and hello ladies and gentlemen and welcome back to another ap world history modern reading with your host mono entertainment and today we are reading from chapter 1.6 developments in europe so without further ado let's develop our history and knowledge further and let's start quote i should not wish to be aristotle if this were to separate me from christ end quote peter abellard letter 17 to hello c 1141 essential question how do the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions agricultural practices and political decentralization affect european society from 1200 to 1450. as the roman empire declined in power in the 5th and 6th centuries western europe entered the middle ages sometimes called the medieval period throughout europe trade declined intellectual life receded and the united roman state was replaced by smaller kingdoms that frequently fought one another for control of territory in response european kings lords and peasants worked out agreements to provide for common defense only the roman catholic church remained powerful in most of europe from roman times to the 16th century however between 1000 to 1450 learning and trade began to revive in europe this is called the high middle ages like many scholars of this period peter abellard studied classical thinkers such as aristotle and sometimes criticized the church but he remained a faithful throughout his life feudalism political and social systems european civilization in the middle ages was characterized by a decentralized political organization based on a system of exchanges of land for loyalty known as feudalism lacking a strong government people needed some protection from bandits rival lords and invaders such as the vikings from northern europe the core of feudalism was a system of mutual obligations a monarch usually a king granted tracts of land called thiefs to lords in return a lord became a vassal a person who owed service to another person of higher status in this case the king lords then provided land to knights in return knights became vassals of the lord and pledged to fight for the lord or king lords also provided land and protection to peasants in return peasants were obligated to farm the lands and the lord's land and provide the lord with crops and livestock to and to obey the lord's commands feudalism provided some security for peasants equipment for warriors and land to those who served the lord since the entire system was based on agriculture wealth and was measured in land rather than in cash the feuda system incorporated a code of chivalry an unwritten set of rules for conduct focusing on honor courtesy and bravery as a way to resolve disputes since women were to be protected the code put them on a pedestal while not investing with them with any significant additional importance in practice women did not have any rights minority system large thiefs or estates were also referred to as manners the minority system provided economic self-sufficiency and defense the manor produced everything that people living on it required limiting the need for trade or contact with outsiders many serfs spent their entire lives on a single manner little aware of events in the rest of europe manor grounds were small villages that often included a church a blacksmith shop a mill and wine presses they included the homes of peasants known as serfs serfs while not slaves were tied to the land this meant that they could not travel without permission from their lords nor could they marry without their lord's approval in exchange for protection provided by the lord of the manor they paid tribute in the form of crops labor or in rare cases coins children born to serfs also became serves as both climate and technology slowly improved the amount of arable or farmable land gradually increased agriculture became more efficient near the end of the middle ages the three field system in which crops were rotated through field fields came into use one field was planted with wheat or rye crops that provided food a second field was planted with legumes or such as peas lentils or peas these made the soil more fertile by adding nitrogen to it a third field was allowed to remain follow or unused each year technological developments included windmills and new types of plows heavier plows with wheels worked well in the dense soil north of the alps while lighter plows worked better in southern europe these changes promoted population growth political trends in the later middle ages in the later middle ages monarchies grew more powerful at the expense of feudal lords by employing their own bureaucracy and a military these employees work directly for the king or queen in contrast in modern countries such as the united states bureaucrats and soldiers work for the country not the chief executive the lands these monarchs collected under their control particularly in england and france were beginning to look like the modern countries of europe and as you can see by this image here is europe in the middle ages including viking areas invasion routes muslim areas and also the magyar areas france king philip ii ruled 1180 to 12 2003 was the first to develop a real bureaucracy yet it was not until philip iv ruled 1285 to 1314 that the first estates general met the estates general was a buddy to advise the king that included representatives from each of the three legal classes or states in france the clergy nobility and commoners although the french kings consulted this estates general when necessary they did not exact regular taxes from the upper two estates the clergy and nobility consequently the estates general had little power the clergy and nobility felt a little responsibility to protect a government they were not financing a problem that only continued to increase in france up to the eve of the french revolution of 1789 holy roman empire the german king otto 1 was crowned's holy roman emperor in 962 hearkening back to the charlemage's designation as emperor of the romans otto's successors survived the power struggle with the capacity over the lay infrastructure controversy of the 11th and 12th centuries this dispute was over whether a secular non-religious leader rather than the pope could invest bishops with the symbols of office it was finally resolved in the concordance of worms of 1122 when the church achieved autonomy from secular authorities the holy roman empire remained vibrant until it was virtually destroyed during the 30 years war 1918-1948 it lingered on but with litter power the empire came to a formal end when the french leader napoleon invaded central europe in 1806 