AAH... I will start this issue... Um... From a very famous story, in which a thirteen-year-old child died. This is David Vetter. He looked like a normal kid, but the whole world was watching him. Since birth, David has lived in a bubble. His mother could only pick him up with gloves on and standing behind a secure fence. Everything he ate, wore, or touched was sterilized in acid, then they put it in the bubble. He didn't play football or baseball. He was chained to this bubble. This was his separate, sterile apartment inside his parents ' apartment. David was a very expensive project for the state. When he grew up, NASA made him a space suit. Years later, he can finally go out into the yard and step on the grass. The wheelchair maintains the pressure and clean air in his suit. Everything is like in real space! Who of the children did not dream of being an astronaut? Only David was an astronaut on his own planet, and he couldn't live a day without a spacesuit. Any germ could have killed him! David was just a normal boy, except one thing. He was born with NO immune system. In previous issues, we told you about the wars within us. Where antibiotics create superbugs, and viruses like covid-19 cause our bodies to commit suicide. In this issue, you will see the third player in this endless war. The immune machine inside us. This issue is a mastodon in terms of information density. It can be shown not only at school, but also at the University. This is a very big work of our team. And I hate it with all my heart when they start a video the way I'm going to start it. But I just couldn't find another word. Strap in! Now you will learn: Can I catch a cold in Antarctic? Which organ becomes useless after 25? How can I get protection even from an alien infection by a random search? Why do some people have wind parties, others voluntarily put worms in themselves? Why does a strong immune system cause the bones to fuse and the brain to become covered in plaques? And how do we acquire group immunity? Get ready for real biomolecular porn! No, not that! Not that, not that. No, no, no. No, no, no. Who's there? Andrey? Stay at home! What? *words from the TV* RAID SHADOW LEGENDS You rewind this video, and he'll break in on you! * Bang!* Along with a healthy ice gun! * scary-so scary* And a good knight with a shield the size of a flat. *5 floors* And with a dragon that will vanquish you! *in all holes* The dark elves got dark. And the orcs have raised their libido with testosterone and are getting into a fight. * bang* And the new hero is the executioner. Cuts them all off the shoulder, reducing sleepiness. *don't even need coffee* Here is important 1 pumping-pumping your abs. * max damage* Level 60 - this is not eating potato! *crisp* Matches of international enemies tournaments in the arena in May. * punish them* Get rewards and humiliate bosses in dark dungeons! * hahaha* RAID is a lioness, and you are a lion! * Simba* Take it and be a male. Download RAID from the link and get 100 thousand silver, and two keys from the clan boss! 10 mysterious fragments. As well as, the executioner. * sadist, punisher* Everything? Now I'm going to continue the issue, okay? - Download the link in the description! This is Yop, this is Jan. In total: Yop, Jan. Does anyone know where the immune system is? I can't answer at all, can I? What is this? Is it an organ of some kind? Or a place in the body? You probably think it's blood? No. Ask any doctor: -Where is the immune system? And it won't give you a specific answer. We do not know where the end of the immune system. But we know where it starts. This is the largest organ in your body. Skin. You have about 10 kilos of skin. On average, it is 2 square meters, like a carpet on the floor. Skin protects us from infections. This is the first layer of immunity. BARRIER Why we should fight with the enemy in the city, when we can just not let them to come in over the wall. The skin is arrangedvery cunningly. The top layer of skin is a wall of dead cells. But some microbes manage to get inside. Another wall awaits them inside: deep skin layer And that's where the cells are so tight that you can't squeeze between them. But the ingenuity of our skin does not end here. Cells regenerate from the inside out, literally pushing the infection back where it came from. But the skin has a problem: it's not perfect. And I'm not talking about acne due to lack of sex, and not about the make up that hides it poorly, yes. I mean something else. We can't be covered in 100% by leather. After all, we need what? That's right, holes. Holes for eating, breathing, and defecating. hearing, relieving stress for the tinder girls, and even seeing. We touch the face 23 times an hour. This is enough for the pests to gather around by the end of the day, and sooner or later there will be a break-in. On the pillow at night. Fortunately, the eyes, lungs, and stomach are not the gateway to the bloodstream. They are covered with a mucous membrane, the area of which is 200 times larger than the area of the skin. It's a whole basketball court of slime. Microbes get stuck in it and can't move on. In addition to this, there are cilia in the lungs and intestines, who wash this stuff off their surface, not allowing them to get a foothold and start reproducing. Expectoration and snot, by the way-this is the most striking example of mucus. Well, the stomach is generally a barrel of hydrochloric acid, which eats away most bacteria. Most, but not all. Helicobacter