to the next series of lessons and essays in the styling course these are primarily concerned of 1928 nines when styling comes to power to roughly 1941 where the course ends or they're as expensive training class for specific examples are arguments particularly ones which talk about trajectories you can by all means mention other stuff after that point and explore as evidence of stuff so Stalin's aims are a key part to understand future questions because a main future questions revolve around success how successful was he hoped at how Toto Terran was he how successful is X&Y policy or why did he do these things why did he industrialize why did he do the purges but how successful a purge and so on and it's very difficult to do these individually unless you have an overwhelming sense of what is Stalin trying to achieve because before this point students often have a sense of someone who's very politically pragmatic very very good at getting stuff done quite cynical and ready 3 0 some however they already understand what his ideology is and it certainly shouldn't be you looking at social in one country and assuming that's what it is because there's a revenge and last lesson that's not a real thing so the pointless lessons they're forced to establish in your mind the kind of thing Stalin wants to do and why and this will underpin an explanation of many many of the other essays and other paragraphs so although sees you want to skip I would strongly recommend staying put for this one and having a look at the understanding of what's how son is thinking in order to justify his actions now there's a contradiction at Harless Stalin is simultaneously less ideological and more totalitarian than Hitler so unlike Hitler who at his best time compromised Stalin Stalin psychology was very much subservient to other factors start and with Hitler he the sense of someone who's owning competent simple situation frustrates his f since idler Commission with Stalin you get a sense of someone who has a broad ideological mission a broad sense the world but this is very much he almost a Dutch politics which he believes but is often secondary and it's definitely less important than him remaining in power yet despite the fact he is trying to be less transformative because he has less of an ideology he turns out the more totalitarian as a result he tends to be less concerned with political compromise so though he's not necessarily as ideological I I want massive change compared to him he's more totalitarian due to several major factors no.1 is structural because of the nature of Russia and nature of this Communist Party the nature of the Russian economy these sort of big issues he ends up actually trying to solve they're evident problems in a way that naturally means totalitarianism is a more likely or more a better choice essentially the such is a size and scope of these problems and such as the effect of the party and the problems and the the entrenched economic and social issues that the only way to deal with them is totalitarian them so although his mission isn't necessarily to change the world ideologically wasn't his major decision and instead he's a relatively authoritarian and trying to secure his own power he ends up being totalitarian in order to do stuff which in other countries wouldn't have needed a totalitarian state as well as this his political decision of wanting to stay in power often leads him to taking more and more and more and more more extreme moves to secure that power and that means that obviously the size and power de state will increase and stuns paranoia is not sated and therefore due to these political concerns and due to these political mission as opposed to a nice logical mission so he wants to be in power political he doesn't want to transform society I'd logical he ends up transforming being more totalitarian as a result and finally he is his chauvinist Brook quote-unquote idle ideology the fact that he has a worldview which is often not very logical isn't based on high theory or concepts about the future nor individual individual ideas but is heavily limited as a result of the almost cultural factors or the racial factors or the religious factors or the agenda factors which Stalin do not like so almost his response to say the Ukrainians is brutal and is huge not because he is anti-ukrainian on principle or ideology but because he doesn't like them on racial and political grounds so his racism here's nationalism here's aunty Orthodox religion his misogyny and so on that's all pushes a lot of the actions he does that which then help contribute towards the totalitarian state so you could call that chauvinism ideological because it's not concerned of a grand overarching theory that ideology is different to say Hitler's so let's go through what Stalin's vision is and we're gonna break those indecent to these sort of broad obvious sort of areas because these and these roughly coincide what he does so the first thing he wants to do is he wants to reform the nation's politics not because he wants to make it fairer or more democratic and my ideological primarily because of the structural and political factors so while the leading Bolsheviks have been removed on office there most of their supporters and many smaller less important Bolsheviks you are nonetheless semi or full independent tend to still hold significant power in the party and so one of the key things another thing the purges for example is to understand that yes he's won the powerstroke of us just got the top 0.001 percent out the way Stalin is not secure and as we shall see in the 1920 34 Party Congress he is very insecure because in reality he doesn't have complete loyalty over