norman england the normans were descendants of vikings who settled in northwestern france a region known as normandy in 1066 a norman king william the conqueror successfully invaded england this gave him him kingdoms on both sides of the english channel he presided over a tightly organized feudal system using royal sheriffs as his administrative officers the fusion of normans and anglo-saxons created the modern english people many english nobles rejected to the power of william in succeeding norman monarchs these nobles forced limits on that power in 1215 they forced king john to sign the magna carta which required the king to respect certain rights such as the right to jury and trial before a noble could be sentenced to prison they also won the right to be consulted on the issue of scottish a tax paid on a knight who wanted to pay money instead provide military service finally the first english parliament was formed in 1265 these developments increased their rights of the english nobility but not of the general population in the first full parliamentary meeting in 1265 the house of lords represented the nobles in church hierarchy while the house of commons was made up of elected representatives of wealthy townspeople eventually the power of these two legislative bodies in england became stronger than that of similar bodies on the european continent the hundred years war between 1337 and 1453 the rival monarchies of england and france fought a series of battles known as the hundred years war english archers armed with longbows about six feet long helped win several early victories however by the end of the conflict the english retained only the port of calluses in france two other important results of the war were on how people saw themselves and how they thought but on each side serving under a monarch fostered a sense of unity among soldiers who often spoke distinct languages or dialects the war marked another step towards people identifying themselves as english or french rather than a particular region the war also demonstrated the spreading use of gunpowder weapons gunpowder had been invented by the chinese and spread west by mongols christians versus muslims in addition to conquering england the normans also conquered sicily taking control of that mediterranean island from muslims muslims had conquered spain in the 8th century from that time christians had wanted to reconquer it this effort called reconquenista occurred over many centuries it was finally completed in 1492. roman catholic church during the middle ages in 1054 the christian church in europe divided into brant two branches a split called the great schism the roman catholic church continued to dominate most of europe for another five centuries while the orthodox church was powerful farther east from greece to russia the roman catholic church was one of the most powerful institutions in a europe divided into hundreds of small political states often church staff were the only people in a community who knew how to read and write if common people needed something written or read they asked a church official to do it most manners had a small church and a priest on the grounds christianity provided people a shared identity even as vernicular languages one spoken by the people in a region emerged to replace latin education and art the church established the first universities in europe because the church led in the areas of education most philosophers writers and other thinkers of the middle ages were religious leaders all artists worked for the church most artwork focused on religious themes which provided images to help illustrate surf's in sir and the bible church and state the church held great power in the feudal system if a lord displeased the church it could pressure the lord in various ways for example a local bishop might cancel religious services for his serfs this angered the serfs who would demand that the lord give in to the bishop like the roman empire the roman catholic church had an extensive hierarchy of regional leaders the regional religious leaders called bishops owed allegiance to the pope the supreme bishop in rome the bishops also selected and supervised a local priest monasticism although some christian clergy withdrew to monasteries to meditate and pray they remained part of the economies of western europe the monasteries had the same economic functions of agriculture and protection as other manners women were permitted to become nuns and exerted their influence in the monasteries of the catholic church reform although clergy took vows of poverty and supported charities in their communities the clergy also wielded considerable political influence and some monasteries became quite wealthy wealth and political power led to corruption during the 13th and 14th centuries eventually corruption as well as theological disagreements drove reformers such as martin luther to take stands that would shatter the unity of the roman catholic church in the 16th century christian crusades just as europeans fought to drive muslims out of sicily and spain they also sought to reclaim control of the holy land the region of palestine in the middle east that contained sites of spiritual significance to jews christians and muslims european christians had enjoyed access to these lands for centuries even after they came under the control of muslims social and economic trans of the 11th century added to the pressure among europeans to invade the middle east rules of primogeniature under which the oldest son in a family inherited the entire state left a generation of younger sons with little access to welcome land the landed nobles saw a military campaign as a way to divert the ambitions of these restless nobles as well as unemployed peasants who often pillage the lands of neighboring lords furthermore merchants desired unfettered access to trade routes across through the middle east the combination of these religious social and economic pressures resulted in the crusades a series of european military campaigns in the middle east between 1095 and the 1200s politics shaped the conduct of crusades tensions between popes and kings strengthened the intention of the roman catholic church to take control the church also used its spiritual authority to recruit believers it granted relief from acquired acts of atonement and penance and even promised people they would reach heaven sooner if they joined a crusade support came for the orthodox branch of christianity as well alarms by news of the persecution of christian pilgrims by seljuk turks the orthodox patriarchs of