hello welcome to our class um crop science hack 101 uh today we're going to talk to you about like plant cell and biology so the first thing what is the difference between the plant cell and the animal cell the most important thing in a plant cell is the uh material cellular organisms and like uh contains uh cannot like the plant cannot move uh like animal but the animal they can move and uh make their like own food they like use the light with the photosynthesis to create the energy and make carbohydrate and sugar the cell contains chloroplast and cell wall and those are not exist in animal cell so it's a multicellular organism and have those are the characteristic animal it's a multicellular organism too but they can move like from place to another place regardless of how speedy move and cannot like reduce their like food own food so they have like to what we call the plant or the other animals so they can produce so they can have like energy cells do not like contain chloroplast and cell wall but the other part is like mostly are similar what is the other part is like like as we're gonna see on the plant cell it has a like a cell wall membrane cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus ribosomes mitochondria geology bodies and vacuole and chloroplast so all that part only there is a two part they are not like existing an animal which is like cell wall and the chloroplasts they are not like shown up in animal cell so the primary difference in the plant cell wall need to be like performed to functions not like performed by animal cell which is like they can in plants so they can create their like food and support their like own weight but the animal cell wall types um the prokaryote which is the prokaryote that means brew and before which is mean before that's in latin and carion which is like nucleus that means the nucleus of the cell found in bacteria usually and do not like contain a nuclei so lack of membrane bound like organelles the cell type the other one is the other cell is cell type which is like eukaryote the eukaryote usually you that's mean good carrying that nucleus and found in a plant and animal as well contain nucleus which is are very important and like contain membrane bound organelles anyway the surrounding the cell in thin layer of protein and cannot be found inside the cell wall so it's just like from outside always selective passage like which is they can allow substance from outside to inside or from out inside to outside and that means they are like substance they can go in into the cell or they can out get out from the cell which is we call selective passage known as Blas membrane which is number five is involved in cellulose reductions which is for a building of the cell wall and that's very important and composed of the high structure protein and fistful of bilirubin so in the cell wall usually the plasma membranes like structure and how is that like for example it's just like take the inside the cell the cytoplasm as we can see here and the outside the extra like cereals flat like it's outside and this one like those are the part in inside the cell so the channel protein which is the pore space like that's allowed the substance can go inside and get outside of the cell and also this is the lipid carbohydrates and the glycol lipids which is has a lipid very important and transmembrane glycoprotein and those are the part and there is a like a few parts they are very important but we're not gonna like study that we're gonna like focus in the cell structure by itself and by itself and the function of each cell One of the most important part in the plant cell is the cell membrane, which is like this layer, thick layer on this side here, that one here. It's like building the cell structure and it has like a selective passage, which is a low substance from going inside and outside from the cell as they need it. cell wall only found in a plant there is no cell wall in the animal cells and surrounding the cell from outside and provide like structure and support to the plant and bound with other like cell wall to create a plant structure which is we we can call it it's like like it's the structure from outside but it's no skeleton there is no skeleton it's like you can see the plants standing and they are very hard but that's all that came like the strongest thing came from the cell wall cell wall very important thing it's part this layer here as we take all the function of the cell wall you see that one and we have the chloroplast chloroplast which is an elongated original and containing chlorophyll which is a very important part usually um every sea we see green card like in the plant it has like chlorophyll it has like the ability to start the process of photosynthesis no matter if they are like a fruit green or they are like a stem green or even some some like a modified stem or the leaves by itself. Organol was specialized like a part of the cell which is as a specific function and convert the light to carbon and carbon dioxide into the chemical energy which is we call sugar or carbohydrate through the photosynthesis another part of the plant which is a chloroplast the chloroplast is just like a small layer this place here that it has the chlorophyll side and it can like a create like a startup process for photosynthesis. The other part is in the cell, which is we call like a cytoplasm.
What cytoplasm is a gel like, it's something like a gel and material inside the cell by itself. Like it's something liquidy, jelly. so the other thing is like contain all the other organelles like the have it inside it the swim and the swim in this cytoplasm And this is the cytoplasm, which is like all the gel inside the cell.