his party most of them are rely mostly his powers relying on transactional relationships I give you this job you give me that I give you this you give me that and the danger of this is free fault number one someone can always come in and promise a better deal and change someone's loyalty number two there are a finite number of resources for you to give you can't give everything everyone everything and generally what happens is when you give someone a reward initially they are loyal and they're thankful but then they go used to and they want something else and therefore this is only useful for the short-term or in small groups and in addition to this Starling can keep a transactional relationship with people he knows or people in the wrong below him and the blow that but he can't run the entire nation by having personal deals in them in order to build loyalty so in reality his position although it's very helpful for when the power struggle is still weak and he can be removed and therefore errors of party errors of government only tenuously under his control they technically follow him if he ordered them to do something they probably would but at the same time they could possibly have rebelled against them they have their own ideas and they could be used to form an alliance or a block against him so from within the government the first four points his major grudge driving goal is to secure control over the apparatus of state and party because if you have control of the apparatus and state you have the people who are loyal to have that control over it you reduce the chance of internal coup and in Russia internal coup is always much more greatly likely to happen in an external revolution because of the power of state in the sized population in addition over the people he also does not have the control he wants most of the public particularly those outside of Moscow in the countryside at best a lukewarm supporters of communism they are not massive fans they remember war communism and so on and at best they their loyalty is kept by NEP which is we've met mentioned has already been slated for the sloppy chopping block and these public even if they don't they have an okay asked you towards communism they don't necessarily have a great attitude towards Stalin and therefore what ends up happening is Stanley's base of popularity and communism Spacek popularity and that's protection from revolution protection from insurgency and ability to make sure people do what they're told is very weak so in reality there's a libertarian and there's libertarian almost passive acceptance of communism which is not strong enough to based anti of dictatorship because while that works in 1920s 9.com economic failure come invasion come problems come inspirational alternative party etc etc these people might rebel and more than that as we shall see this libertarianism this rejection of the control the state and particularly amongst the peasantry who if you remember the peasants really don't meet anyone from the state in their isolated communities very often they tend to be resistant to any suggestions even good ones because they don't like the idea of the government telling them what to do and therefore this ends up creating a problem if you want to make a structural change a society or an economic change you want to modernize agriculture these pens are gonna say no so you need to make sure you increase the discipline and control of the masses in order to secure the base of your regime and he's the Stalin's leading political concerns and I would contend that these are his primary concerns over and above the others quite logically you can't rule if you don't have power but also in terms of Stan's own personality in his own paranoia he's naturally going to protect and focus on the issues which were and his own safety and security so next quick problems are related if Stalin doesn't have control over the party in Moscow the my major bureaucracies and major government bodies in Moscow he certainly finds it different to have these done in the regions and this is something fundamental to understand next series of essays there is a concept called the center periphery conflict the center periphery conflict is the battle between Moscow and its Emre ones central party and it's an outside the post Alan versus central party Moscow the Stalin etc that central group of which Stalin because it's in this area because there are lots of secret policeman because there are lots of people because people are more loyal because people more educated because people are more ambitious you have control over to some extent orally here more control over and the periphery the periphery are communists often usually but they are communists in areas of Russia who often have never been to or even seen Moscow heirs of Russia far far away difficult to travel too difficult to get communications to remember that deeply flawed infrastructure we spoke about in the furry first lesson basically air is cut off from the central party and these will end up ignoring frustrating limiting or not even doing or in constantly applying the laws and the rules of the centre so so you've got these individuals in these regional offices let's say Siberia who or they have an order through from center office so not from styling cell path from bureaucrats and they look at it and I've they ignore it or they limit it or they don't do it properly and there are many reasons for this so number one they are closer or often been selected by local party chairmen to represent the local people they understand the local people like the centre won't they understand when there's be a problem to local people and they see their job as yes