AP World History Modern: Unit 6 - Consequences of Industrialization

Overview

• Focus on the consequences of industrialization.
• Negative connotations of "consequences" like overcrowded cities, pollution, poverty, increased crime, and wealth gaps from previous units.
• Industrial revolution's global impact, leading to imperialism.

Industrial Revolution and Imperialism

• Industrialization necessitated more resources, food, and markets.
• Imperialism: Extending rule over foreign countries for resources and markets.
  • Direct political rule or indirect influence for economic dominance.

Rationales for Imperialism

1. Economic Gain
   • Europeans sought raw materials (rubber, cotton, palm oil) for profits.
   • Converting raw materials to finished goods (e.g., clothing, tires).
2. White Man's Burden
   • Based on Kipling's poem, the idea of civilizing "primitive" people.
   • Racially motivated and condescending ideology.
3. Nationalism
   • Belief in cultural superiority led to disregarding other nations' sovereignty.
   • Rise of national identity fueling revolutions.
   • Nationalism intertwined with racism.
4. Social Darwinism
   • Misapplication of Darwin's evolution theory to justify imperialism.
   • Pseudoscience used to rationalize European dominance.
5. Spread of Christianity
   • Continuity from past ages, sometimes used to justify imperialistic behavior.
   • Some missionaries stood against exploitation.

Expansion of Empires (1700-1900)

• Major imperial powers: Britain, France, Russia, United States, and Japan.
• British Empire: Largest empire spanning multiple continents.
• Berlin Conference of 1885: European powers divided Africa without African leaders, leading to widespread colonization.

Indigenous Responses to Imperialism

• Indigenous people resisted through diplomacy and warfare.
• Ethiopia successfully resisted Italian invasion.
• Zulus and Ashanti fought against British imperialism.
• Sepoy Rebellion in India due to cultural and religious insensitivities by the British.

Economic Imperialism

• European nations imposed economic dominance, notably in China.
• Opium Wars: Britain forced China into unequal treaties.

Transportation and Communication

• Industrial advances like railroads, steamships, and the telegraph revolutionized empire maintenance.
• Facilitated faster extraction and movement of resources and goods.

Resources and Export Economies

• Key resources: Cotton, Rubber, Palm Oil, Ivory, Silver, Guano.
• Exploitation for economic benefits, often with severe human costs (e.g., Congo under King Leopold II).

Migration Consequences

• Migration due to labor demand and new transportation means.
• Indentured servitude replaced slavery in many places.
• Diasporas: Movement of Indians, Chinese, and Irish to other countries.
• Impacts on family structures and formation of ethnic enclaves.

Prejudice and Discrimination

• Migration caused racial tensions and discriminatory laws in host countries.
• Chinese Exclusion Act and White Australia Policy as examples of legal racism.

Conclusion

• Imperialism and migration had lasting negative effects rooted in industrialization.
• Study aids like Quizlet decks suggested for further preparation.
• Encouragement to review all test prep materials for AP exam success.