and pearls and all that stuff and it doesn't happen what they find is hunger and starvation a year later Raleigh sent some ships back to resupply and what they find are all the colonists ready to their bags packed ready to go home they're done so they go back in 1585 it's a failure or Raleigh can't afford to lose the money he organizes people to go back again in 1587 since more people um and when he goes to send ships the not following year in 1588 there's a major war going on with Spain so we can't send resupply ships not for a couple years and when he sends the resupply ships they go back and uh they find the colonies gone the buildings are there some of them but there are no people people have disappeared we still to this day do not know what happened to him the only clue is the name croatoa written a couple of times once on a tree Once on the palisade Wall or a rock some such they found croatoa Road written down and they um they're not entirely sure what that means there's certainly a a small Indian Nation by that name crotone and um maybe that meant that they were being wiped out by them maybe that meant that they went and joined them we just don't know we tried DNA tests even on an indigenous people from that area still don't know entirely so one of our great histories so England's first unsuccessful first colony is unsuccessful so here's this idea of identify with someone from the past so let me read some scenarios that people faced back then and maybe you can relate uh to it today um maybe you can try and put yourself in their position good bad or neutral as it may be number one if you had a mother from one culture or race and a father from another what advantages would you have in society what disadvantages would you have in society or mainly referencing here Spanish and French you know can you see advantages have we addressed that sufficiently where the biracial and tri-racial people might be able to find some Advantage maybe there would be disadvantage what about if you lived among the English maybe they would treat you differently number two would it be easier for you to vilify someone with a different religion and culture than your own I'd probably point to any of these colonizing powers they go to war with one another people speak different languages sometimes they have different different religions sometimes of people of different race when you fight when you go to war do you dehumanize do you make them different do you make them the other is that a way that humans are able to do what we do when we go to war with one another um how would that work for the the Colonials how would that work for an Englishman fighting an American Indian okay if you were poor and desperate would you risk your life for a chance at wealth and stability I mean really poor no future you're born poor you're going to die poor and no chance of getting out of that would you be willing to risk your life to turn your fortunes around would you gamble everything you have for a chance at improving your lot in life maybe that for your children that's going to lead to the next group I want to talk about in terms of the English so let's talk now about the Chesapeake colonies so I'm going to group colonies together what we it's historians of a group them group them geographically is the Chesapeake colonies they're around the Chesapeake Bay that's where uh that is where Washington DC is today in there so very important uh so Chesapeake colonies modern day States of Virginia and Maryland will grow out of that and they begin as colonies the Virginia colony and Maryland uh colony and so this is where it begins successfully for the English right so let's talk about that 1607. a group of businessmen investors approached King James who replaces Queen Elizabeth who dies without children a new I uh basically they import a new monarchy the stewards Scottish the stewards come in King James [Music] make an offer we want to go back into Virginia that is English North America and set up a new colony and we will name our Capital City Jamestown after you and we will set ourselves up as a corporation a joint stock company you can buy stock in it and become an investor in this uh in this venture King James gives them permission to do it and lets him go um why not they're very little to lose on his part so off they go 1607 of the Chesapeake and they find that it's a very hard place um they're a lot of myths about it it's the Pocahontas story John Smith Pocahontas yes they were all historical players they did not fall in love with one another I'll tell you about Pocahontas's fate later but uh yeah there weren't talking trees talking hummingbirds or talking raccoons yeah there's a lot of myths about Virginia but let's put it this way the reality of Virginia is really tough there's a lot of hunger there's evidence of cannibalism in their early days there's a very good chance if it hadn't been for Pocahontas The Colony itself would have failed and I'll get into that in a minute but first let's interpret artifacts the following images are of a skeleton and artistic Recreation of a teenager who died at Jamestown it's a young man somewhere between about 15 19 years age so I appear of yours as I walk you through the condition of his remains think about what this means about his life and the life of those around him in the colony let me introduce you to this unnamed teenager the artistic Recreation of his face on the left a forensic scientists who've done that so it's probably pretty close to what he looked like um so a young man not unlike you my dear students in age and uh probably all the same sorts of aspirations his body was dug up near the wall of the Palisade that is the Fort around Jamestown and there's some belief that he died early in the colonization of Jamestown probably died in 1607. his skeleton was found in this position a couple of things I want to point out if you look at his left leg you'll see a stone Arrowhead that was lodged up against his femur his leg bone upper leg he'd been shot in the leg and the thigh with a with an error they pulled the arrow out the Stone Point stayed in and just sort of wedged itself just gently into the leg bone and yet he's dead well there's some trauma to the skull but that seems to have happened in the burial there is a broken collarbone that may have happened obviously he died of violence but look at the way he's buried does this look like a careful burial or they laid him out gently family relatives crying over him or did they just toss this guy in a hole um they just tossed him into a hole what does it say what does this mean what was going on well Warfare with the local indigenous people the power palaton Confederacy um he died of violent death but you know a stone-tipped arrow and a teenager's leg usually doesn't kill them broken collarbone usually doesn't kill uh what was her work here well forensic um Anthropologist looked at his body and it remains carefully what they found is he had a chipped tooth a broken tooth and that broken tooth was abscessed and they saw evidence of disease in the bone his job owned caused by that broken tooth in other words he was slowly dying because he had no dentist all they would have had to do is knock that tooth out of his head and it would have drained the infection he could have survived but there was nobody who had even that kind of knowledge basic knowledge of dentistry and so his broken tooth was killing him then he broke he was in a fight with the Peloton got an arrow in the leg shoulder bone broke just