as well as doing the central party rules here and there to make sure there's peace and stability because obviously there's River Ellucian in their district in their town then they're the first ones to get fired so in order to try and get stuff and get stability they may limit or choose to tactically ignore a certain instruction which might damage or cause problems or just won't work in their city and in particular this is them taking to account the local economy local situations in order to try and work out will this work was not so actually you might say this is actually quite good decentralized decision-making and this is often what you want people to do the problem this in stalin's state is he does not want people acting on their own independent mind and this is a problem for him and he's gonna want to crack down on this there are some people who when they given orders to do stuff often won't in do it properly in order to get bribes or gates and make alliances in their own level and essentially there while the SAR patches networks and alliances and ways to make money in the top party imagine the exact same thing all the way down so you might get an offer - for example we might get told to fire the managers of particular underperforming factories but if one of them pays your bribe if one of them in return promises to help protect you then you won't listen to it and particular lot the nkvd men the secret police who end up going to these regions end up to protect themselves making deals with the local party bosses do not see anything bad in return get preferential treatment and get protected on their own okay so in order to protect themselves for their own patches networks or gain corruption they end up resisting the rules of the center because the first tip the first are about making policy work or making people happy these ones are very much about their own political power own security in their own so wealth the last one is a lot of people in these regions come from the regions and these regions are very often poorly full of farmers who are poorly educated tend to already have this cultural resistance to the center think about how people in London are treated but in the countryside and you get an idea of how much how hundred times worse it is in Russia and therefore this is almost cultural conservatism this basically means people who are naturally resistant to change and particularly resistance the idea that Moscow will tell you what to do is if they know how to farm hahahaha eccentric cetera and therefore almost this acts as a barrier scuzz me go on and listen to that I don't respect that now we can point out that a large reason people think they can get away with this is a lack of oversight and oversights when someone keeps an eye on you so because the communication networks are so poor because the administration of the center is so poor because it's really hard to get people to and from these peripheries because they're so away and so isolated it's so hard to work how what's actually going on in there and because the secret police often bought off in turn by their local party bosses we end up if ends up being really hard to keep an eye on this is a massive problem because in reality if you want to do economic change social change even political change and the local government are ignoring you whatever reason that is a massive problem so you can argue that this is not only bad because it's in a periphery but to some extent some parts of the government which has offices or basis in these periphery regions so the OGP you then the air which then becomes the nkvd and the army which has mixed races everywhere these bases often have the same thing they're told to do something but obviously that's so far away who's gonna catch them and because they are carrying at these five major bullet points they are less likely to fully complete them or even do them at all so this structural problem is massive for Starling there's one thing the political thing yes he's staying in power but this is about doing what he wants to get done and you can't really understand the purges and how industrialization goes and why it goes that way for example and why agriculture goes away is without you without essentially understand that Starling is not doing this just because I had logical reasons he's doing this to try and beat the set be periphery into shape and game to do what he wants because as you can imagine a man like Stalin he's not happy of these structural issues so what stunning wants as he wants to get rid of or get into line the periphery so it does what it's told that sounds really easy it very much isn't and actually we can contend that Starling improves warious what he does but in reality he does not achieve very much and he definitely doesn't complete it as well as this he has he is thinking about the wider diplomatic context Russia is surrounded by enemies Japan Imperial Japan a fascist state that has made very clear once land in China but also land in eastern Russia China who has some land taken from it and Romania very clear it wants it back the UK and France and USA now we know that these guys will be their allies more or two but these three countries had sent soldiers to fight for the whites in the Civil War which was less than 10 years ago there are capless powers they hate the other most avowedly anti-communist powers in this period and therefore they end up being really really really great fret because obviously what's done is suspicious of is that then they will try and encourage revolution from abroad and also Germany now people we know what happens in the end so people will assume that they're afraid throughout but actually up until 