good morning afternoon evening night whenever you're watching this welcome back to the Mr sin Channel today geographers we are going to review all of the major Concepts that you need to know from unit 3 of AP Human Geography now before watching this review video make sure you get the study guide which can be found in my ultimate review packet it goes along with the video and we'll make sure that you remember all of the major Concepts in this unit when you get the study guide don't forget to check out the rest of the packet as well the packet has unit review videos for each unit practice quizzes study guides answer keys full practice AP exams frq resources important vocab lists exclusive videos and other resources to help you get an A in your class and a five on the national exam now to start the unit off we have to talk about culture which is complex we can see that there is no perfect definition for a person's culture however when looking at culture we can see that culture is made up of material culture and non-material culture material culture consists of physical objects artifacts or items that hold significance to an individuals or society as a whole while non-material culture refers to the intangible elements of culture such as an individual's ideas beliefs values languages and Customs together material and non-material culture contribute to the formation of a society's culture for instance take a traditional Japanese tea ceremony the ceremony itself embodies a number of key cultural values and beliefs the material culture associated with the ceremony includes a range of physical objects such as the T utensils the tea room and the tea itself each item is carefully Chosen and crafted to fit a specific aesthetic and invoke a certain experience while the non-material culture surrounding the ceremony can be seen with the rules and the procedures that the ceremony follows such as how a person holds the t-ball or the way a person greets someone these rules illustrate different social norms and reinforce a sense of order and Harmony within the ceremony we can also see the concept of the Tea Ceremony itself as an example of non-material culture since the act of preparing and serving tea is seen as a form of hospitality that reflects the host's respect when looking at culture we also need to talk about subculture a subculture is a group of people within a larger society or culture who share a distinct set of beliefs values and practices that are different from the main culture for example your school probably has a school culture that is unique to your school but if we look at each individual grade or even each individual class we will probably find there are unique cultures that exist within the different grades and classes so we can see that culture comprises a society's shared practices Technologies attitudes and Behavior now cultures around the world often fall under two broad categories modern culture and folk culture modern culture also known as Pop Culture typically originates in economically developed regions or countries and spreads through hierarchical diffusion it prioritizes individualism and Personal Achievement is diverse and constantly evolving full culture on the other hand is more homogeneous and diffuse uses the relocation diffusion it places emphasis on community and collective experience with family and religion playing a central role in daily life unlike modern culture folk culture aims to preserve traditional practices and often resist modern Trends additionally there are also indigenous cultures which are typically tied to a specific geographic region indigenous cultures often have a strong emphasis on community and traditional value it may have unique languages art forms and spiritual beliefs that are passed down through generations today folk cultures and indigenous cultures are at risk of being replaced by modern culture which is one of the reasons why some cultures will resist modern technology as it tends to promote modern culture now when cultures come into contact with each other we can observe that people tend to adopt either an ethnocentric or cultural relevance perspective ethnocentrism is when a person views another culture through their own cultural land the individual will evaluate and judge the culture by using their own cultural standards cultural relativism on the other other hand is when in individual views and evaluates another culture by that culture standard notice that the individual does not judge the culture based on their own cultural stands think of cultural relativism as you put in yourself in someone else's shoes okay so now that we have talked about different cultures let's explore different ways in which we can see cultures reflected in society we're looking at how culture is represented in society we are going to look at the cultural landscape the cultural landscape refers to the visible human modifications of the natural environment which includes different religious practices linguistic characteristics infrastructure designs agricultural practices architectural Styles and land use patterns which remember is how humans change and modify the land for various activities and purposes different architectural Styles reflect different cultural values in the cultural landscape traditional architecture often uses resources from the local area and incorporates the local culture and resources of the area into the design of the bill building well modern architecture often focuses on function over design and often does not seek to incorporate the local culture into the design of the building one other type of architecture we can see shape the cultural landscape is post-modern architecture which is a style of architecture that strives to create a unique look that incorporates local culture into the design of