Overview
This lecture introduces the four major biomolecules essential for life, their monomers, key functions, and elemental composition.
Introduction to Biomolecules
- Biomolecules are large molecules needed for life, obtained from food.
- There are four major biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Monomers: Building Blocks
- A monomer is a building block that forms larger substances called polymers.
- Each biomolecule is made of specific monomers.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates provide a fast source of energy.
- Common in foods like pasta and bread.
- The monomer of carbohydrates is the monosaccharide.
Lipids
- Lipids (fats) are made from fatty acids and glycerol.
- Serve as long-term energy storage and insulation (e.g., blubber in seals).
- Lipids make up cell membranes.
- Examples include butter, oil, and cholesterol.
Proteins
- Proteins are made of amino acid monomers.
- Important for muscle building, immune system function, and as enzymes.
- DNA codes for proteins which determine body structure and function.
- Found in meats and beans.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA.
- Monomer is the nucleotide.
- Store and transmit genetic information for traits.
- Present in all living things, including plants and animals.
Elements in Biomolecules (Mnemonic CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP)
- Carbohydrates: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O)
- Lipids: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
- Proteins: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (N)
- Nucleic acids: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus (P)
- The arrangement of these elements affects biomolecule structure and function.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Biomolecule — A large molecule necessary for life, made from smaller building blocks.
- Monomer — The basic building block of a larger molecule.
- Polymer — A large molecule made of repeating monomers.
- Monosaccharide — Monomer of carbohydrates.
- Fatty Acid & Glycerol — Building blocks of lipids.
- Amino Acid — Monomer of proteins.
- Nucleotide — Monomer of nucleic acids.
- Enzyme — A protein that speeds up chemical reactions.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Research illustrations of biomolecule structures to understand their element arrangements.
- Memorize the CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP mnemonic for the elements in biomolecules.