1933 Germany is my my Republic Germany is also a pariah state a price that is one who's an outsider like USSR and it's natural therefore there's a series of treaties you may remember from the GCSEs where Germany and Russia end up making alliances but making friends of one another obviously when Hitler comes to power they are an issue but obviously as I'm Sherman from GCC's as well and Hitler and Stalin will make a pact when we were short lasting but it's not quite as simple as saying they are default enemies and particularly early years pre 1933-34 the enemies are not necessarily ones who end up going to war with them and establish one was this he is the weakest foreign country pushes country or the advanced nations nations these countries surrounding him are far far better in all terms Russia has a very poor military so poorly arms in terms of his technology his weapons but also poorly led and Paul inspired so politically it's not very good people on what don't want to die for communism and also in terms of leadership the best people there are not being promoted and often you have a set periphery conflict where the people you want to be in charge don't get promoted because you can't charge protein they're promoting them all the people also in the periphery so because it has a poor military because it's politics in its unity and the popularity and that of this Soviet state is small there's a huge fear it's fear that when you get invaded you'll get destroyed as the Tsar did in nineteen forty seventeen and there were an internal revolution okay in addition the terrible industrialization infrastructure and technology means that the war any long war effort like what happened to the desire in 1917 is likely to go very very very very poorly as the soldiers are unable to be rearmed the war is unable to be supplied and therefore there's massive discontent and the massive defeats so it's our looks at this and says this is a massive deal we need to be able to do something about this so his fear is yes fighting a war but also political he fears as a fifth column a group of UNS russia who is now quiet and they've learned from the civil war but the moment there is a there is a sign of invasion they will turn and they will join the germans now he who the fifth columnist buries sometimes he says it's your thoughts christian sometimes it says it's a working classes sometimes as peasants often it's the racial minorities and to be fair someone do do that but because this is not just an economic problem this is a political problem as well and explain why one the motivators of the purges will be the existence or at the continuation of the threat of war from the foreign powers you take this legitimate fred's combine rest on is immense paranoia and then you've got a fantastic and huge motivation for a loss of the actions that stalin does in order to engender a significant change in that regard in addition and primarily linked to that is the economic concerns that stalin has Russia at least at the point industrially is in a terrible in state it's industry is awful particularly compared to other nations it has a castle net men people who have made them money in small businesses that were allowed on the NEP who are keeping their money not getting really taxed and often causing political problems as they flaunt their wealth in a supposedly communist system in front of many others and this leads to many people increasingly questioning thinking within the party wherever the party is still communist and that's a problem because if people don't believe that the party in the stylistic communist that creates a potential hostility and problem the induct industry is incredibly small and isolated in certain areas and because of its chronic underfunding and a lack of push by the czar previously to try and get some stuff going the factories themselves don't have good machinery if they do any machinery in some cases and they don't and the country doesn't have the money to buy them from abroad without machinery you can't build new machines to build new machines and therefore there's always this starter problem of how can you industrialize when you don't have the raw materials in terms of machines to get it done management or factories and measurement of the economy inspires it exists because it's quite small is really poor there's no education there's no incentive to improve and the people sort of people who run it particular those who and the good ones have left and during the Civil War so you're left with people running it who are often workers and don't really know what they're doing we've mentioned this extensively but with terrible train networks a nonexistent road networks terrible communications the Russian finds it very hard to move and coordinate different resources for different places so though Russia has a huge amount of raw materials in ground in granting the ground somewhere in getting them efficiently to the factories and getting the goods to where they're needed basically doesn't happened the work first force is poorly trained due to terrible education systems and poorly motivated because there's no real reward to working hard and many Russians come from the peasant life where life is far more brutal but also an easier you´d that you worked your own routine you're not really interested making loads of money you're happy to sit and drink and makers eke out a living on the side as well as this food is incredibly unreliable with and because of problems and culture that will look up next the various farms can often implode when there's a bad harvest and the flu that doesn't get often being kelp held by the peasants who are not working very hard and do use terrible