good morning and today we're going to go through a quick grammar review if there is more in-depth grammar that you would like to see please check out my other videos on this channel but today we're going to start off with the idea of sentence completion well what is a sentence completion you look at what the opposite is a sentence fragment a fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought now since it is part of a sentence it should not be allowed to stand by itself some examples of sentence fragments would be leaving your team at a time when we needed her because his car was in the shop which is why we don't care and awkwardly ran around the corner you'll notice these sentences are missing subjects we don't exactly know where the the person is or what the person is that is doing these objects and these verbs so what does a complete sentence need well it needs a subject it needs a verb and it needs to express a complete thought now sentence completion does not have to be long so long as you meet those containings of a subject of verb in a complete thought you're good you could just say Sally waited John ran home then we ate dinner and those are complete sentences they all have subjects they all have verbs and they all Express a complete thought the next fragment sentence that we'll look at is the phrase fragment now a phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of a speech and not containing a verb in its subject phrases are only part of a sentence and cannot stand alone so you might ask what's missing well a story with deep thoughts and emotions perhaps a record of achievements beginning when you were first hired and with the ultimate effect of advertising to sell products you'll probably notice here we have phrases without verbs sometimes and always without a subject for example a story with deep thoughts and emotions we don't know whose story this is and we're missing a verb a record of achievements beginning when you're first hired again it's great but I don't have a subject and I don't have a verb and with the ultimate effect of advertising to sell products I don't know whose ultimate effect it is I don't have a subject and once again I don't have a verb our next fragment we'll be looking at is a subordinate clause now some phrases become fragments because they begin with a subordinate clause that has been separated from the complete sentence subordinate clauses do three things sprinted Clauses will join two sentences together or they'll make one sentence dependent upon the other to form that complete thought and subordinate clauses can also indicate logical relationships some of your subordinating conjunctions that you might see might be the words since because and so that they shall cause and effect so you have one independent clause with one dependent clause although even though whereas though and while show comparisons and contrasts so your subordinating conjunctions have some sense of comparison how however where and wherever show a place and a manner you likely already have a complete thought but you're adding a subordinating conjunction a dependent uh phrase in order to show where if whether and unless show possibility and conditions so again you probably have a complete thought your subordinating conjunction is giving a condition to it you might show relations with the words that which or who and finally when you show time you're supporting the conjunctions might be after as before since when whenever while and until so how do we fix all of these subordinating conjunctions well you need to make sure your sentences have a subject a verb and express a complete thought don't start with the subordinate conjunction now finding subordinate conjunctions are tricky but remember they're dependent they cannot stand alone as a sentence themselves now a complete sentence usually answers the basic questions who and what a more complex sentence would also tell you when why where and or how our next type of sentence structure would be run on sentences a run-on happens when a comma is used between two complete sentences and run-ons are very common in writing and sometimes can be difficult to spot he enjoys walking along the beach he goes for picnics quite often I see two subjects IC two verbs I see two complete thoughts therefore this is a run-on sentence my favorite type of pizza is buffalo chicken it is a little spicy again two complete sentences two complete with subjects two complete verbs two complete thoughts my favorite type of pizza is buffalo chicken and the second sentence it is a little spicy they weren't dangerous criminals they were detectives in disguise again I've got two subjects two verbs and two complete thoughts here they weren't dangerous criminals and they were detectives in Disguise are two complete thoughts now run-on sentences are easily fixed by separating the sentences or combining them with a conjunction or perhaps even a semicolon the complete sentences themselves will help guide whether to separate the sentences or to join them now sometimes separating sentences cause the writing to sound choppy and awkward however sometimes combining the sentences causes confusion and the loss of coherence so sometimes it's better to have choppy ideas than to lose coherence completely now you have a lot of coordinating conjunctions that are quite common but the most common coordinating conjunctions would be your Fanboys four and nor but or yets and so now when you use a coordinating conjunction like this you must use a comma when you combine sentences using these conjunctions or subordinating conjunctions you might use a semicolon or a period to break the two sentences up for example I didn't know which restaurant to choose I was too hungry to decide well you might want to use a coordinating conjunction I didn't know which restaurant to choose because I was too hungry to decide and perhaps one of our Fanboys in which you might use a comma I didn't know which restaurant to choose comma and I was too hungry to decide now it's important to remember that run-on sentences are easy to fix but they can also be made worse by simply just adding a comma adding a comma without a coordinating conjunction creates a comma splice which is another grammatical error again fix are run on by either breaking the two sentences up by just simply putting in a period or a semicolon or you should add a conjunction either a coordinate or a subordinate remember with your coordinating conjunctions please use a comma some sentence is a more complex and contain more than one idea now these ideas can be equal or they might be unequal