the building the cultural landscape is not just shaped by the current Society but has also been shaped by historical events economic and political systems and social norms that exist in the area one way we can examine the cultural landscape is to observe evidence of sequin occupancy which is how cultures over time have impacted a geographic location essentially it illustrates how people have left their mark on a particular area throughout history by examining sequin occupancy we can gain insight into how cultures have influenced and shaped a place over time creating a unique cultural landscape and a distinct sense of place lastly we can see that the cultural landscape can reflect cultural beliefs and identities in a variety of different ways by analyzing the cultural landscape of an area we can not only gain a better understanding of how a culture and people have shaped the region but also gain insights into the values of the society in areas where traditional attitudes towards gender dominate we can see land use patterns reflect those values for instance cultures where women are expected to stay at home and take care of domestic duties may have more residential areas designated with amenities and Facilities that cater to their needs while commercial and industrial areas may be designed to cater to the needs of men additionally neighborhoods can reflect cultural beliefs and identities as well ethnic neighborhoods for example may have distinct architecture and cultural landmarks that reflect the traditions and customs of the community overall analyzing the cultural landscape of an area provides us a deeper understanding of how culture influences the built environment and can help us gain insight into the values and priorities of a society now in observing a culture and a place it is common to discuss the various human and physical characteristics that comprise a place human characteristics may include demographic data such as birth rates age distributions languages spoken and religions practice while physical characteristics may include natural features like rivers mountains vegetation climate and also man-made structures geographers frequently analyze both the physical and human characteristics of an area to gain insight into the distinct cultural patterns that exist in a place factors like language religion and ethnicity all shape not only the cultural landscape but also help create a unique sense of play different religious institutions for instance May incorporate unique architectural designs into their places of worship such as mosques churches temples or synagogues which further contribute to the cultural landscape and sense of place a sense of place refers to a strong emotional connection or perception a person may have of a specific geographic area this connection is often unique to an individual or group and can be shaped by personal experience as well as various human and physical characteristics of a play shared community and cultural identities distinct dialects and accents ethnic Traditions like food and music and land use patterns can also all contribute to a sense of play additionally a sense of place can be influenced by the local architecture the local history societal interactions and all of this is just scratching the surface if a place lacks a sense of place it may experience placelessness which is when a place does not invoke any strong response from an individual this often happens due to the place lacking unique characteristics and an identity now we can also see how Regional patterns of language religion and ethnicity can lead to a concept known as placemaker this is when a community comes together and transforms a public space for different activities or events placemaking promotes community and social interaction between different people in a society it can range from anything such as a community garden to community events such as fairs or festivals today we can also see the influence of global trends as the world continues to become more connected we will see a global cultural landscape form this is especially true in urban areas which often result in a more homogenized landscape being created all of which can lead to Unique cultural practices and traditions to start to become replaced by the dominant Global Trend now in looking at different places we can also see the impact of different centripetal and centrifugal forces centripetal forces are things that bring people together and promote unions such as a shared history common language and similar cultural values and beliefs these forces often result in a closer Community feel and a stronger sense of identity on the other hand centrifugal forces are things that divide and force people apart these forces may include significant cultural differences multiple languages spoken ethnic and religious divisions or other cultural factors that put up barriers between people resulting in communities to become fragmented now if you do need help in understanding how culture impacts the cultural landscape and how Regional patterns shape a place you can go to my ultimate review packet where I've created an included extra resources and videos to help you practice these Concepts so we've been talking about how cultures shape the cultural landscape but we also have to talk about how different cultures diffuse when talking about diffusion we are talking about the spread of a cultural element item group of people or phenomenon from one place to another we can break diffusion down into two broad categories relocation diffusion and expansion diffusion relocation diffusion involves the physical movement of a culture or group of people from one place to another as a result of the physical movement of people The Hearth of the cultural trait tends to shrink as the trait and the people carrying