outdated techniques and with a limited food and food supply the incentive to work decreases but as well as this this is a massive political problem if your workers in the towns suddenly find the price of bread going up as they did in February 1917 for the very revolution then this creates a political frets in roulette in addition there are all materials that Russia has are huge but the amount actually being mined and used and how efficient they're being mined and developed is really low because of really poor infrastructure and really poor investment there's not money to you know there's there's iron in this place but you can't afford to really start digging and using the sort of processes to turn it into steel and the woman says that do exist and not organized or allocate to a central government at well at all with no structure organization of how to apply it this combined the fact the vast majority of people who are in the in sort of in the cities with the massive rigor of people in the countryside sorry and the pmab people available to work in factories is quite small and the factories that do exist are concentrated in a couple of small places in between Kiev said Petersburg and Moscow which considering that Russia is concerned about invasion is a massive fund ability because the first places to get invaded will be the East sorry the West and side of Russia as it gets as European invaders come in and this means that often if the Russians are unlucky then they can lose all that land very quickly and then as soon as the German to British the Americans here and it happens to be takes that land and takes this East does that throw that western region then you've lost all your factories and yours going to lose the war so there's the problem is not just there's not enough factories there in a really poor place in terms of fighting a war so their problems are largely around investments and the factories infrastructure raw material uses and allocation organization of of works there location of works and a terrible work force these are huge problems and a loss of this will be leading to the drastic decision making which leads to five-year plans shortly afterwards in agriculture seem worse is you have Culex people who are making a lot bit more money often just by being better farmers but that starting to cause political problems within the party its people increasing it angry the fact that there are alleged comments party that allows capitalism and the way the Russian agriculture works is essentially you have this huge amount of lands but everyone owns small pockets that language often just enough to live a subsistence level subsistence level is where you almost make enough food to stay alive and your family stay alive and maybe set a little bit left over but you're not making enough to really sell that's a huge problem if you're trying to feed cities because you got peasants who are perfectly happy doing just enough work putting just enough effort just enough time into feeding themselves and no more see how these land which often can make them produce more food if someone was doing it properly but not producing food and thus we have a shortage of food in the countries in the cities the peasants themselves are incredibly lazy and inefficient they're using approaches towards farming which it sold at around the twelve hundreds babushkas grandmother's pull the plows if they do exist and often these plows made of wood rather than iron because they're so poor this poor machinery and ability to get money for more new machinery then in combination with this lack and this culture of not really trying new things means that for every square mile farm and the amount of food being produced is well below Europe for no particular reason apart from the fact that peasants themselves and this will explain a lot of why Starling will try and take over a lot of the farms he just doesn't trust the people to do it in addition the way Russian villages are normally run is by a collection of elders elders are the oldest members of the most important families and very often to be a very important family your family has been in the last 400 years because no one's moved out on this of the village these are the judges relatively do well off the status quo they get me prime cuts of meat they get respect they might get a couple of bonuses here and there we shouldn't say they're getting wealthy they get they be marginally better because of their position they like how things are and they've got a culture of we don't like change and think like a very rural sort of very anti city culture and combine that with the fact of essentially several hundred years of an attitude towards outsiders which is negative and these people are very suspicious of any external ideas so what ends up happening is when you want to introduce new ideas or new people to train people and so on you end up not actually very effectively getting stuff done and therefore the village elders are a very negative force in trying to make changes to these problems and therefore they need to be crushed they need to be removed in addition because of poor infrastructure you won't will have excess goods being made in the field in Siberia but no way of that getting to the markets the major cities without rotting first and therefore because of all of this particular the role of elders we have a culture in images where people do not really try very hard people don't really work very hard and the fact that people look at what life in the cities don't see many jobs most people stay in the countryside when actually you could happily have half a number of people in the countryside who are working harder get the same out