too much he died his body could not withstand even those kinds of wounds and he died so think about what that says about the state of this Colony early on the desperation the Warfare that was going on um to get a sense of of the death of this uh um unfortunate uh young man so what turned things around uh tobacco tobacco had been grown in the Spanish colonies in Mexico it was uh more of a much stronger tobacco Than People smoked today it was uh had quite a kick I guess you'd say um it uh it was more much more like a drug than uh modern a uh tobacco and it was also very unpleasant to smoke but because it had the nicotine very strong concentration of nicotine it was also highly addictive now the king of England James did not like his subjects smoking tobacco because it was just putting money in the hands of his Rivals the Spanish yet he was seeing his own people becoming addicted to the stinking weed he called it he talked about it in terms of uh of morality that it was a sin that you were belching the smoke of the devil and tried to discourage it not so much for health but because and as much as he applied spiritual meaning to it it was really economic helping the Spanish but the English were starting to get addicted to it um John Rolfe one of the Virginia colonists who I sometimes refer to as Mr Pocahontas because John Rolfe in fact did marry Pocahontas not John Smith John Rolfe married Pocahontas had the romance with her and children and so forth and John Rolfe um using his relationship through his wife and to her family and the Powhatan Confederacy starts experimenting with some of the tobacco they are growing there in Virginia for their own use and they create a hybrid working with the indigenous people he creates a hybrid tobacco that's far more mellow far more pleasant to smoke if you can call smoking Pleasant certainly much more than the Spanish version and he grows some plants of it loads it in a barrel sends it back to England and people love it they love it it's much easier to smoke much more mild than suddenly King James realizing that he's going to get taxes off this is oh well Virginia tobacco mellow healthy righteous good smoke this stuff you know and it just suddenly everybody it's all the rage to smoke Virginia tobacco and so everywhere you can stick a seed in the ground and grow a tobacco plant in Virginia someone is sticking a seed in the ground and growing tobacco um so by 1613 tobacco Saves The Colony so now the Colony after 1613 really grows people are coming over they want to invest they want to get wealthy they want to make money they want to grow tobacco and so it begins to spread along the waterways because you need the rivers and you need the bay access to the Bay because moving any kind of crop over land is super expensive and it's going to cut right into your profit margin so you need to grow your tobacco as close to water as you can so you can move it cheaply and effectively so the land starts filling in Colony starts filling in um and the wealthy get the good lands of course the poor are pushed out further and further west and Out West they're going to be running into various indigenous people who did not invite them who don't appreciate them just coming in and trying to take over their lands as you can imagine well a lot of people that are investing in this are or no or noble people they're not going to get their hands dirty they need people to work the land tobacco is labor intensive and they need people to to work it so what are they going to do well they offer incentives to people to come over the head rights system which is 50 acres of land per immigrant so if you come over as an immigrant you get 50 acres of land well here's the catch most people can't afford to come over that would be willing to do this work England is full of really poor people during this time really poor and you know if you steal food habitually they're going to hang you they have this thing called bloody codes it's a series of laws in England that condemn you to death for everything from habitually stealing money or habitually stealing or even writing a threatening letter to somebody is going to get you on the end of a rope so the poor have really nothing nothing so the head rate system wants to recruit these people but not give them the money what happens is you have Labor agents that will go around the poor communities of the poor neighborhoods of London and get the most desperate people who seem to have some physical strength left in them and say come over to Virginia we'll give you an indenture contract you work for us for six eight ten years depending on what they negotiate and at the end of that you get land owning land was unheard of for your average European during this time land equals wealth so you are offering land to the poorest poorest people in England and suddenly it's they understand this is going to be dangerous this is going to be hard but they're willing to risk it so they start packing up and going over when they're brought over to Virginia with this contract this indenture uh the labor agent takes a fee and sells that contract to somebody else that person then collects the 50 acres and they pay off the indenture now they own that person for six eight ten years or whatever is negotiated and so that indentured servant will work and until they've worked off that indenture there's all sorts of things that are on those contracts if you get pregnant if you're a woman you get more time added on if you get caught drinking alcohol time is added on there's a number of little tricks that keep people working for a long period of time and what this leads to is this whole underclass of indentured servants in Virginia who are very poor and are very exploited they're not traded they're not treated well because some of the most unscrupulous land holders know that if the indentured servant survives to the end of their contract they're going to have to give them land and tools and seeds and clothing and that's an expense they don't want to pay so for some of these people they would rather just work them to death and so it's a really really tough situation so um the indentured servants that do survive are given lands but they're given lands Way Out West usually Indian lands and that puts them in great danger the governor the colonial governor of Virginia during this time referenced looked at his population and wrote a description of this population that surrounded him he said he described them as quote a people where six parts of seven at least are poor indebted discontented and armed okay the potential for social upheaval in Virginia is very real now a parallel story is going on and that is the story of African slaves in Virginia Which brought in 1619 by Dutch traders who have picked them up in Africa bring them over to the Virginians the Virginians say what do you got here and they said we have indentured servants from Africa so they sell their contracts just as they would in indentured servant from London the idea of permanent chattel slavery inherited Shadow slavery is not yet formed the first wave of Africans to come to Virginia oftentimes are able to earn their freedom and in some cases become land holders themselves but we're going to see that that won't last so we see the beginning of Africans being brought into Virginia in 1619 and that is often even though it's technically incorrect seen as the beginning of the African influence in the United States we know that estebanico was wandering the American South and Southwest decades before