it move out of the area and no new individuals take on the train remember a hearth is the location in which an idea culture belief or item originated an example of relocation diffusion would be the Amish who originated in Europe but began to migrate to the United States around the 1700s to escape persecution originally settling around Pennsylvania the Amish event actually started to migrate West in order to find cheaper land and avoid urban sprawl and the influence of modern culture expansion diffusion on the other hand refers to the spread of a cultural trait or group of people from one place to another through person-to-person con this type of diffusion involves the addition of more people who adopt and practice the cultural traits resulting in the traits spreading throughout a geographic area with expansion diffusion we can see that the Hearth of the cultural trait tends to remain strong as the trade is not leaving the Hearth but rather diffusing outwards from it now expansion diffusion can happen in a variety of different ways the first type of expansion diffusion is contagious to Fusion for the spread of a cultural trait happens in almost all directions without regard to social class religion or other cultural facts when thinking about this type of diffusion think about a viral video or me before you know it almost everyone has seen it and is talking about the next type of expansion diffusion is hierarchical diffusion which happens through systems that tip typically center around some form of power this can occur through a top-down approach such as when fashion trends originate in global cities and then diffuse to other major urban areas before reaching smaller settled we can also see hierarchical diffusion occur with new ideas or products that diffuse through social media influencers and Their audience for example Mr Beast the largest influencer on YouTube can share his ideas and videos with his followers who then spread them to their friends who then spread them to their friends notice that in this example the information is not going to everyone at once it is following a structure starting with the person in power and moving down unlike contagious diffusion information is not being diffused to all people what other type of hierarchical diffusion that you'll want to be familiar with is reverse hierarchical diffusion this occurs when diffusion starts at the bottom of a power structure and spreads upwards instead of starting at the top and working its way down for example a business that starts in a small town and expands to the surrounding region eventually reaching larger urban areas the final type of expansion diffusion is stimulus diffusion or an idea trait or innovation spreads from one culture or place to another but the original idea or trait is adapted to better fit the local culture here we can see that the fundamental concept of the trait Remains the Same however as diffusion occurs the trait takes on different aspects of the environment or the culture to which it is spreading for instance McDonald's has diffused around the world we can see that McDonald's menus and store layouts are often changed to adopt to the local tastes and preferences of the area but McDonald's itself is still McDonald's to make sure you're better understanding the different types of diffusion pause this video and complete the next practice problems in your study guide if you're not sure of any of the answers you can always go back to the ultimate review packet where you can find more exclusive videos and resources to help you with these Concepts I've also included an extra practice quiz that solely focuses on diffusion to help you prepare for your test or the AP exam since diffusion does come up more frequently on tests alright so now that we understand the different types of diffusion let's review the different historical causes of diffusion we can look look at the impact that colonialism and imperialism had on the diffusion of different religions languages cultures and people around the world newly established colonies saw increased immigration as people emigrated from their home country to the colony colonies were not isolated and interacted with the local community resulting in colonizing settlers and colonized locals being influenced by one another we can see that this relocation diffusion eventually led to expansion diffusion as languages religions Foods clothing and other Customs were exchanged between different people for instance we can see that the English language became a lingua Franca thanks to the influence of the British Empire which helped spread English and Christianity throughout its Empire enabling people from different linguistic backgrounds to communicate effectively remember a lingua Franca is a language that is used as a common means of communication between people who speak different languages oftentimes missionaries relocated through relocation diffusion to colonies in order to spread the word of Christianity was brought to Africa and South America by European colonizers and was able to defuse during the colonial era you can also look at the impact that Spanish settlers had in the Caribbean or French settlers had in Louisiana during the colonial era or the migration of people from Europe to the Americas eventually led to the creation of a new ethnic group that became known as the Creole people this process of two cultures coming together to create a new third culture is referred to as creolization we can see creolization when looking at the first Spanish settlers in the Caribbean or French settlers in Louisiana over the course of generations they no longer consider themselves to be part of their original culture we can also observe how trade and commerce have reshaped the world and contributed to the diffusion of different traits