conscientionopol appealed to pope urban ii to help retake the holy land from islamic control the first crusade of four major crusades only the first was a clear victory for the christian dumb the european army conquered jerusalem in july 1099 however muslim forces under solomon regained control of jerusalem in 1187. the crusades did promote cultural exchange between europe and the middle east the middle east had a higher standard of living and european crusaders increased the demand for middle eastern goods the fourth crusade during the fourth and last major crusade 1202-1204 venice a wealthy city-state in northern italy had a contract to transport crusaders to the middle east an area known as the levant however venice was not paid all of what was due so the vigns pursued the crusader debaters first to sacazara in italian city and then constantinople a major trade competitor of venice the fourth crusade never made it to the holy land eventually islamic forces prevailed in the levant economic and social change the crusades were just part of the changes occurring in europe and in the late middle ages local economic self-sufficiency in europe gradually gave way to an interesting goods from other european areas from far flung ports marco polo in the late 13th century marco polo an italian native from venice visited the court of cuba lee khan and dadu modern-day beijing polo's captivating descriptions of the customs of the people he met intrigued europeans for example he described how mongols had multiple marriages drank mares milk burned black stones coal to heat their homes and bathe frequently often three times per week curiosity about asia skyrocketed skin is emulating interest in cartography or map making social change growth in long distance commerce changed the social pyramid of western europe economic success started to arrive a religious vocation or military service in winning status this military class between the elite nobles and clergy and the mass of peasants began to grow known as the bourgeoisies or burgers incurred included shopkeepers merchants craftspeople and small land holders urban growth with renewed commerce came larger cities the change to the three field system and other advances in agriculture led to population growth in the mid late middle ages this agricultural surplus encouraged the growth of towns and of markets that could operate more frequently than just on holidays as the demand for more labor on the manners increased the supply decreased a series of severe plagues swept through eurasia in the 14th century in europe an outbreak of bubonic plague known as the black death killed as many as one-third of the population the growing demand for labor and the deaths of so many people gave serps more bargaining power with lords urban growth was hampered after about 1300 by five century cooling of the climate known as the little ice age lower temperatures reduce agricultural productivity so people had less to trade and cities grew more slowly the little ice age led to an increase in disease and an increase in unemployment these in turn created social unrest the crime rate increased and jews and other groups that had already faced discrimination were the victims of scapegoating being blamed for something over which they had no control jews during the middle ages the small jewish population in christian europe began to grow many jews lived in muslim areas in the iberian peninsula present-day spain and portugal and around the mediterranean sea when these areas were overtaken by european christians in time jews who could afford to move northward in europe some political leaders particularly in amsterdam and other commercial cities welcomed them since they brought valuable experience in business and trade the roman catholic church also had a policy that christians could not change interest on loans to other christians however jews were not bound by this restriction with few other economic opportunities many northern european jews became money lenders the resulting increase in the flow of money contributed to the economic growth of europe however anti-jewish sentiment or anti-semitism was widespread among christians they thought of jews as outsiders and untrustworthy jews were expelled from england in in 1290 france in 1394 spain in 1492 and portugal in 1497 as well as from various independent kingdoms and cities in northern and central europe jews expelled from the western in central europe often moved to eastern europe while jews had lived in this region since the 1st century their numbers increased greatly because of the expulsions muslims like jews muslims to face discrimination in europe in 1492 the spanish king expelled the remaining muslims in the kingdom who would not convert to christianity many muslims moved to southeastern europe in the 13th century the muslim ottoman empire expanded its reach from turkey in the balkan countries of president albania kasova navasnia and hezerogovina these countries developed large muslim populations while europe was predominantly christian and despite their persecution both jews and muslims helped shape society unlike most people in europe in the middle ages jews lived in urban areas and they served as a bridge between christians and the muslims whose goods they desired and trade contacts with traitors and muslim catholics oft opened a world of trade and a world of ideas for europeans who had long been self-sufficient and isolated under feudalism gender roles women found their rights eroding as a wave of patriarchal thinking and writing accompanied the movement from an agricultural society to a more urban one even fewer women than men received an education although women often managed manor accounts one place where women had greater opportunities to display their skills in administration and leadership was in religious orders some women became artisans and members of guilds associations of crafts people and merchants although not all had property rights women in islamic societies tended to enjoy higher levels of equality particularly in parts of africa and southeast asia renaissance the expansion of trade the growth of an agricultural surplus and the rise of a middle class able to patronize artists spark to great great creativity in europe the renaissance was a period characterized by a revival of interest in classical greek in roman literature art culture and civic virtue scholarship covered and studied decaying manuscripts that had been written many centuries earlier developed in 1439 jonas gutenberg's movable type printing press initiated a revolution imprint technology