this but traditional U.S history looks at 1619 as the year that we have the African connection to the United States it's about 90 years earlier but you know understand the significance the difference between the two this is the beginning of African servitude and then slavery in the English colonies all right so here's that question so Ponder this investibanico was the first African in what is now the United States why is he rarely given that distinction why do we not celebrate him why is the timeline rolling forward nearly 100 years to the year 1619 and what does this suggest about historical bias is this a why is it why do we celebrate 1619 commemorate not so much celebrate it's a wrong word commemorate 1619 as the beginning of African American history well we could rule it back 90 some years previous what is that about is that about the Spanish is that about looking at the Spanish contribution to U.S history the desire to diminish that or is it the fact that estebanico really proved that the equality of the races maybe that's that scenario that was threatening to people in the past hard to say I don't have an answer I've got some theories but I want you to think about it maybe come up with your own all right further developments so now we have two classes of people who are doing the hard work poor whites from London important injured servants from Africa who've been kidnapped against their will folks from London came on their own free will folks from Africa at gunpoint James the first declares Virginia our royal colony in 1624 and the reason he does that is because the colony is making a lot of money and he realizes okay well this has been a great commercial Venture but um as king I'm now taking it over basically buys them out and takes over the colony it is now a royal colony not a private commercial venture what does it look like when he takes it over well there's labor shortages a lot and it's being filled primarily from indentured servants with some indentured Africans who have been kidnapped and brought over the lifespan is relatively short for people particularly amongst that Working Poor class of Africans and uh and uh indentured indentured whites huge economic imbalance you have the very very wealthy who make up a very small minority of the Virginia colony the vast majority are really really poor there's also an indenture there's also a gender imbalance most indentured servants being brought over are male because the idea is to bring them over to work in the fields not to create a balance in in the uh in the population of gender balance so it's out of balance um as more and more indentured servants are relocated into the West it causes Warfare with the indigenous people and these poor people who've been exploited and who have uh been pushed further and further out to the west where it's dangerous to live are very unhappy just as Governor Berkeley said this is going to reach a flash point in 1676 because of this gentleman Nathaniel Bacon who leads what's known as Bacon's Rebellion of 1676. I'm going to boil this down very quickly hopefully you're reading you're going along with the reading before this and you probably already know the story then bacon was a late Comer to Virginia Society couldn't buy a lands in the Chesapeake had to go out further west where the poor people work where the American Indians were and um he was very angry about that and he asked Governor Berkeley for permission to raise an Army against the American Indians Berkeley was afraid to say yes afraid to say no um but I gave him some Authority bacon used that to go out and Massacre a peaceful Village of American Indians because he didn't know one indigenous group from another they were all the same to him so he wipes out some allies of the English um and then feeling emboldened that his army is very powerful turns and comes to Jamestown to attack the wealthy this is class Warfare going on here and baking uh Burns Jamestown to the ground drives the governor and the government out and then gets dysentery and dies and when he dies his army suddenly goes fleeing back to where they came from uh saying no never heard of the Rebellion I don't know a thing about it um and so the Rebellion is put down uh with some loss of life um but this scares the hell out of Berkeley this scares the hell out of colonial authorities in the Virginia colony they realize how dangerous this was there are a couple of things that they saw the indentured servants were oftentimes the the the uh the soldiers in this and denture servants and former indentured servants also amongst those were African former indentured servants um and they realized a couple of things um indentured servitude was not a good way to go when people got freedom they got unified and when they got unified they became dangerous and so they pushed for changes they changed the laws they changed incentives they started to push back on bringing any more poor whites to the Colony they did not want that those were unpredictable people and instead they wanted more Africans and they changed the system that change had already been going on but they've solidified it and made it a very much a part of the system and that is Africans were no longer indentured servants they were slaves for life they were enslaved for life and to make it worse they passed that that slave status onto their descendants for life think about that so there were some major changes so they want to rely on Perpetual permanent African slave class that they felt that they could better manage than these indentured servants um when they realize under the law that a descendant from a a a relationship between a European and an African um under the law you the status of the child was dependent on the status of the father originally so if a white colonist had a baby with an African colonist that baby would be free because the father was free and they realized hey we're giving away too much free labor and we get into this ugly system here where you know slavery's ugly and it's on its own but it's just the layers of it of Despair here they changed the law so that essentially European men can have children with women African women but if the African woman is a slave the children are slaves which puts the strange horrible situation of essentially Virginian European colonists owning as property their own children so um going on along with this and the changes that rapidly happen as a way of controlling the African population the enslaved population and controlling the poor white population as they try and drive a wedge between those two groups because they realized when they came together they were very dangerous and so they begin courting the poor whites with hey yeah you might be poor but you could be rich tomorrow and at least you're not African at least you're not enslaved you don't want anything to do with those people and they drove culturally and socially a wedge between a group of people that actually had a lot in common and actually had gotten along at one point and drove that wedge between them and that wedge would remain in place for centuries and there's evidence that that wedge still exists to this day and it comes back to this Legacy of of Bacon's Rebellion and trying to keep poor whites and poor blacks apart from one another and even from uniting and rising up so an important part and this leads to a huge expansion of the African slave system now Virginia wants to rely on enslaved Africans and more and more money goes into the system and the system begins to expand