all right hi youtubes mr lim here again and we're on our second last one for proteins biological significance of these proteins did i got that right i think i did all right so uh we're going to be learning about the biological significance of proteins all right and maybe even this protein databank that's pretty important as well so what's the biological significance proteins these act as enzymes in the body which uh allow for chemical reactions to occur at biological temperatures so not only do these proteins um you know build more dna and build more proteins um they also work to do a whole bunch of stuff like um control the flow of ions they make muscles move they do all kinds of things so these proteins are really important right and they rely on their shape their shape to enclose various molecules to either break bonds or form bonds okay so um i don't know here's a carbon dioxide molecule okay and at some point a plant has to break apart this thing so it has to grab it and then be able to shift in a way to split it apart so to break those bonds okay so it depends on the shape of the protein that determines its function okay to enclose another various molecules or other proteins the shape of the protein must be exactly complementary which just means that it fits around the other thing to the shape of the molecule or protein that it's acting on and so complementary shapes this has a complementary shape of this okay because and they have to get really close to each other all right so complementary shapes small variations in the primary secondary or tertiary level can change the shape of the protein if you change the shape it no longer it's no longer exactly complementary to the shape of the target molecule and therefore it's useless all right so if it's not exactly the same shape it's not going to be able to fit in and it's not going to fit in then it's not going to do anything and then it's useless right so that's small changes in the primary secondary or tertiary level or even the quaternary level even yes so small changes in the shape right it might be something along the lines of just this tiny tiny change where it goes and then you know everything else is the same but as soon as there's no there's only a smaller interactions and there's no interactions in that middle part right they're not going to stick together they're not going to fit and therefore they're going to um cause problems okay um so the protein data bank is a global repository of structural data of proteins including the primary secondary and tertiary structures of different proteins of humans animals and bacteria and even viruses all right so what it is is that this protein data bank is like okay well you got this one protein it looks like this all right you got this other protein it looks like that okay you got the supper protein it looks like this and it's not just the primary structure like the dna and the code it's actually the shape of the protein because the shape is the important part okay by studying the structure of various proteins we can understand how better to manipulate the function of these proteins to make them more or less effective all right so say you want to stop a protein from attaching you can just be like well let's go change the shape of it and therefore it's going to not attach okay so say this blue protein attaches to this green protein and then you don't want this blue protein to attach to this green protein so what do i do is i create a drug which would sit exactly in this space here right and then now this is one complex of um a protein and a drug okay so now when it goes to combine with this it's going to be like ah i'm don't make that right shape anymore and so therefore that cannot bond to that if that can't bond to that therefore it's no longer useful and this can be pretty useful when you're trying to design drugs to stop things from attaching okay so it's not as if we're going through a global pandemic here but the idea is that if you have the drug that can fit into the viruses attachment sites it means that the virus can't attach it can't do its thing and therefore you um can stop the effect of the virus and that's some of the development of vaccines and drugs to treat uh various viruses that's what they work on all right so there i did that okay understanding the very shape of various pathogenic proteins and the complementary shapes of the drugs that inhibit them can help us find other uses for the drugs in other for other pathogenic proteins okay so in other words if you have like uh one coronavirus and another corona virus and you'd be like hey we found a drug that works on this other coronavirus let's go see if it works on this coronavirus and then you can look at the proteins on the surfaces of those viruses and then they say okay well this is how it attaches uh are they the same yes they are no they're not and then the drugs may or may not work in that way all right if the shape of pathogenic protein a closely matches that to pathogenic protein b then any drugs that work from b will may work for a at least may work for a small modification within that drug okay so maybe you know um these two look quite similar okay that's a and b and so maybe the attachment site is over here with what the molecule is the case maybe that's the attachment side okay if that's a and b and then you know that the blocker for a okay here's my drug that fits in that a shape you're like oh that will probably fit in there it's like man not really but with a few modifications yup yup okay that'll fit better okay so that's how they use this information of the protein structure the protein shape to um build things and that's why this protein data bank is an important um resource that we can just be like okay well we can search up all of this stuff um and it's useful for you know like um finding uh like allowing communication between scientists to find ways to combat things and okay and that's about it adios