Insight into Gut Microbiota and Its Functionalities

Authors

• Atanu Adak et al.
• Published in Cell Mol Life Sci, February 2019

Abstract Summary

• Gut Microbiota Evolution: Gut microbiota evolves with hosts, integral to human body.
• Development: Acquired at birth, develops over time, maintains stability and diversity through adulthood.
• Research Developments: Advances in genome sequencing, bioinformatics, and culturomics have expanded understanding of gut microbiota.
• Dynamic Nature: Some microbiota components are conserved, while others vary with location in the gut, age, societal development, and health.
• Functions: Plays key roles in immunological, metabolic, structural, and neurological health.
• Health Impact: Influences physical and mental well-being.
• Therapeutic Advances: Understanding has led to developments in prebiotics, probiotics, drugs, and fecal transplantation.

Key Terms

• Functions: Immunological, metabolic, structural, neurological
• Gut Microbiota: The community of microorganisms living in the human gastrointestinal tract
• Health: Physical and mental aspects
• Therapeutics: Prebiotics, probiotics, fecal transplantation

Figures Overview

Figure 1

• Bioinformatics Workflow: Describes culture-independent approaches.
  • Tools and Technologies: QIIME, MG-RAST, CAZy, MetaPhlAn, KEGG, COG, PICRUst, HUMAnN, LEfSe, MaAsLin.

Figure 2

• Microbiota Distribution: Shows distribution of normal gut flora and gut-brain axis (GBA).

Figure 3

• Immune Mechanisms: Details mechanisms to limit commensals within the epithelial layer.
  • Innate Immunity: Mucin glycoproteins, defensins, C-type lectin, dendritic cells.
  • Adaptive Immunity: Transcytosis, cytokine expression, T cell differentiation.

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Cited Works

• Impact of microbiota on sleep quality, chronic diseases, metabolic syndromes, and oxidative stress.
• Genetic associations between gut microbiota and peripheral artery disease.
• Butyrate oxidation in colonocytes.

References

• Woese CR, Fox GE on prokaryotic phylogenetic structure.
• Rosenberg E, Zilber-Rosenberg I on microbes' evolutionary roles.
• Davies J on mapping human life.
• NHW Group on the Human Microbiome Project.
• Relman DA, Falkow S on the implications of the human genome sequence.

Publication Types and MeSH Terms

• Review articles referenced for detailed understanding.

Additional Resources

• Full text available through Europe PubMed Central, PubMed Central, and Springer.