and spread and we'll be talking more about that later I want to talk uh for a few minutes I want to discuss slave life in the English colonies because that's important to understand too and we're going to have an entire module about slavery in America and we'll get into more detail at that point but just to touch base on some of this stuff um understand that by the time we get into 1700s some historians have argued that the uh the colonies are more African than they are European and this is based on the fact that we actually start to see for a time more Africans brought into the English colonies than actual Europeans coming into the English colonies and so we have this huge influence of African culture and ways and traditions coming in and shaping American society I mean Beyond just that of the Africans who are coming but this is starting to shape American society in general and larger and so the the culture of the colonies is going to be shaped particularly in the South by African by the African cultures of people that come and settle even though they're settling against their will nonetheless they are changing the culture in the ways of particularly the Southern United the southern colonies and part of the way that that happens is that the enslaved people are able to maintain a lot of their culture they make choices you know it was popular once upon a time when you talked about slavery even or you talked about the history of enslaved people to portray them as having basically no control over their own lives that they were sort of faceless victims in the in in and caught in this horrible system well the system is horrible but you you look at the lives of these people and you realize that they find ways to have autonomy they have find ways to to hang on to Cherished beliefs religious beliefs cultural beliefs uh even the way they cook food and so forth to things that they preserve Against All Odds uh still survive to this day you look at this picture this is a wedding ceremony so even the weddings were technically illegal amongst enslaved people they're nonetheless performing a West African slave tradition of jumping the broom um you'll see one on the right side you'll see a man is playing a banjo an African instrument um and some percussion going on so you know the the music ways have become indelibly almost foundationally a part of American music what's unique about American music is is West African in origin as well so um yeah they're they're this is even though these people are brought against their will even though there are subjected to dehumanizing treatment they nonetheless preserve their Humanity they nonetheless preserve their cultures and in doing so leave an indelible Mark upon American society and culture that persists to this day Family Life amongst the enslaved people it was unpredictable mainly because treated as property they could be bought and sold which meant you never knew from one day to next if family members could be sold away and that happened the death of uh of the head of the household could throw a family into Financial instability people could be sold away um punishment people could be sold away so um this new generation how I'll use the term African Americans because we start have the first generation of uh of of Americans born of African descent in the colony so I'll use that term African-American now uh so these descendants these uh the first African Americans um they grow up in a society that that they create of their own preserving what they can from the old ways including an idea of uh Community focused family life so that if parents were sold away that children would be taken care of if a child would be sold away those parents is tragic and as traumatizing as that would be they would know wherever that child was going that there would be parents on the other end who would raise that child as their own and taking care of them so you um part of the way that these enslaved people survive is by creating their own Society their own culture to fit the circumstances in which they live and again that is going to still have a stamp on Modern America today and the Family Focus Community Focus um I do want to bring up the issue of violence and resistance and that was something that brought up in one of the earlier I think the first module fighting back um there's only so much people can take um at least time and time again across across the world across the ages um enslaved people do not long stay enslaved after a certain number of generations they will rise up and it happens certainly in America the Civil War bringing at least the enslaved period of the African experience to an end but the Civil War was not the first Bloodshed over slavery there were small rebellions and acts of uh of everything from running away to fighting back individual acts of rebellion but there were also larger organized rebellions 1739 the Stono Rebellion just up our Coast in South Carolina 45 colonists were killed in South Carolina and uh 80 enslaved people were killed most of them is reprisals after the after this was ended the surviving white colonists began killing any enslaved person that they thought might have any connection to this they used Terror to keep this remember happening again at least that's what they had hoped I don't want to move north now to the New England colonies um Plymouth the first 1620 New Hampshire 1623 Massachusetts really Massachusetts Bay Colony 1628 Connecticut 1635. I'm going to combine some of this a little bit um uh really these four in many ways um look a lot alike and we could add to it Rhode Island is going to break out of uh out of there too and create their own little thing so um these five colonies when I include Rhode Island really have far more in common with one another some differences but there we group the New England colonies together because they do share a lot of their history but some things are unique to some areas um Plymouth Colony being a good example of that um you've heard the pilgrims you probably in I don't know kindergarten wore a construction paper black hat with a buckle on it and put construction paper buckles on your shoes and saying a pilgrim song or something or Thanksgiving song you know again there's lots of mythology about uh about the pilgrims but let me talk about who the pilgrims were first of all the term Pilgrim means somebody who's on a journey for religious purpose it's used all over the European world and Beyond to reference people who are on a pilgrimage that is taking a journey for religious sake so the name pilgrims itself is just a general term they wouldn't have called themselves pilgrims they saw themselves actually part of what was the scruby congregation not going to require you know that just no pilgrims they came to Plymouth which is modern day Massachusetts in 1620. on the ship the Mayflower which is fairly famous now the reason they did this is because this was a group of religious radicals living in England that had gone through England had gone through all these religious wars back and forth back and forth and they were rebelling against the Church of England so they were Protestants that were rebelling against the Church of England they wanted they were they wanted to break away from the church of England entirely they thought the Church of England was far too Catholic still and far too tied to the political Powers they just wanted nothing to do with the church of England and when you attacked the Church of England in the 1600s you're attacking the king so