It doesn't have a different color, so in this cell at least. Geology apparatus, which is a very, very important part. It's a flat-layered organelle, which is reasonable. as resembles as a steak of pancake like together like top layer in each other and located near the nucleus which is the main part in the cell and packaged with a protein and carbohydrates for export from the cell by itself and modified protein and help lebit, sorry, unlebit before distributing them in the cell. And those are like Georgi apparatus.
See those like a pancake. And this is the vessel. And that's like that shape. The most important thing is the myotoxin.
mitochondria my so the mitochondria is like the powerhouse of the cell uh all the energy are like came from the mitochondria the chloroplast making have the chlorophyll and they making like photosynthesis but the respiration and happening in my interior so all the energy breaking down energy it's happening inside the mitochondria the spherical root shapes like in organelles and have a double membrane um the like it inside the might like outside the mitochondria it has like a double membrane and converts energy storage in glucose to adenosine triphosphate which is ATP the ATP is very important adenosine triphosphate and for the cell through the respiration process in the future we're going to take lectures about like how the plant create energy and at the same time how the process of generated ATP and use the sugar to generate ATP and that energy used in respiration so this is the mitochondria all that part this part here this part here this part here or this part here mu plus usually uh the control of the function of uh of the cell and all cell function cells and contains DNA, which is like the DNA is in chromosomes that like have the genetic for each type of plant surrounding by a nuclear membrane. And as you can see in this picture, this is the nucleus. This is the membrane from outside. And that's the nucleus inside the DNA. Brabosome is a small organelle found in large numbers in the cytoplasm, which is very important, like in creating protein from amino acid.
They collect amino acid inside the cell cytoplasm and connect it together to make a chain of proteins according to the sequence that came from the DNA and can only be seen within the electronic microscope. It's a very tiny, small part. It's not easy to see.
Composed of two sub units that contain RNA and protein. The ribosome usually the part who making the protein but they get the sequence from the cell. So for example, let's see. the this uh this is the ribosomes like they found like in a round inside the cell and those are they get the information from the dna so usually rna messenger rna it's taking the sequence gene information and go through the ribosome and that ribosome is creating like reading the codes that came from DNA and collecting the messenger the amino acids and connected the amino acid together to create a protein that is required to the plant ribosome structure usually it's folded and very complicated it's not easy like to see it so we might like watch video about that rough endoplasmatic reticulum which is located in the cytoplasm and cover with ribosome which is give it gives it like a rough appearance like from outside transported material within the cell like from place to another place and also curds store and create proteins which is a very important part those are the create from proteins so and endoplasmatic reticulum so those are the endoplasmatic reticulum and saliva cell smooth endoplasmatic reticulums which is this one is not rough and located in the cytoplasm and transported material within the cell and contains enzymes enzyme is a very important for speeding reactions the process that happen inside the the cell and also enzyme like lower the energy requirement for those like structures so produce and digest this lipids and membranes protein which is this part here it's the same one but it's like in this uh plasma reticulum and vacuole which is like surrounding by the membranes the vacuole usually uh filled with the flood um and also maintain the shape of the cell like it's a uh and we call it like cell trash can it's like uh anything inside the plant they are not like a desirable they will like send immediately to the vacuum here plant hormones which is a very important part like we know all the plants they are like have specific hormones and those hormones they can help the plant to do some different process each hormones like have a different order or have a different effect on a plant growth like a chemical messenger that like guide a plant to growth and reduce in one part of the plant and carry it to other area the first type of hormones is the oxyene which is causes the cell elongation and some cell divisions. That means the oxyne is like the most common is in dual acetic acid and thus oxyne like it's responsible how the elongation of the cell by itself and the cell division when it's like the pipe.