pylori feels great here. If microbes break through external barriers, they begin to breed furiously. Their number doubles every few minutes. What does it mean? The enemy got behind the wall, that's what. What will the immune system do? Call the fighters. And here we come to the next level of protection: INNATE IMMUNITY It is so called because it is given to us from birth, as well as to all animals: cats; quokka; the fennec fox; a bearded tamarin. And even flies are immune. The largest fighters of innate immunity are macrophages. From the word macro, that is, large. And they are really huge! Here is the virus, it is the smallest. Here's a bacterium, it's like a high school girl. And here is-macrophage, he such big, that on first glance even it is unclear, why the fuck? They look like amoebas, but they work like PAC-man killers. The principle, really, as in the game pacman- to eat. Macrophages cover the enemy with their cytoplasm and digest it. One macrophage will digest up to a hundred bacteria. See how it looks in reality. Awesome! Microcosm, right? But macrophages are not as simple as they seem. Here you fell on a skateboard, now there will be a lot of bacteria in the wound. What happens next? This is amazing. Macrophages are waiting for orders in the tissues. Just chill and suddenly, the order is entered. They are jump, jump, jump, jump, and up to the vessels. Jump, jump into the vessels, as in the subway, and to the end. This is the crime scene station. They get out, jump, jump, jump, jumpand eat up all the infection in the wound. The second thing that surprises me is that they dilate blood vessels. To widen the roads for their own guys, for reinforcements. We see it as reddened and swollen skin. Here are some more fighters going to this red-faced party, who leave a last note and go to their deaths. Check out the kamikaze neutrophils. Their goal is to die, taking as many germs as possible with them to the next world. When they die, they release a poison that is deadly to bacteria and viruses, at the same time, they spread networks of their own DNA, in which microbes become entangled and die. And macrophages are eating up the whole thing like cookie crumbs. Large cage fighters can handle anything that floats. But if the virus gets inside the cell , it turns it into a zombie. And, like in the zombie movies, it can't be saved. This is a walking dead, it needs to be destroyed urgently. And here comes to the rescue a special Department of fighters-cells with a powerful name: NATURAL KILLERS They perform the order in two steps, or rather in two steps. In the first, they make a hole in the cell membrane. And the second protein is run inside, so that the cell commits apoptosis or suicide. A bad cage, that's all. Kiss of death. The ingenuity of this method can be described as follows: every cell knows how to kill itself, but it can't. She needs someone to pass the codes to the nuclear briefcase. This is what natural killers do. They come and order the zombies to die. It’s dying. Amazing! Innate immunity is a very fast defense. But also very primitive. The cell does not understand what exactly it is facing. It just knows it's something bad and tries to get rid of it. What if I told you that we have... (you and I) An organ that doesn't work. Yes, it's right here, right inside your chest. It's called the thymus. It's so small, it looks like a cat’s lungs that have been put next to a human one for some reason. If you are going to have open heart surgery after the age of 25, this organ is thrown out and never returned to its place. But in fact, this is the most important gland. Until the age of 25, it trains the strongest immune cells not to hit their own. Yes, you can't fight them. Distinguish who is a friend and who is an enemy. The teacher teaches until the age of 25, and then retires. And the cells, having defended their diploma, go to work in the lymph nodes. Here, here, here. The thymus is actually a part of the lymphatic system that few people know about. And the scale of this system is huge. It permeates your entire body. But, unlike the circulatory system, it does not have a pump in the form of a heart. It flows from the movement of the diaphragm when you breathe. And it's not red like blood. It's a kind of transparent broth. The same blood that flows out of the wound when the blood has already stopped flowing. White. Yes, do you remember? Have you noticed that when you are ill, these places - the lymph nodes-become inflamed? So, the immune cells are set against microbes in them, like angry dogs. They can already distinguish between their own and someone else's. But to become perfect killers, they need to point at the enemy. This is how the most powerful level of protection works: ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY That is, the immunity that adapts, adapts to a specific enemy. Here are dog T and dog B: T-cells and B-cells T-cells comes from the word thymus. These cells were trained by the thymus until they were 25 years old. The same body that then retires. T-killer dogs work like natural killers. Only much more powerful and accurate. But this is animation. That’s how in real life they dig into the cancer cell and they inject their deadly molecules into it. While t-killer dogs are killing the enemy, b-killer dogs sit under siege and make another special weapon. Antibodies. Antibodies, wow. Sounds like anti-life from the anti-world. Antibodies are the superweapon that we are so lacking now, during