of food produced and instead you and those half of people who could be elsewhere could be meat in fact she's making a country richer so you have villagers deliberately holding their people back not wanting them to leave and people not seeing jobs in the cities and therefore leaving the countryside and a real culture of suspicion of outsiders they don't like being told what to do outside their area region or even their so in reality the agriculture is this profoundly suspicious outdated outmoded doing their own thing culture which is an anastomotic Stalin politically they are fret with they're not in line but also economically if you wanna make any sort of economic change you need to increase the food supply there is huge personnel financial and cultural problems which need to be crushed crushed with the collectivization plan crush with the purges in terms of social issues positively interruption there and it paused so I believe I was on the this part here so one of the thing that socialist social policies and is actually to social ideals is here's somewhat mixed he doesn't really care about social policies particularly when combined to his other priorities which are the ones mentioned before and so therefore this will have less attention paid to at lest i rotator and so on however he is a profound social conservative who views society in a very traditional lens gender roles racial roles and sexuality family law and order and so on that matches the average Russian and therefore human Russian I've often agree and what they agree on is they look at what Lenin did negatively no look at learn and negative necessary but they look at his reforms and the effect that had on society negatively so what did Lenin do Lenin was like was a property egalitarian a proper communist in a sense that he believed that the earth it we shouldn't just focus on class when trying to make equality he wanted gender equality wanted social equality racial equality and so on equality of sexual orientation and it therefore under his reign there's a lot of efforts to make that happen now I look at those in much more detail in a future lesson but essentially these are stuff like allowing easier divorce allowing and decriminalizing homosexuality for example okay allowing minorities to have their own self-government within the common sphere obviously and this stuff in combination the cultural experimentation so experimentation in are very modern is something I'm fine with that one and by my culture very modernist music where new approaches to writing and poetry which often did not actually really pleased or impress most people new parties because they were culturally conservative ends up pushing a massive reformer massive change on a legal basis now because of this because of these legal changes there's a lot of hostility developed from below a lot of hostility develop from people and therefore what we see is a massive problem emerging particularly when at the same time there's a concern that the numbers of people having families the rise and single mothers and the rise of orphans which not necessary problems and themselves but are viewed by problems but a social concerted conservative Russians happened there's a crime wave broadly associated with their own factors world with the above and huge tensions and regions where legally they're equal but they actually have less of a say so almost the problem in social issues is twofold there's been a huge amount of legal experimentation which is causing a dissent and problems amongst the average party member the average working class or peasant whose values are quite conservative in combination with the knock-on effects or the fact that yes you've changed the law but the attitudes of people have not changed so it just creates all the negative of a very few of the positives means that it also has a bad knock an effect on other on the world and therefore actually the people but also other facts such as economic policy and therefore Stalin really his in instinct will be to go back on these social issues go back on the social problems in order to almost what he sees is correct the undoing of the sort of culture and time so how does he deal with all these problems how has Stalin meant to deal with the the for example his the facts and has meant to quick-hit control over the central party control consolidation a power of the masses dealing with a central periphery crisis and problem with the periphery secure in the country and preparing the country for a war it's coming up there for improving the industry improving the agriculture and reforming the society to make it more cohesive more socially conservative well when reality the answers are here and they are the future essays terror propaganda industrialization collectivization which is reforming agriculture and social reform are all mechanisms in order to try and reform society in order to make it more effective reform society it's in order to make it more along the dealing of the concerns that he has and therefore whenever you get an essay question or any of these which is why they happen although some one have specific unique ones like Tara has tire stars paranoia you won't go far by mentioning these so I strongly recommend when we think about what has happened in each of these stories and when we try to work out why it looks like this and why it's like this and why is it it's different to the Nazis you need to understand the stuff style is focusing on the stuff we trying to deal with is inherently different right until we in the next lesson where we start looking at the terror state and the reasons for it and its effects and so on I will see you in the next video until then goodbye