Amount of Oxine affecting the plant response in small amount like promote growth and large amount inhabit growth When we talking about like Oxine we talking about like a part per million concentrated inside the cell It's like too small it's a part of per million if you did not understand how is that like different so when we talk about like a part per million that means million it has one two three four sorry but uh five six so when when you talk about like part per million it's just like this part here it's just one for me so we call it part ppm which is mean part per million The other like the flower, it's like the flower is more sensitive for that one, followed by roots, then stem, and then leaf being less sensitive for the oxy reactions. and usually Oxine it's like in your like cells and in the plant also Oxine can be used like if it's like because the inhabitants like inhabit in large amount inhabit growth they use it as like a 2,4-D which is a 2,4-D is like herbicide that used like to inhabit the growth and examples for like a synthetic herbicide so this as you can see the damage of the D240 in the plant I'm using this one here so as you can see in the leaves it's like make it a little bit and there is also video for that one but the the oxyne is a very important hormone and there is another one called gibraline which is the gibraline is it causes organ enlargement the size increasing the enlargement of the cell and the cell divisions and elongation too so the oxyne is just like elongation and division but this one is like enlargement too they usually when they spray that like for example they are responsible for uh poulting and used for increasing the fruit size on grapes like that's an example those are not different variety they are the same variety but they are like one one it does not spray by treated by gibberellin the other one is like with gibberellin which is increasing the fruit size another like hormones is cytokinin it causes cell divisions and differentiation and the one the first like causes some cell of uh two form roots and uh other like stem and other leaves so which is um like making roots and leaves and like make it um change from one to another one that's an increase the uh the growth in the plant but it's also it's very specific like because it needs like a certain concentrated Usually, as you can see in this table here, the increasing of using sign concentration while the increasing the cytokinene concentration, they can be like from a different shape of the plant. So usually those are used in something what we call tissue culture and tissue culture is just like taking.
plate and that plate taking a small part of the plant we put that part in that plate and we added like a cytokine or oxide and like a specific concentration to increase the plant like will be creating and like making a new cells and those cells they can be roots or leaf so if it's like increasing the oxide concentration that means the plant will start forming roots what the other increasing the cytokine is increasing the making leaves as you can see in this picture here but if it's increased both they might like inhabit the growth as you can see in this example here so ethylene the other one number four which is like a promote uh ribening and the flower petal drop and that's like as you can see in this like tomato they have like control this one zero without like any treated this one is like no ethylene used and this one with the ethylene and see how much they are like start driving they start like changing their color immediately it's not immediately but it's like um it's faster they usually some grow uh they used it like to encourage the plant to be uh red color from outside where they are like technically uh or physiology they are not arriving yet but they changing the color and all they are more listed uh here that is a gas like it's not like liquid or powder so the only gas is ethylene and dry evening or rooting fruit reduces ethylene those are rotten sorry rotting fruit is reduced like ethylene when it's like for example when you put like um let's say garlic with banana so garlic it has the gas ethylene and like first banana to start ripening quickly and also there is another thing we use like ripening certain fruits like after they have been picked another hormones we call abscisic acid which is causes a leaf drop and the fruit drop and the trees so why we need that one that's a very important usually it's like prevent other like starting like forming the thin layer which is separation layer they're just like this right here and this part here they're starting like encouraging plant the two first that like especially in plant the type of trees that they are like in dropping their leaves so and used by plant to lose their leaves for winter dormancy or they sometimes like use it like if it's make to make the harvesting of like different crop easier than others and promote the stimulator uh stimulator closing during the through stress which is encouraging the plant to start dying So this is our lecture for today it's not that long too long but usually we will have some questions and like some reading part to like just like encourage you to read a little bit about the functions of each part of the plant cell also there is a like the Hormone function, they will be like in both. Hormone function and purpose of that one. Maybe we will create a table and we can see the difference between like a function.
What is the purpose of hormones? How they will react on the plant? And you might like to do some research to do like a finished lab one.
the other thing we're going to do like uh um cell structure exam and not exam quiz let's say quiz and that will be like produced like the cell picture and you start like saying this one is this part and this one this part and what is the function of each part um if you have any questions please let me know and you can send me an email or Just call me. Thank you. Have a good day.