and finally it's time to talk about how social structures changed throughout the world During the period 1450 to 1750 I can see in your eyes you are hungry for hierarchy baby so if you're ready to get them brand cows milks let's get to it so if you've been with me for any time at all you know that social hierarchies are not a new thing during this period but here we're focusing on how they change the first change we'll consider is various States responses to ethnic diversity and those responses range from expulsion to relative tolerance so first let's consider the different kinds of treatment the Jews experiened in various states on the expulsion side of the spectrum there's no better example than the treatment of Jews by Spain and Portugal you see by 1492 Spain had completed the Reconquista which was a centuries long effort to rid the Iberian Peninsula of Muslim rule himler you said we were talking about Jews but now you're talking about Muslims I know it's context baby anyway in that year Spanish forces defeated the Muslims at Granada and that meant that they finally reestablished Christianity as the official religion of the region and so with all the Muslims gone the Spanish Crown began looking around and thought I wonder who else might pose a threat to our Christian domination here oh it's you guys so Spain issued a decree expelling all Jews from their Kingdom because they were afraid pray that the Jews who had converted to Christianity would be tempted to renounce if any Jews remained to influence them and so many of these Jews fled to Portugal to seek Refuge there but instead got a further kick in the face because of a new marriage alliance with the Spanish Crown Portugal likewise expelled Jews from their land but then on the tolerant side of the spectrum we have the Ottoman Empire hearing the news of this Jewish expulsion ottoman Sultan mhmed II opened his Empire to the displaced Jews who then immigrated in drobes and because of the relative tolerance of the Ottomans toward the Jews some of them Rose to prominence in the ottoman Court While others contributed to the economic and cultural environment but let's not paint too Rosy a picture relative tolerance does not mean that Jews enjoyed full equality under ottoman rule because they were not Muslims they were required to pay the Gia which is a tax that non-muslims had to pay and they were only permitted to live in designated parts of urban areas so that's a taste of how Jews were treated but let's check in with the Ching Dynasty and see how they're responding to ethnic diversity and as it turns out it's not great now remember that the Ching dynasty was established by Outsiders namely the Mano people and although the Mano rulers took some pains to adopt certain trappings of traditional Chinese culture most notably some confusion principles of leadership they made a sharp division between the ethnic Manu people and the Han people in their empire for example the Manu did retain the Civil Service examination to staff their Imperial bureaucracy but all the highest positions were reserved for Manu people and ethnically Han people were barred from those positions additionally all Han men were required to wear their hair in the traditional braided cues of the mansion and maybe that doesn't sound like a big deal to you because you know it was a haircut but the imposition of this hairstyle was a humiliation for the ethnic Han because it was a constant reminder of their foreign domination but over the mugal Empire responses to ethnic diversity were a lot better under the leadership of abbar the great a profound tolerance was extended to ethnic and religious minorities not only did he refuse to implement the Gia though it would later be reintroduced he also funded the construction of churches for Catholics and temples for Hindus and Mos for Muslims okay now in this period you'll recall that European states were going crazy building and expanding their Maritime Empire so in terms of social hierarchies the new economic opportunities of increasing global trade and the increased political power of Imperial Ventures led to the rise of new political Elites and I'm just going to give you the most dramatic example namely the Spanish cter system in the Americas now here's where I tell you that almost none of the traditional Spanish nobility migrated to the new world therefore the most powerful conquistadors who established Spain's Empire in the new world work to impose a new social hierarchy on the people's there the result was the cast a system which organized their colonial society into a ranked social hierarchy that was based on race and heredity so peninsularis were those who were born on the Iberian Peninsula and they not surprisingly situated themselves on top Creoles were those of European descent but were born in the new world so there we go new political Elites unlock and then under both were the castes which grouped all the remaining members of society based on race and ethnicity mesos were people of European and Indigenous ancestry mados were people of European and African ancestry and then at the bottom of everything were enslaved Africans and Indigenous peoples and look it's not as important that you remember exactly which ethnicities were in each group what's more important to remember is that prior to the imposing of the castus system native peoples were part of a wide variety of linguistic and cultural groups but the castus system erased much of that cultural complexity and ordered their society by the standards of a small minority of Spanish elit but while the Spanish and the Americans were busy inventing ways to become Elite the existing Elites in other places were struggling to hold on to their power and I'm going to give you two examples first let's check in with the Russian Boyard now this group made up the aristocratic landowning classes in Russia and they exerted great power in the administration of the empire for centuries but when Peter the Great Rose to power he got a little drunk on the idea of absolutism and took all kinds of measures to remove power from the boyars and Consolidated it under himself so the boards protested this curtailment of their power obviously and Peter went ahead and responded with level tactics and abolished the rank of boar in Russia additionally he required anyone who wanted employment in the Russian bureaucracy to serve the state directly so the hierarchical power of the boards had officially uh Wayne okay now the second example is ottoman timars now tars were land grants made by the ottoman state to an aristocratic class and payment for service to the government usually military service and those Aristocrats who controlled the timars grew exceedingly rich and Powerful through taxation of the people living on those Parcels of land however by the 16th century ottoman Sultans began increasingly taking over these tars and converting them to tax Farms which directed Revenue directly to the state therefore existing Elites in the Ottoman Empire found themselves powerless landless and uh real sad okay it's the end of the unit so click here to grab my AP World himler review guide which has everything you need to get an A in your class and a five on your exam in men or if you're feeling saucy you can click right here and keep reviewing other topics in unit four I'll catch you on the flipflop himler out