you better get out and you know that's dangerous a very dangerous position to take and they recognize this so they go to the one place in Europe where there is um religious freedom and that's the Netherlands to go live amongst the Dutch remember who are very liberal so they go and live amongst the Dutch the Dutch welcomed Jewish people they welcomed all sorts of religious non-conformists that's just how they were and that's part of why the colony that becomes New York is so diverse in the colonial period and remains a very diverse place to this day um so they go to the and live amongst the Dutch the problem is is that the Dutch um are hardly a Pious people they gauge in they engage in all sorts of activities the pilgrims find to be offensive and sinful and so while they don't have to worry about being killed they're very worried about the salvation of their children they don't want their kids getting sucked into the sex drugs and rock and roll of Amsterdam all right that's a bit anachronistic but you get the idea right they don't want to lose their kids to sin so they pack them up in this boat the Mayflower and they sail trying to head for Virginia they get off track a bit and they end up in a place they called Plymouth named after a city where several of them came from in England so they set up Plymouth as a plantation and um and there's a colony and there even though they face dangers uh all sorts of dangers they at least believe that their children will be safe and so there they go there are a lot of myths about Plymouth it was a tough place to live yes this is where Thanksgiving started the idea started you know there's some interesting things there the guy on the left that's Squanto Squanto was a American Indian who had been kidnapped taken to Europe this is a crazy story uh kidnapped taken to Europe as perhaps a servant or as a novelty to show off to the noble people of Europe I mean he was certainly a novelty over there he was able to get enough money to go back get passage back to North America he's dropped off on the shore of North America and he starts walking trying to figure out how to get home and as he is walking through what would become Plymouth he sees the Mayflower and he walks out to the beach and as the folks from the Mayflower see him he walks over and he says to them in English hello you can imagine you know here are these scared very religious people don't know what to do you know terrified the indigenous person steps out of the forest and speaks to them in their own language this was a miracle for them for them this was a miracle God was clearly protecting them in their own eyes and so uh Squanto teaches them how to grow food and stay alive and uh some of the neighboring indigenous people eventually come over and the idea is they all were very friendly and yeah they were probably friendly for you know a couple of years but uh that eventually broke down and there was some sort of a Thanksgiving um I don't know if it involved a big turkey mashed potatoes but it was uh in celebration of the uh the the first uh the the the the harvesting of the the first crops uh not an uncommon thing uh before this happened in other places too but becomes now an American tradition now you've probably heard the term Puritan we've got pilgrims and we have Puritans and people constantly confuse them constantly even in newspaper articles and major newspapers they can't seem to get them straight they are two different groups you just learned about the pilgrims religious separatists who went to the Netherlands then went to Plymouth but they have next door neighbors with a you know who are Puritans surprisingly similar names but are a bit different and to understand the Puritans we have to go back to England to this King Charles the first who ruled from 1625 to 1649. Charles the first one of the Stuart Kings um has to share power in England the way England is set up is there's a Power share going on but Charles the first is unhappy about that situation he doesn't want to share power he wants to be an absolute monarch he wants to be like the king of Spain he wants to be like the king of France and he's frustrated he doesn't want to share power with the law making body known as Parliament so he begins to push back against Parliament now at the time there was a religious movement going on in England that was embraced by many members of parliament and it was uh it was referenced as the Puritan Movement meaning these were people who wanted to purify the Church of England pilgrims wanted to break away Puritans wanted to purify that is reform the Church of England they didn't want to get rid of the church they wanted to fix it they wanted to make it look less like the Catholic church that's basically what they were interested in doing they didn't want to shake up the system so much but nonetheless this religious movement becomes political because politics and religion oftentimes go hand in hand and so many of the parliament members of parliament become associated not just with the political movement of resisting the king but also the spiritual movement of puritanism and so we start to see a War break out the more Charles pushes against Parliament the more that Parliament pushes back and pretty soon blood is going to be shed um as things start to get bad the middle class of the Puritans in England decide that they're going to go to North America and start their own colony a religious social experiment and I say the middle class because the very wealthy Puritans stay behind to fight they they're the ones that are going to lead the battle against King Charles and they will win and they'll cut his head off does not end well for Charles and the very poor don't have the means to travel so they remain behind and they are basically the foot soldiers of what it's going to be known as the the English Civil War the Puritans fighting against or the parliamentarians fighting against the royalists the the Royal forces of the king so England is going to devolve into Civil War but is is it's at the point of that this middle class sells what they have pack up and they come start coming into the New England colonies and they they just north of Plymouth they establish themselves at a place they call Massachusetts Bay Colony um referencing the Bible they talk about themselves as a city on a hill that they will become a virtual Zion uh city of God city on a hill and that they will behave so righteously and they'll be so good and they will be so blessed by by God that the whole world will look at them as an example and want to live like them so it was very very tied into religion but these are not the pious pilgrims people think of Puritans and confuse them they think of them constantly praying dressed all in black and they're not look at this picture okay think of a Puritan with a gun right I think of a Puritan with a helmet uh you know a Bible in one hand and a weapon in the other uh yeah they're Pious but they also you know don't dress in all black they wear colors they're very colorful people um and they are rebellious people um it's their cousins who stay behind in England who killed the king and that's important to understanding the culture of New England because these are these are King Killers essentially I don't necessarily say that in a bad way I just you know saying that these are the people who will rise up violently against their monarch and it will be no coincidence as we'll see that this is going to be a hotbed for revolution in our next module so anyway somewhere