events such as the Colombian Exchange reshaped both the Americas and Europe as new crops animals and diseases were exchanged between the two regions as a result of this exchange Europe experienced a population boom due to a more stable food soil but unfortunately at the same time we also saw the deaths of millions of indigenous people in America due to European diseases diffusing we can also see diffusion occur with the Triangular Trade which happened between the Americas Europe and Africa resulting in the forced migration of over 12 million enslaved people leading to significant cultural and demographic changes in Africa and the America additionally the Triangular Trade further facilitated the diffusion of different religions cultures languages but also created a dysport a dysphora refers to the dispersion or scattering of people usually referring to a specific ethnic or cultural group from their original Homeland to different parts of the world another example we could look at is the Silk Road which we can see led to the diffusion of different cultures ideas goods and inventions across Asia the Middle East Northern Africa and Europe all right so now that we have looked at historical causes of diffusion it's time to talk about contemporary causes advancements in technology globalization and increased rates of urbanization and have all continued to break down barriers between people making it easier than ever to connect with others across society and the world as countries develop economically they experience increased rates of urbanization resulting in a growing number of people moving from rural areas to urban areas leading to the diffusion of diverse Lifestyles and ideas through the interactions among people from different backgrounds technological advancements have also allowed people to connect with individuals worldwide countering the effects of distance Decay and leading to time-space convergence Concepts we last talked about in our unit one video apps like Tick Tock Snapchat Instagram or sites like YouTube Facebook or Twitter allow for people around the world to quickly communicate and share ideas all of these different social media platforms allow for the spread of viral memes stories Trends and much more the internet and advancements in technology and communication have continued to reduce barriers to diffusion and have allowed for the spread of different ideas people and cultures around the world for example one of the reasons why companies like McDonald's Starbucks and KFC are so popular is due to globalization these companies operate across the globe which allows them to expand their customer base and business nowadays Supply chains businesses economies governments and individuals are all interdependent and impacted by a global culture and Community oftentimes diffusion here happens through hierarchical diffusion new ideas and Trends tend to initially emerge in global or world cities which not only affect their immediate residence and the surrounding region but also influence other parts of the world as well this new globalized world has also created new political alliances as countries today are more interconnected than ever before countries must collaborate with each other to ensure not only their own security but also conduct research to develop treatments for diseases resolve international issues and fulfill the needs and desires of their citizens speaking of countries in a global Community we can also see diffusion to today happened from the military for example the United States as military base is in Central America the Caribbean Europe and the Korean Peninsula and that's just scratching the surface these bases not only diffuse American culture and English but also allow for American troops to learn more about local cultures as well and bring their experiences back to the United States speaking of English we can see that the internet social media platforms and modern entertainment such as movies and music all allow for English to continue to diffuse around the world as globalization and modern technology continue to spread modern culture an increasing number of people adopt English as a primary or secondary language unfortunately this trend also results in the gradual disappearance of many indigenous and folk languages and cultures this is just one of the reasons why many folk cultures and indigenous cultures are resistant to some modern technology now sometimes this interconnected World in which we live in can result in cultural Divergence or convergence to occur cultural Divergence refers to the process by which individuals become separated from different aspects of their culture this can happen due to a variety of different facts such as a person being geographically isolated from the rest of their culture or due to a person taking on different cultural practices and cultural convergence on the other hand refers to a process by which cultures become more similar as different cultures come together to start and form one mass culture this can happen due to increased communication and interaction between different cultures right now the next part of this unit is really easy to get overwhelmed by however I want to highlight that you don't need to know every aspect of every faith and also every aspect of every language the focus here is on how the religions and languages diffused around the world and how they impact the cultural landscape starting with religion we can see we have two main categories universalizing religions and ethnic religions universalizing religions are religions that seek to appeal to all people these religions seek to expand and spread their teachings and beliefs to as many people as possible oftentimes these religions will expand through expansion diffuse what can also spread to relocation diffusion as well