Overview
This lecture explores the origins, evolution, and cultural impact of Rosie the Riveter as a symbol of women defense workers during World War II, examining both iconic images and the real women's experiences.
Rosie the Riveter: Origins and Evolution
- Rosie the Riveter represents female defense workers during WWII and symbolizes strength and competence.
- J. Howard Miller created the famous "We Can Do It!" image in 1942 at Westinghouse, initially unrelated to "Rosie."
- The 1943 song "Rosie the Riveter" popularized the character in American culture.
- Norman Rockwell's Rosie appeared on the May 29, 1943, Saturday Evening Post cover, solidifying her image.
- The Rockwell Rosie is larger-than-life, working-class, and depicted with masculine strength and feminine touches.
- The Miller image became widespread post-war due to looser copyright restrictions.
Real Women Behind the Myth
- Women's mass entrance into war work began in 1942 as industries needed labor with men away fighting.
- Three main groups filled these roles: women changing jobs, those returning to work, and first-time workers (including many married white middle-class women).
- By 1944, around 6 million women entered the workforce for the first time.
- Government and industry campaigns targeted women, emphasizing patriotism, glamour, and necessity.
Visual and Cultural Analysis
- Rockwell's Rosie is portrayed as strong and competent, yet feminine, blending work and domestic imagery.
- The image references Michelangelo’s prophet Isaiah, highlighting her heroic stature.
- Women wore overalls, goggles, and used heavy tools, challenging gender norms of the time.
- The background flag and symbols on her clothes reinforce patriotism and support for the war.
Lasting Impact and Debate
- After WWII, the number of working women never returned to pre-war levels.
- Middle-class married women’s work during the war shifted societal attitudes, sowing seeds for later feminism.
- Many women described newfound freedom and independence in wartime jobs.
- Debate continues about the long-term effects on women’s roles and the feminist movement.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Rosie the Riveter — A cultural icon symbolizing female defense workers during WWII.
- J. Howard Miller — Artist who created the "We Can Do It!" poster.
- Norman Rockwell — Illustrator whose Rosie appeared on the Saturday Evening Post cover.
- Bucker — Worker who smooths rivets in metal, paired with the Riveter.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Listen to WWII women workers’ oral histories on the Library of Congress website.
- Contribute interviews or stories of WWII women workers to the Veterans History Project.