between 16 and 20 000 Puritans come over during the decade of the 1630s known as The Great Migration um they come over as families that's different we haven't encountered that before we've always got the gender imbalance thing going on both the Puritans that's not the case entire families come together so they have a very stable balance in terms of male and female so they very much marry within their own group um religion is very important piety um Puritan children learn to read even the girls oftentimes learn to read mainly so they can read the Bible that's the main point they find that the environment in New England to be healthy it gets really cold during the the winter it kills off the Vermin kills off the mosquitoes there's a lot of water a lot of rivers good clean water these people become very healthy and much healthier than they were in England uh food is plentiful their Farmers air is good environment's good they start living a long time they start becoming very healthy within a few generations and suddenly we have the invention of grandparents and even occasionally great grandparents popping along I look at this image we can see at least three generations together in this painting you'll also notice something interesting and that is the children are all painted with sort of adult faces um they got little bodies and adult faces um it's sort of an interesting folksy kind of painting but it captures the idea it's rough to be a Puritan child there's no real concept of childhood and any kind of long-term childhood for a Puritan they become adults very early on they are expected to behave and um and act in a certain way early on it's it's tough but these people are very very successful as I said education is important to them many Puritans learn to read if nothing else but to read the Bible the first college is established and what is now the United States and that's Harvard College in Cambridge right next to the capital city of Boston Massachusetts and that's established in 1638 and still going very strong to this day and one of the most important universities in the United States part of what drives these people's successes their brand of religion puritanism is based very heavily on what's known as Calvinism which is um uh for which is informed by the philosophies of a Swiss um Theologian named Johann Calvin or John Calvin uh John Calvin preaches an idea that is embraced by much of the Christian World eventually and certainly during this time embraced wholeheartedly by the Puritans and it's the idea of predest predestination which basically says that all human beings are born with a decision being made in advance whether they are going to be damned or whether they're going to be saved and there's literally nothing they can do in this life to change God's mind you are born with your ticket punched damned or saved end of story now that creates a lot of anxiety if you stop and put yourself in that position if you believed that you were damned or saved today and there's nothing you can do and hell for these people damned is a bad place I mean it's you know lots of fire and devils and demons with sharp sticks and you know burning things and you know it's not pleasant it's this most horrible you know fate you could imagine so let's say you really believe in that kind of a fiery hell what do you ask yourself every morning I mean you got to wonder am I headed for that place or am I headed to heaven where it's fluffy and you know lots of clouds and happy people singing praises to God I mean you don't want to go to the other place and yet God has made that decision so you want to know where are you going it creates a certain amount of anxiety so the funny thing about the Calvinists and particularly the Puritans is the only way they feel like they can know if they're headed for salvation is if they are successful because God blesses those that he loves at least that's the idea and now he occasionally puts them through trials bad things may happen to them but if they overall are doing well it must be a sign of God's pleasure for you so Puritans to alleviate the stress that they're feeling they wake up before the sun comes up and they work hard and they work after the sun goes down and they labor and they are successful and that success alleviates the stress and anxiety of their salvation versus damnation question because if they're doing well they are headed to the right place but this anxiety also leads to some terrible social phenomena when and social scientists have studied this whenever societies are under stress we often do dumb things that we later regret and sometimes communally we as societies will do stupid things and this can happen at a neighborhood level even a family level but people under stress do rotten things frequently as a way to feel better feel better about themselves relieve their stress and this happened in the Village of Salem in Massachusetts and over the winter and in spring summer of 1692 to 1693 and not just run through it quickly you can read about in the book but in this case we have what we would probably call Hysteria um it started with some young girls uh pretending that they've been obsessed by devils and rolling on the floor and getting attention relieving some stress and anxiety of Their Own no doubt uh but it becomes uh a full-blown hysteria and paranoia in the community that the devil is taking over and they want to blame and they often blame the people that they don't like they often blame people who are different and and so we have people being rounded up being accused of Witchcraft and as a result of that 150 people are arrested in this little village 19 are hanged to death one is crushed under rocks an old man who refused to to acknowledge that he was a you know was in League with the witches was crushed under rocks as a little old man to punish him before die in jail people's youngest I mean five six years older put into jail over this whole thing it's just a disaster and they say girls that pretended because one of them years later got up in church and she confessed and she was wrong um so you know when I go to Salem I go there occasionally and I see people celebrating sort of which thing oh which this which that you know that downplays the tragedy of this there were no witches there were no witches in Salem um these were people who were murdered by their neighbors and that's what you have to remember they're murdered by their neighbors because when people are scared when they go into full-blown hysteria they do horrible things from time to time and this is just one example we'll see others so to summarize the Puritans not the pilgrims the Puritans religiously they're very conservative politically they're radical they're rebellious like I said they kill the king but they're very conservative in religion so remember those distinctions so Ponder have you ever been caught up in a Hysteria how did fear or anger make you do things you normally would not and Salem Village is like I said a great example of that kind of thing um people regretted the death that followed Their Fear their anxiety their acting out without stopping and thinking rationally even though their understanding of the natural world was limited compared to ours they they had enough faculties about them to figure this out in fact it took people coming from outside the village walking in and seeing what was going on to bring an end to this to report it back to the governor people in Salem Village have gone crazy to bring this thing to an end so think