examples of universalizing religions would include Christianity Islam Buddhism and Sikhism Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ its Hearth is located in the eastern Mediterranean it is one of the abrahamic religions Christianity is the world's largest religion and has diffused around the world in a variety of different ways during the colonial era missionaries relocated to different colonies around the world once the missionaries arrived in the colonies they often set up boarding schools in churches to start converting local people and spread the faith through hierarchical diffusion Christianity has shaped cultural landscapes around the world with their churches holidays traditions and gospel music which is often incorporated into different popular music today our next universalizing religion is Islam which is another abrahamic religion that has its Hearth located in the eastern Mediterranean Islam is a monotheistic religion and is traced back to a single founder Muhammad after Muhammad passed the faith split between the Shia and the Sunni the split was over who should lead the faith both sacks have the Quran as their holy book and follow the five pillars of Islam to help guide their daily life Islam diffused across the globe through Conquest trade and missionary work today we can see how Islam shapes cultural landscapes around the world through the creation of mosques which incorporate intricate geometric design and also by the celebration of different holidays and different Traditions our next universalizing religion is Buddhism which originated in South Asia unlike our previous two religions Buddhism does not have a set deity Buddhism is based around the belief that anyone can achieve salvation by following the four noble truths and the middle path which will allow a person to break free of their material need prior to Buddhism the predominant religion in the region was Hinduism which had connections with the caste system and did not preach salvation for everyone this allowed Buddhism to defuse and become popular with people one of the ways in which Buddhism diffused was due to relocation diffusion as missionaries would locate to other countries and regions to spread the faith Buddhism also spread through extensive trade routes that linked India to other parts of Asia and by adapting to other faiths in the regions to fit the local culture for example in China Buddhism diffused through stimulus diffusion as it adapted and Incorporated elements of taoism and Confucianism in order to blend traditions and increase its diffusion today we can see Buddhism shape the cultural landscape with the creation of pagoda which are temples that often serve as important cultural and religious landmarks our last universalizing religion is Sikhism which is a monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region Sikhism believes that all human beings can achieve spiritual Liberation through meditation self-discipline and service to others things believe in 10 gurus who helped guide Sikhs in their daily lives these gurus preach the word of God and help create their holy books are known for their distinct appearances as well as having five articles of Faith which they are to carry with them at all times seeks defuse the relocation diffusion however their diffusion was limited due to being located in between Hinduism Islam and Buddhism today Sikh shape the cultural landscape through their unique Cuisine which has become popular around the world and also through religious buildings such as the golden temple and through their style of dress next we have ethnic religions which are primarily centered around a specific cultural or ethnic group and often stay in one location these religions do not try and convert other people and often diffuse through relocation diffusion examples of ethnic religions include Hinduism and Judaism Hinduism is one of the world's oldest religions and is predominantly located in India where it origin Hinduism believes in Karma and Dharma The Vedas are its sacred texts and interestingly enough we do not know the exact founder of the faith as Hinduism spread throughout the region we can see it diffuse through stimulus diffusion it would spread between different faiths taking on some aspects of the traditional face and eventually replacing we can also see diffusion occur due to the migration of different people which would be a form of relocation diffuse today we can see Hinduism shape the cultural landscape through the creation of Hindu temple and through its emphasis on rituals and traditions which end up shaping the cultural identity of Hindus the next ethnic religion is Judaism which originated in the Eastern Mediterranean it is another abrahamic religion unlike the other abrahamic religions Judaism is closely linked to a sense of shared history culture and traditions that all connect back to the Jewish people this religion has three main branches reform Orthodox and conservatives throughout history we have seen Judaism diffuse by relocation diffusion this has been mainly due to war and persecution today the Jewish population considers Israel to be their Homeland and also a Jewish State the influence of Judaism on the cultural landscape can be seen throughout the establishment of synagogues the wearing of religious attire and also by the observation of different holidays and Customs so that was just a quick look at the different universalizing and ethnic religions that you need to know for this class now we are going to change gears and talk about language starting with the earliest form of a language we encounter what is known as a proto-lingua often this requires going back in time before written records were kept from there we can move up to a language family which is a group of languages that share a common ancestor