the pandemic. They look like this. Tiny proteins in the form of the letter Y. What is their secret? Antibodies cling to the enemy, preventing him from moving. But most importantly, they mark them with their black mark. After that, the entire pack of immune cells instantly recognizes the enemy, literally groping for antibodies. And immediately rushes to the attack. It is thanks to antibodies that constantly shout: "We're here, shoot us!" Killers kill viruses before they hide in their cells. Like in a stealth action game, when the "you've been noticed" icon appears" And you know it's going to get hot. You see, right? Killers are blind. They attack when they are shouted at: "This way!" But viruses do not like this arrangement very much. They don't like to be discovered. Therefore, they constantly change their receptors, like pieces of their puzzles, to pass unnoticed. Imagine you are putting together a puzzle whose details are constantly changing. You can only do one thing: Go through the parts in the box to find the one that fits it in time. But how does the body know which puzzle to choose? And here's the cool part! No way. Just don't worry be happy, f*ck He's like a novice hacker: stupidly going through the letters until the password fits. The immune system itself shuffles the antibodies so that they are ideally suited to a particular infection. But the most crushable thing here is that thanks to this system of puzzles and details, our immune system can fight, for a second, any infection in the Universe. As a result, billions of combinations of antibodies are created, that will go with everything in the world! Even not big virus, just any miracle virus from alpha Centauri, will have our own antibody. This is mind-blowing! Okay. So, let's fix it. If a pathogen breaks through the barriers, a fast vanguard tries to stop it. If it does not work out, the main troops are pulled up. Well, at the end, the slow, but insanely powerful special forces are already activated. Immunity is a real army with different types of troops and different weapons. From guns to nuclear bombs. I feel your question: "But how can we defeat an alien virus when we can't defeat the stupid covid-19?" Why, we can! We will win. People recover due to the immune system, which finds the patient the right puzzle. Unfortunately, it is very long and difficult for our body to produce antibodies. Therefore, viruses can get into cells while they produce antibodies. And when this happens, the cells become zombies that can't be cured. T-killers have no choice but to kill them. So they kill them. Thousands, millions of thousands. Millions of thousands, well, so be it. And the lungs just turn to dust. T-killers think they are saving people, but they are actually killing people. How fucking lame! Here is a good article called: "the Patient talks to you, but his lungs are no longer there." I'll leave a link in the description. Right now, there is a real war going on inside several million bodies! The main thing is that our fighters do not turn the battlefield, that is, our bodies, into a scorched desert. Or in the dust. Okay, that's settled. As we remember, I am already 33 years old. So my thymus has already done its job. He taught cells to distinguish, the cells of my immune system can tell who is their own and who is someone else's. Thanks to him! Now it's just adipose tissue. Like fat on the ass, only fat in the chest. Now the T and B cells inside me are waiting for their orders in the lymph nodes. They are veterans, and remember past immune fights: As a child, as a teenager, or this year. They are waiting for orders and will use their memory to protect me for the rest of my life! It is thanks to them that you rarely get sick with measles, scarlet fever and smallpox. T cells and B cells will destroy them before you know it. Some parents specially arrange "wind parties"for this occasion. Children are specifically forced to hang out with a sick child, so that they get over it early and become immune. So everyone is dancing! But, mommies, be careful! In a few percent of children, this leads to encephalitis. This is when the meninges become inflamed, and the brain turns into a black porridge. Kick-ass! Even thinking about it is not pleasant. We won't. But I completely agree with you. Now the child really hard to train the immune system. A horse won't sneeze at it, a street dog won't lick its eye, or it won't fall into a puddle or dung. In the 19th century, allergies were considered a disease of the aristocracy. After all, unlike the peasants, they did not dig in the ground, did not hug animals, they couldn't adjust their immune system properly. Today, half a billion people suffer from allergies. These people can be killed by ordinary tree pollen that got into his nose, or even kill not the nuts themselves, but the traces of nuts in the food! But why, how does this happen? The immune system takes pollen for an enemy and responds. Inadequate response. It is like trying to SWAT a fly with a sledgehammer, and at the same time smashing everything around in general in the house. On TV they tell us: "Drink yogurt, strengthen your immune system!" But no one is saying that a strong immune system can start to target us. Do you see a virus here? -No And I don't see it. Because it's not there. But the immune system thinks differently. -Got it. What is multiple sclerosis? It's not like I forgot my glasses somewhere, no. This is when the immune system mistakes brain cells for an