Flashcards for:
NEET Preparation and Human Reproduction

The fallopian tubes transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. They are also the site where fertilization typically occurs.

The seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands secrete fluids that form semen. These fluids provide nutrients, enzymes, and alkaline conditions to protect sperm and facilitate their mobility and function.

The luteal phase occurs after ovulation when the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone and some estrogen, which prepare the endometrium for potential implantation of a fertilized egg.

The scrotum regulates the temperature of the testis, maintaining it at about 2-2.5°C lower than the body's core temperature. This lower temperature is essential for effective spermatogenesis.

The blastocyst stage, which follows cleavage and morula formation, involves the differentiation of cells into the trophoblast and inner cell mass. It is crucial for successful implantation in the uterine wall.

Oogenesis involves: proliferation of oogonia by mitosis; primary oocytes undergo the first meiotic division forming secondary oocytes and a polar body; secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division upon fertilization, resulting in an ovum and a second polar body.

FSH stimulates spermatogenesis by acting on Sertoli cells, while LH induces testosterone production from Leydig cells. Testosterone then supports spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characteristics.

Oxytocin induces strong uterine contractions required for labor, facilitating the process of childbirth.

The acrosome reaction involves the release of enzymes from the sperm's acrosome, allowing it to penetrate the zona pellucida of the oocyte, leading to fertilization and zygote formation.

The hypothalamus releases GnRH, which stimulates the pituitary to release FSH and LH. FSH stimulates follicle growth and estrogen production. LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and moderate estrogen levels to maintain the endometrium.

In males, the primary sex organ is the testis, responsible for gametogenesis and secretion of sex hormones. In females, the primary sex organ is the ovary, responsible for ova production and the secretion of sex hormones.

The epididymis is responsible for the maturation, storage, and transport of sperm.

hCG maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy, ensuring continued progesterone and estrogen production to sustain the uterine lining and prevent menstruation.

Spermiogenesis is the maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa. It involves nuclear condensation, formation of the acrosome, and development of the flagellum for motility.

The three germ layers are ectoderm (forms skin and nervous system), mesoderm (forms muscles, skeleton, circulatory and excretory systems), and endoderm (forms the gut and associated structures).

During the follicular phase, the pituitary gland releases FSH, stimulating follicle growth in the ovaries. Growing follicles secrete estrogen, which leads to the proliferation of the endometrial lining.

Spermatogenesis is the process of forming sperm from spermatogonia, including both mitotic and meiotic phases. Spermiation is the release of mature spermatozoa from Sertoli cells into the lumen of seminiferous tubules.