about that have you ever been put in a situation where you were so worked up about something maybe something that wasn't even true or maybe something that wasn't that big of a deal or whatever the case but you get so worked up that you might do something you normally wouldn't do um that's hysteria and unfortunately it does happen and sometimes it has very very real repercussions for people all right Let's uh leave New England go up and talk about uh what we call uh we'll go head down the coast to the middle colonies New York New Jersey Delaware Pennsylvania um New York New Jersey again started by the Dutch in 1613 but taken over by the English In 1664 Delaware and Pennsylvania in 1681 will come out of the Dutch land Holdings so let's explore that a little um during the 1660s the English jealously eyed the successful Dutch colony of New Netherlands the Dutch were making good money and the English were new where you can see the English and pink the Dutcher and the couple shades of brown they're up against one another the Dutch are doing quite well the English are looking at this jealously and thinking to themselves we've got a much bigger Army and Navy than the Dutch do what would it take for us to just go and take this Colony over what would it take well they would find out 1664. the English Navy comes into a harbor trains the guns on New Amsterdam and and makes an ultimatum here this painting of this so here's the Dutch colonists the governor of the Dutch colony was a guy named Peter stivasant and Peter Stuyvesant if you look he's got a a prosthetic leg made of silver I'm sure it was silver plated wood but Stuyvesant was an old Soldier lost his leg um Dutch were fairly practical people uh probably related to their working in the commercial industry the English made them an offer they said we're coming in we're either gonna you know we're either going to flatten your city and kill your citizens or we're going to strike a deal Stuyvesant said What's your deal and they promised them life estate and Liberty in other words the Dutch would be left alone they could keep all their property and businesses and they would be allowed all the same freedoms that they had previously enjoyed it's just now they're going to pay their taxes to the English and they're now going to be loyal to the English king now Stuyvesant assesses the situation looks at his own troops looks at his own people looks at the ships out there and realizes that there's not much he can do and he surrenders now they'll rise up a little later we don't have time to get into that but I want to show you how that Dutch colony which had been around for 51 years suddenly now becomes English now the Dutch remain behind and that's where my ancestors came in they spoke Dutch for another 200 years in terms of this life estate and Liberty you know um you know I had a great great grandfather um in the 1800s his name was Johannes and at home I'm sure his parents referred to him as Johannes and they spoke Dutch but the minute he went into New York City and he was amongst the English he was John they referred to him as John and he spoke English it's not too dissimilar which happened what happens in the American southwest when Mexican lands become part of the United States somebody might be Juan and speak Spanish at home and in this in the streets he's John and speaks English so it's the same kind of thing so the Dutch hang on to their culture for as long as they can and some people I'm not included in that group still maintain a certain amount of touch culture and identity I mean I speak like five words of Dutch so I'm not a good example of of cultural persistence amongst Dutch Americans although I still have the identity but the culture has been long lost when my family went West so um but the Dutch will produce three presidents Barton Van Buren and both of the president Roosevelts we'll talk about them later but they surrender and the English now take over the colony rename it New York and New Jersey and Pennsylvania New Amsterdam is renamed New York City it continues to be a very important city for trade it's just now the English collect the tariffs and taxes um and the Dutch people remain and more and more people pour into it from around the world I said it was very diverse under the Dutch we had a large Jewish population we had three people from all over the world uh very tolerant open Society New York today remains a fairly open tolerant Society so uh not it sort of maintained a certain tradition that goes back to the early 1600s so what about Pennsylvania you know New York and New Jersey remain far more tied to this sort of Dutch background Pennsylvania which is split off is actually created originally as a refuge for Quakers Quakers were religious separatists um who were constantly getting themselves in trouble in Europe the name Quaker came about because that they would Quake before the Lord Their Fear of God part of what they would do quite often is go proselytizing that is go out and try and make converts which was against the law for the English and typically the Quakers would be given one warning if they were caught preaching again they would be executed as you see over on the right so um and on the far left she's marching our way to execution so um the Quakers were being persecuted pretty badly and they had friends in high places in England so the idea was well let's create a a colony for them where they can be safe and they can practice their religion freely and so that's what Pennsylvania was created for now the reality is is yes a lot of Quakers went in there and it is referred to the as the Quaker State but um a lot of other people went in there too they were still Dutch people and there were people from other places that went in so it was not exclusively Quaker but the idea was to create a safe haven for them now let's move down south the Southern Colonies North Carolina South Carolina or Carolina as it was referred to when it was originally formed in Georgia um Carolina's formed in 1663. it splits into two parts in 1712 and George is founded in 1733 so the last of the English colonies uh to be settled so let's look at those uh the Carolinas um let's look at this map uh first of all the brown thing in the middle is the island of Barbados um not drawn to scale look down the little red circle down there that's Barbados but they just blew it up so you can see it bigger there um what happened in Carolina in Carolina or the Carolina was named after King Charles um and Charleston named after Charles so the Carolina is the Latin word for Charles and Charleston Charles King Charles Town is Charleston South Carolina today um the uh they grew um the the the people that settled there were oftentimes the younger sons of Planters and Barbados now Barbados was a pretty tough place to be um I had family that were indentured servants there for three generations and we're not happy they finally pretended to be Dutch and moved in with the Dutch people and and escaped but it was a tough Place uh it was hard for the Irish who were put there my family were Irish there and then pretended to be Dutch and it worked um but even harder for the Africans that were there it was just loaded with African slaves it was a tough tough place but a lot of money was made in Barbados so political prisoners from Ireland were sent there as as indentured servants oftentimes for a few generations and then African slaves sent there perpetually it was a really rough place but they made a lot of money the people in charge made a lot of