enemy and destroys their isolation. Neurons turn into bare wires; the brain is filled with plaques from connective tissue; vision deteriorates; the limbs become numb and paralysis sets in. This woman used to be a pianist. Now she can barely lift the water bottle. The more complex the mechanism, the more sophisticated it breaks down. In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system runs through the joint. The antibodies mark the joint membranes as something foreign and set killers on them. Blood rushes, the place becomes inflamed, the killers blow up the cells, the joint breaks, the bones are exposed and grow together. There is no turning back! Then there's diabetes, myasthenia gravis, and diseases with names of scientists I'll never remember. They have one thing in common: the immune cells are like Gobblers whose hands are so itchy that they attack their own. How do I deal with this? One option is to distract them. That is, to give a suitable target. For Crohn's disease, which affects the intestines, patients are put there a live worm vlasoglav. So the immune system spends resources on the worm and leaves healthy cells alone. You know what? I'm done! No more worms in your ass, no more germs! I want to go somewhere where there is no infection. And on Earth, I have only three options. The first is for the wall of the chief doctor in the Reutov hospital. Yes, they say, well, there are no viruses, not found. Both the South and North poles. Yes, you can go there without a hat, eat ice cream at minus 50. And no viruses for you. Yes, viruses don't live there. The only thing you need to worry about is frostbite and hypothermia. Even the coronavirus. He made it to Iceland, Hawaii, and even Easter island. But it still doesn't exist in Antarctica or over the ice in the Arctic. This is where it was necessary to self-isolate. Remember, the cold itself does not make pathogens in advance. It just weakens what they're up against - our immune system. How? I'll tell you now. Blood vessels and capillaries narrow, making it harder for immune cells to get to inflammation. The mucus becomes viscous, and the cilia are worse at removing viruses. Your body temperature is dropping. At 33 degrees T and B, cells mature worse and macrophages become slower and they can't catch up with the microbes. In General, the entire complex system is bursting at the seams. If the cold is harmful to viruses and bacteria, then, perhaps, the heat on the contrary should help them? Then why is everyone waiting for the summer for the coronavirus to end? Right now, we're just guessing. Here, see what happens when you cough or sneeze. It's a fountain of snot and drool. Is that nasty? Very nasty. In summer, the air is more humid, and these drops mix with the moisture in the air. They fly less and settle faster on the streets, on the asphalt. But the main thing is not this, and not ultraviolet. Now the coronavirus is passed down the chain: from one to the other, like dominoes. But by the summer, most people will get sick, and they will not be able to get sick again. And so on the scale of the country, on the scale of the whole world! This is called GROUP IMMUNITY. Sooner or later, we will overcome any infection. How the plague and Spanish flu were defeated. We'll find the key to any lockpick sooner or later. The immune system calculates viruses, picks up the keys to them, and sends molecular kamikazes to war. But the cool thing is that the brain is not involved at all! That is, completely. It turns out that a random selection of proteins in our body automatically protects us from everything in the world! In fact, the immune system is the second brain. To the question: "what is immunity?" Yes, this is the second brain that works autonomously. And which also needs to be pumped. In the" War of the worlds", the aliens staged such a powerful attack, that humanity simply had nothing to oppose them. They were perfect creatures in perfect war machines, which on the 21st day suddenly began to die. They were overcome by ordinary bacteria, with which we have already lived for 200 thousand years, and to which they were simply not immune. And we are lucky, we can live in a thick broth of viruses and bacteria, and we don't need a space suit for that, like David Vetter. After all, there is another brain inside us that works autonomously. Unfortunately, we don't often take care of it. We don't think about it often. And when it breaks, we only remember it, Yes. Without immunity, we would also rot alive, like this mouldy bread under the onslaught of germs. Yes, bread is not immune. Think about it. And as usual, pump your brains! Bye! Finally, I took off this heavy issue! Guys, you have no idea how long it's been, probably 5 hours I'm here. Already I have eyes 2 times reddened, until I with this new light... How do you like the new world, by the way? Check it out. Here, there is no longer a circle in the eyes, there is now a letter L. If you like it, please like it. If you like the issue, be sure to like it. Write a comment, what do you think about your immunity, what is it like there? Good, bad, how do you take care of it? If you make a repost so that your friends know, and your relatives and parents are healthy, then I will be only too happy. Thank you very much! In Vkontakte, instagram there I do, I try. And see you soon! I'm going to bed. Oh, and another. Praise our telegram, please come in, also subscribe, you will be happy. You will share different facts with your friends.