the printing press allowed manuscripts to be mass-produced at relatively affordable cost it fostered a growth in the illiteracy in the rapid spread of ideas one characteristic of the restaurants was the interest in humanism the focus on individuals rather than god humanists sought education and reform they began to write secular literature cultural changes in the renaissance such as the increased use of the vernicular language propelled the rise of powerful monarchies the centralization of governments and the birth of nationalism south renaissance in the regions of italy and spain church patronage supported the renaissance for example the writer dante al-ghiri 1265-1321 used religious flameworks for the divine comedy which features hell purgatory and heaven nevertheless his fearlessness in criticizing corrupt religious officials and his willingness to use italian venar killer instead of latin reflected his independence from the roman catholic church wealthy families such as the medicis of florence used their monies for painters sculptures and architects northern renaissance by 1400 the renaissance spirit spread to northern europe while many renaissance artists emphasized piety in their work others emphasized human concerns jeffrey chancer written the in the canterbury tales in the late 1300s portrayed a microsodism of middle class occupations in england including several church physicians his satirical writings portrayed monks who loved hunting and overly sentimental nuns like dante a century earlier chances are a vernicular middle english for this work although many of his other writings were in latin and now as you can see below that we can also see a map titled leading cities during the renaissance in europe which may be important to note when referring to 1200 to 1450 which i'll talk about hopefully at the end of the video if i don't forget the origins of russia during the late middle ages in eastern europe extensive trade in furs fish and grain connected people from scandinavia to the mediterranean to central asia the city state at the center of this tree was kievan rus based in what is today kiev ukraine because it adopted the orthodox christianity it maintained closer cultural relationships with byzantium within the roman catholic europe in the 13th century the mongols overtook this region so it developed even more separately from the rest of europe see topic 2.2 or another video of mine in another playlist the mongols required local nobles to collect taxes for them as these nobles grew wealthy in their role they began to resist mongol rule in the late 15th century under the leadership of a moscow-based ruler known as ivan the great the region became independent of the mongols this marked the beginning of the modern state of russia key terms by theme government england magna carta english parliament economy self-sufficiency manners mineral system technology england three-field system society hierarchies feudalism serfs primogeniture bourgeoisie burgers government france estates general estates government's holy roman empire auto the first culture ideas crusades marco polo renaissance and humanism culture religion lay investor controversy bridge schism anti-semitism environment climate little ice age and ladies and gentlemen that's gonna do it for today's video i really hope you enjoyed the video please like the video and hit the subscribe button if you would like and now before we actually sign up i do want to share some of my thoughts on what i had read so for starters some of these themes were actually pretty important like for starters we can actually look and it did quote that there was the birth of nationalism which in itself is pretty important to note because nationalism is a very big causer of certain things including the world war one two and also various other events as well as a justification system for certain things however it also was a counter measure to imperialism which will later be seen in some of the later giant chapters or units i should say however another thing too is that this renaissance could be viewed as an early version of the enlightenment in an early version of not just the enlightenment but also the industrial revolution because during this period it seems that with the invention of the typewriter well i think it's the typewriter i believe it said or at least the advances in printing technology as well as new ideals they kind of just uh make it to where it sounds a little bit like the industrial revolution and enlightenment because that's not my honest connection and it isn't just this advanced too that i'm going to be seeing because we're also going to be seeing a massive advance when it comes to human culture starting off an example this to from some of the notes i currently have are that actually it seems like in this beginning since we're coming to a conclusion for chapter one soon that with this period it certainly does seem very feasible that it can be stated that in the beginning from 1200 to 1450 it seems that europe and a lot of the world like asia the americas basically everywhere was very hold on all right got my notes again and from what i wrote it was very decentralized very unorganized as well and basically there's a massive likely connection which when we see modern day or 1900 present as i as will be covered in a future video we can basically see that the world right now we're very connected we have the internet stuff like that which clearly they're not gonna have technology like that but they don't have the level of connectivity and they don't have the amount of centralization in organization that nations and empires nowadays have because ultimately a lot of things are still carrying on today like even in for example one of the later chapters will cover a revolution in kitty which is actually taking shape and it's taking its independence in modern day after all you can check out the news on that i believe it's around there i could be wrong but again don't quote me on that please now to wrap this video up because it's already long enough i hope you enjoyed the video please like the video hit the subscribe button if you would like and if it ever becomes the inconvenience you can always unsubscribe however if you would also like please hit the notification bell to stay up to date and when i post more content and now coming up next if you're willing to stay tuned is chapter 1.7 the final chapter of unit 1. please stay tuned for my channel and for that video i hope you have an amazing day or night please stay safe stay happy and remember ladies and gentlemen stay entertained