money the problem is this small island and pretty soon after a few Generations what would happen is um under English law when a man died his estate went almost exclusively to his oldest son certainly the land would go to his oldest son um what about the younger Children Well when there's more land you can go out and settle your own land if you're a younger child but eventually the whole island of Barbados is carved up and there's no place for younger Sons to go to and they are making so much money growing sugar and Barbados that they want to devote less and less money for things like food and cotton and whatnot so the younger Sons settle Carolina and there in Carolina they grow tobacco rice Timber Naval supplies so food and supplies and then they will ship that to their relatives in Barbados so you create this business that's going on in both places so you got you know things basically Carolinas are supporting Barbados so Barbados can focus exclusively on growing uh sugarcane for that market so in many ways Carolina is tied far more to um the Caribbean that it is to the other English colonies because of that connection and like I said north and south are going to split uh what About Georgia well Georgia was created as a buffer remember Texas was created as a buffer for the Spanish to keep the French out uh Georgia is created as a buffer for Carolina or North and South Carolina at this point um in the 1730s the fear is that the Spanish are going to move up up the coast from Florida and there's some dispute the um and fear of the Spanish so the English want to create a buffer between Florida and themselves and that's when they decide to settle Georgia named after King George um 1733 is when the when James Oglethorpe was able to get the uh the charter for the colony um there's a lot of myth that Georgia was set up as a penal colony that is a place to send prisoners instead of executing them which was really bad for morale in England you know the bloody codes poor people being hanged it was really bad for for a morale so they started transporting uh convicts that had been sentenced to death and they were basically sold and indentured out for a number of years depending on their crime and they were sent to places where there was Labor needed and there had been talk about moving prisoners into Georgia it never really happened um I mean they moved some I mean don't get me wrong I mean some of y'all in Georgia descend from prisoners okay but so do people from Massachusetts in Pennsylvania and so forth but it's sort of overdone that Georgia was this big Penal it wasn't um that was that's sort of a myth um James Oglethorpe um got this Charter from King George permission to go and settle this Colony based on some very lofty ideals number one no large land Holdings he didn't want to be like the Carolinas he did not want to create big plantations rather he saw independent Farmers the families would own Farms there would be no slavery in Georgia that was original in the charter no slavery there would be no African slavery not like the Carolinas he was opposed to it he was also opposed to the consumption of hard alcohol that is the distilled Liquors beer and wine were okay because they were fermented but the distilled Liquors the concentrated hard alcohols were to be made illegal so he comes in with some fairly lofty plans you know in terms of independent farms and no slavery and and no drunkenness but this will fall apart fairly quickly um one big threat to George's existence was the war of Jenkins ear which is a larger War way outside of Georgia but eventually pulled Georgia into it a larger dispute fought between the Spanish and the English ostensibly began with a um a man named Jenkins getting his ear cut off on a English Ship by a Spanish who boarded the ship hence the interesting name for that war but one of the campaigns during that war was the Georgia campaign where the Spanish uh loaded up ships from Florida sailed to Saint Simon's Island just a couple hours from here unloaded their troops then the troops moved Inland to attack Savannah the capital then the capital of Georgia colony and a battle broke out Oglethorpe leading the the troops and they defeated the Spanish and the Georgia colonists defeated the Spanish Invasion basically solidifying and confirming a permanent place for Georgia amongst the colonies um oglethorpe's plan is eventually abandoned and plantations are started and slavery is allowed alcohol is allowed and part of that is that the colony struggled to compete with its next door neighbor of South Carolina it was very difficult to compete where they had all of those things and so in spite of idealism which would have really changed how the state would have developed how the colony would have developed how Georgia itself would be if there had never been slavery here it'd be very interesting but the colony grows along the Savannah River eventually you'll have settlements further up Augusta Macon and so forth so um and the focus on early Georgia history is is closer to the Atlantic now to you know today it's obviously Atlanta uh way up North but initially Colonial Georgia the focus is the Savannah River and the the city of Savannah all right we're going to wrap this up this unit up today on an artifact identification essay please refer to the instructions for writing the one paragraph artifact identification essay just like you did last module remember you can use the internet but you may not work with another person pay close attention to grammar and style in one paragraph please do the following identify what this artifact is the more precise the better who made it what was it used for how was it made how does this fit into the themes of this module upload your answer to folio by the due date you'll receive anywhere from 0 to 10 points your next module you get to find your own artifact it's worth more points that way but for this one I want you to uh to do that so what is your artifact let's look well I'll give you a clue it's a helmet so look at that try and figure out the style where did that come from I don't know if you can see very clearly but there's etchings on this particularly on the side of the helmet can you tell what that etching is that's a big giveaway of where this came from the style the etching where it was found if you can figure out any of that stuff and write me an essay the more detailed the better you do uh the the more points you'll get so you can follow the rubric if you have any questions about that so that's your uh artifact so you can skim back and have a look at that all right so wrap up what did we learn um think about that I mean we covered a lot today the colonial experienced many different people the diversity of European people the diversity of indigenous people the diversity of African people that are here um how's this set the stage for what comes next well our next module is dealing with the American Revolution it goes quite a ways in doing that so give that some thought all right folks um that does it for module two again make sure and put a stress on the data that is in the slides and the things that I do to support that data particularly the big ideas are important small details small stories little antidotes here and there they help you to remember hopefully the story or to reinforce an idea but the slides are going to always be my primary focus on drafting questions okay so good luck with that artifact um make sure you're doing your reading in advance and um we'll see you for the uh the next module