it's similar to how species in biology have a common ancestor within a language family we can find language branches and also group a language branch is a subdivision of a language family and consists of a group of languages that are closely related and have evolved from a common ancestral background while language group on the other hand is made up of different languages that are part of a language brand and share similar vocabulary and grammar for example we can look at Indo-European as a language family here we can also see examples of language branches and also language group now one thing we can notice when it comes to languages is that as you move around a large geographic area you often will encounter different dials which are Regional variances that occur in the form of a language that are based on the local culture dialects can be differences in spelling vocabulary or pronunciation of certain words for example I'm from Minnesota and we drink pop not soda I also have been told by my wonderful YouTube comment section that I pronounce agriculture as Agriculture and that when I say milk it sounds like milk these are just a couple examples of a dialogue sometimes Regional differences are so distinct that we could see the formation of an isogloss which is a boundary that is based on linguistic differences now if you're following along in your study guide you will notice that the next question does not have any room for an answer the other aspects of languages that you need to review is the hearts for the different language family in order to value your time and to try and keep these videos as efficient and short as possible I have created a separate review document to help you with the different language hot and I've also included some tips for remembering them all right we have made it to the final part of unit 3 which is all about the effects of diffusion when cultures and peoples from different regions or backgrounds interact we can usually observe a few different outcomes we could see assimilation occur which is when an individual or group group of people adopt the cultural norms and practices of a dominant group in society unfortunately this may occur at the expense of their own cultural identity as a result the minority culture often adopts the dominant culture leading to the loss of their original culture for example we saw this happen in the United States with boarding schools that were set up to forcibly assimilate American Indians into the American culture kids would go to school and not be allowed to speak their own language or wear their traditional clothes the goal was to forcibly assimilate the children into the American lifestyle we can also observe the phenomenon of acculturation where an individual or group adopts and adapts certain cultural traits of another culture unlike assimilation acculturation does not lead to the loss of the original culture instead the culture is modified as it incorporates some elements from the other culture while retaining different aspects of its original identity for instance many people worldwide wear modern clothes such as jeans but still consume their traditional food and practice their original cultural tradition that we can observe happen when diffusion occurs is syncretism this is when two or more cultures evolve or change over time in a similar manner or remain culturally distinct for example Sikhism started in India and consisted of different elements from both Hinduism and Islam however over time Sikhism developed into its own religion this is an example of syncretism because the two cultures in this case Hinduism and Islam were Blended together to form the Sikh religion over time they evolved in a similar manner but remained culturally distinct Hinduism and Islam remain true to their fundamental belief system but now we have the Sikh religion as well which has its own belief system that is aspects of both Faith whenever cultural traits or people diffuse they also May encounter cultural resistance which can arise from a variety of different facts cultural barriers May pose a challenge to the diffusion of specific traits for instance if a community is highly religious and opposes certain practices like the use of contraceptives it is unlikely that that practice will become accessible differences in languages can also will be a hindrance to diffusion since it can reduce the access to the information or trait being diffused additionally we can see cultural resistance May emerge from individuals who fear losing their way of life or due to negative stereotypes or prejudices against the incoming culture or trade traditionally diffusion used to be limited due to Geographic factors such as mountains rivers or oceans however thanks to advancements in technology and communication it is now easier than ever to connect with people around the world today we can see that most of the obstacles to diffusion are often political economic or cultural one last effect from diffusion that we can see is multiculturalism which is when a society has a large diversity of cultures that coexist within the society multiculturalism seeks to create a society where people of different linguistic religious and cultural backgrounds can all exist together this often happens due to immigration countries like the United States and Canada would be examples of Multicultural countries all right and just like that another unit review it was done now you know the drill time to check your study guide answers in the ultimate review pack then when you're done with that go take the unit 3 practice quiz and don't forget to go over the other exclusive resources and videos to help you not only get an A in your class but a five on the national exam as always I'm Mr sin thank you so much for watching and I will see you next time online