Lecture Notes: Unit 4 - AP United States History
4.1 The Revolution of 1800
General
- 1800: Federalist Party split, Democratic-Republicans rise.
- Candidates: Thomas Jefferson vs. Aaron Burr.
Election Results
- Electoral tie, House of Representatives decides after 35 ballots, favoring Jefferson.
- Alexander Hamilton supported Jefferson over Burr.
Noteworthy Aspects
- President and Vice President from differing views initially.
- Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.
Change-over
- Jefferson called it a "bloodless revolution".
- 1804: Twelfth Amendment allows electoral votes for a party ticket.
The Jeffersonian Republic (1800-1823)
Jefferson's First Term
- Midnight Appointments: Last-minute Federalist appointments by Adams, challenged by Jefferson.
Marbury v. Madison
- Refusal of appointments led to lawsuits.
- Established judicial review principle.
Louisiana Purchase
- Major achievement, yet questioned for constitutional reasons.
- Jefferson resolved issue by treaty-making power.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
- Explored newly acquired western territories.
Election of 1804
- Jefferson won reelection.
- Burr's political downfall after a duel with Hamilton.
Jefferson's Second Term
- Trade issues with France and England culminated in War of 1812.
- Embargo Act of 1807: Economic downturn, especially in New England.
- Non-Intercourse Act of 1809: Opened trade, except with Britain/France.
4.2 Madison's Presidency and the War of 1812
Macon's Bill No. 2
- Trade strategy to leverage France and England.
Pro-War Sentiments
- War Hawks, led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, pushed for war.
War of 1812
- U.S. vs. British and Native Americans.
- Treaty of Ghent ended the war.
- Battle of New Orleans: U.S. victory.
The Hartford Convention
- Federalist opposition viewed as traitorous.
Madison Administration
- Promoted national growth, cautious federal power.
Monroe's Presidency
Era of Good Feelings
- Political unity but economic crises, Panic of 1819.
Westward Expansion
- Monroe Doctrine: Asserted U.S. influence in Western Hemisphere.
- Slavery debate heightened as new states formed.
4.3 Political Events and Social Developments
Election of 1824
- Direct voter involvement increased.
- Corrupt Bargain: Adams and Clay alleged deal.
Jackson's Presidency and Jacksonian Democracy
- Focus on strong presidency, universal white male suffrage.
- Indian Removal Act: Forced relocation of Native Americans.
Economic Policies
- Distrust of big government, supported hard currency.
Slavery
- Nat Turner's rebellion intensified slavery debates.
4.4 The Election of 1836 and the Rise of the Whigs
Democratic and Whig Parties
- Whigs formed against Democratic policies.
Economic Crisis
- Panic of 1837 under Van Buren.
Harrison and Tyler
- Tyler's presidency marked by conflict with Whig leadership.
Economic History (1800-1860)
Market Economy
- Technological advancements spurred economic growth.
Innovations
- Cotton gin, interchangeable parts.
North and Textile Industry
- Industrialization and transportation developed economic centers.
Farming
- Midwest emergence as agricultural hub.
4.5 Westward Expansion
Manifest Destiny
- Territorial expansion justified by divine right.
Texas and Oregon
- Texas independence, eventual statehood.
- Oregon Trail migration.
Regional Differences
- Economic variations among North, South, and West.
4.6 Social History, 1800-1860
Northern Cities
- Urbanization and social stratification.
Southern Life
- Plantation dominance, slavery's entrenchment.
Western Expansion and Lifestyle
- Frontier life as symbol of opportunity.
Social Reforms
- Sparked by the Second Great Awakening.
Abolitionism and Women's Rights
- Increase in abolitionist sentiments and women's activism.
Horace Mann and Education Reform
- Push for public education improvements.
These notes summarize the key historical events, social developments, and political changes in the United States during the early to mid-19th century, highlighting the dynamics of power, expansion, and reform that defined the era.