in rank now the ideas that are equal in rank are called coordinates these ideas are independent and they can actually stand alone from one another ideas that are unequal in rank are called subordinate the subordinate clause is dependence this is not a sentence it cannot stand alone now coordinate closets are connected using connecting words and but also either and they express different relationships the most common relationships expressed are in addition maybe some sort of comparing or contrasting somebody making a choice and the result the effect for example an addition might be Mary ate lunch and she went to the park we have two completely equal different thoughts here Mary ate lunch but she did not go to the park again two completely ideal thoughts two complete sentences using a coordinating conjunction Mary neither ate lunch nor went to the park this one shows a choice and again two complete thoughts Mary ate lunch consequently she went to the park and we're showing two complete thoughts here this time as a result what did she do after lunch next we have coordinating clauses the great writers vary their sentences and choose connectives meticulously now when you're writing be sure to choose the best connective that will Express the relationship between Clauses clearly for example it's not really clear when you say Mary ate lunch besides she went to the park we don't really see how those two tie together what becomes more clear is when you say Mary ate lunch and moreover she went to the park it sounds like she ate lunch in order to try and get to go to the park maybe it's nearby but the most clear that you would have in this coordination would be Mary ate lunch then she went to the park it sounds like first she did this and then she did this that makes them equal and therefore a coordinating clause next we have the subordinate clauses again subordinate clauses cannot stand alone subordinate clauses make a sentence more complex by adding information but they can also create confusion if you're not careful sometimes subordinate clauses cause information overload for example it is too much in one sentence if you say Jack who is a great cook started making a vegan dinner because he was vegan but was interrupted by Sally who was his overly clingy girlfriend calling on the phone Jack started making a vegan dinner what was interrupted by Sally who was his over clingy girlfriend calling on the phone is a little bit better so how do we make these subordinating Clauses more clear you want to use adverbs because subordinate clauses usually act as adverbs meaning the entire Clause modifies either a verb an adjective or an adverb a subordinate adverb clause is going to answer one of the following questions how where when or why common relationships shown between subordinating adverb Clauses are the time the cause or Reason the purpose or results and the condition for example they ran down the street because it was too cold well you can ask the question well why did they run down the streets that would show the subordinating adverb clause because it was too cold now a subordinate adjective Clause is a clause that acts as an adjective it's supposed to modify a noun a subordinating adjective Clause will begin with the relative pronoun such as who whom who's that or which but it can also have a relative adverb when where or why the Clause will usually answer one of the following questions how many which one or what kind remember it's an adjective it is going to modify a noun you have a noun well how many of that noun which one of those nouns what kind of noun for example Aristotle who is a Greek philosopher wrote the Poetics which is widely accepted in teaching fundamental performance art now next we'll look at faulty coordination we've been talking about coordination and subordination let's see if we can correct quality coordination because it can be tricky so you should carefully read your sentences to decide if any ideas are of unequal rank and then make an idea subordinate by rewriting it as a subordinate clause a modifying phrase or even in a positive so when we look at the ideas of clear references how do I make my sentences clearer you might use an antecedent the word to which a pronoun refers to now a pronoun was clearly refer to the right antecedent otherwise you're going to make an unclear reference now references can be ambiguous general or weak and none of these are good for example she told them to stop but they didn't listen well who told who to stop who is this she and who are they that is unclear but careful using your antecedents I need to have a reference before I can use a pronoun what will be clearer would be Susie told her brothers to stop but they didn't listen now I know who told who to stop I know who is she and who are they now an ambiguous reference occurs when a pronoun refers confusingly to two antecedents so the reader does not know at once which antecedent is met basically there are two antecedents and the pronoun could be referring to either for example you might say Jackie asked Jenny to borrow her pen because she thought it was a lucky pen well it's ambiguous to Jackie or did Jenny think the pen was lucky or unsure now a general reference occurs when a pronoun refers confusingly to a general idea that is only vaguely expressed for example while on vacation the family hiked went to an amusement park and raced go-karts it was a lot of fun or unsure it's unclear what exactly was a lot of fun was it the entire vacation or was it just the hiking or just the park or just the go-karts what would make this General reference more clear would be if you stated well on vacation the family went to an amusement park and raced go-karts these activities were a lot of fun that weak reference occurs when the antecedent has not been expressed but exists only in the writer's mind basically when you get so wrapped up you forget to tell the reader who or what you're referring to now the antecedent of a pronoun should be a noun but sometimes these antecedents are hidden in their adverbs or modifiers for example TJ was a superstitious person one of these is not opening an umbrella inside the house wait what is what is one the writer meant the superstitions was one of them but they forgot to say it thank you so much for stopping by for this quick grammar review again if you're looking for more grammar uh please go ahead and check out the other videos on my channel if there's more grammar that you would like me to review please leave a comment down below and let me know what more I can do and as always I'd appreciate it if you subscribed